1. WHY FREEDOM OF INFORMATION?
Joel Campbell
Freedom of Information Committee
Society of Professional Journalists
Associate Professor
Department of Communicatons
Brigham Young University
2. JAMES MADISON
A popular Government
without popular
information or the
means of acquiring it,
is but a Prologue to a
Farce or a Tragedy or
perhaps both.
Knowledge will forever
govern ignorance, and
a people who mean to
be their own
Governors, must arm
themselves with the
power knowledge
3. IN THE WORDS OF PRESIDENTS
Liberty cannot be preserved without a general knowledge
among the people, who have a right and a desire to know.
-- John Adams
Let the people know the facts, and the country will be safe.
-- Abraham Lincoln
We must never forget that the free flow of information is
essential to a democratic society.
-- Bill Clinton
4. QUESTION: WHO SAID THIS?
“When information which properly belongs to the
public is systematically withheld by those in
power, the people soon become ignorant of their
own affairs, distrustful of those who manage
them, and -- eventually -- incapable of
determining their own destinies.”
a. Abraham Lincoln
b. Bill Clinton
c. Richard Nixon
d. John F. Kennedy
5.
6. MOST SECRETIVE TIMES IN U.S. HISTORY?
War of 1812
World War I
World War II
Civil War
Post 9/11
7. A HUMAN RIGHT
Freedom of information is recognized in
international law. Article 19 of both the
Universal Declaration on Human Rights
and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights provide that every person
shall have the right to seek and impart
information. An international court has
recognized the right to seek information
includes a right of freedom of information.
8. A U.S. RIGHT TO KNOW
“Democracy dies behind closed doors.”–
Judge Damon Keith
Detroit Free Press v. Ashcroft, 303 F.3d 681
(August 26, 2002)
Successful challenge of closed court
proceedings involving non-citizens following
9/11 terrorist attacks,
9. TWO RIGHTS IMPLIED
RIGHT TO KNOW RIGHT TO ASK
Proactive
The positive obligation of
public bodies to provide, to
publish and to disseminate
information about their main
activities, budgets and
policies so that the public can
know what they are doing,
can participate in public
matters and can control how
public authorities are
behaving.
Reactive
The right of all persons to ask
public officials for information
about what they are doing
and any documents they hold
and the right to receive an
answer. The majority of
information held by public
bodies should be available,
but there are some cases
where the information is
withheld in order to protect
privacy, national security or
commercial interests.
10. THE IMPACT OF FOI
Some 86 countries around the world now have
some form of Freedom of Information (FOI)
legislation with many more considering or
developing it. This trend gained momentum
during the 1990s across the world.
The UK implemented its 2000 FOIA in 2005.
FOI legislation is pending in Brazil and
Philippines.
Communist countries recognize basic
information access rights.
11. GENERAL GOALS OF FOI
1. Increase transparency and openness
2. Increase accountability and decrease
corruption
3. Improve the quality of government decision-
making
4. Improve public understanding of decision-
making
5. Increase public participation
6. Increase public trust
7. Increase security
Source; Stated goals of the UK FOIA 2000, National Security Archive
12. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION – “SUNSHINE
LAWS”
U.S. Constitution – First Amendment right to attend
Court hearings and implied record access
(Some First Amendment theorists have argued for that the First Amendment
should extend to protect receiving and distributing information from
government, but that has never been recognized by a U.S. Supreme Court
majority)
U.S. Freedom of Information Act - FOIA (records)
U.S. Government in the Sunshine Act (meetings)
Utah Government Records Access and
Management Act - GRAMA
Utah Open and Public Meetings Act
13. A BIT OF HISTORY
First records access law passed
in Sweden (1766),
Anders Chydenius (1729-1803)
(pronounced Anders KyDenies)
Sweden’s Principle of Public
Access means that the
general public are to be
guaranteed an unimpeded
view of activities pursued by
the government and local
authorities; all documents
handled by the authorities
are public unless legislation
explicitly and specifically
states otherwise
14. U.S. FOIA
The first modern legislation was
the United States FOI Act of
1966.
Championed by Rep. John E.
Moss, a Democratic
congressman from California, is
known as the legislative father
of FOIA
It was updated in 1974, 1986,
1996, 2002.
FOIA was signed reluctantly by
President Lyndon Johnson in
1966. As Johnson's White House
press secretary said years later,
"LBJ had to be dragged kicking
and screaming to the signing
ceremony. He hated the very idea
of the Freedom of Information
Act; hated the thought of
journalists rummaging in
government closets; hated them
challenging the official view of
reality. He dug in his heels and
even threatened to pocket veto
the bill after it reached the White
House."
In fact, the bill was signed on July
4 without any signing ceremony.
15.
16. UTAH’S GRAMA
Enacted in 1991 Legislative session
Update nearly every session since.
2011 – HB477
Costs
Privacy
Technology
Balancing test
17. STORIES USING FOI LAWS
Salaries of coaches and leading elected
officials
Olympic bribery scandal investigation
Campaign contributors to politicians
Stories showing how soldiers were sprayed
with biological agents at Dugway Proving
Ground
Effects on “downwinders” from above ground
nuclear tests
18. STORIES USING FOIA
Radiation experimentation
Increased health risks in work places
Wasteful government spending
Campaign finance
Lobbyist expenditures
Travel of members of Congress
Homeland security expenditures
Audits of military bases
Biological and chemical exposures
Safety in national parks
501 c 3s – IRS Form 990 – Guidestar.org
19. PUBLIC RECORDS FOR EVERY DAY
Police reports
School teacher disciplinary records
Voter registration records
Professional licenses
Audit reports
Correspondence
Incorporation records
23. SANDY SALARIES - 2008
"I'm sure the administrators are getting nearly all of the bonus money," wrote one
employee. "I've heard rumors that the chief receives up to $10,000,” wrote an
employee in an e-mail.
After a three-year legal battle, the Salt Lake Tribune gained access to
information about an extensive bonus program at Sandy City. a bonus program
that disproportionately rewards top administrators from all city departments --
and even provides Sandy Mayor Tom Dolan with a $1,000+ "thank you" bonus,
each year.
Dolan's check pales in comparison to those received by city administrator Byron
Jorgenson and 11 other city leaders who help administer the program, each of
whom picks up the equivalent of about a month's salary in bonuses, year after
year.
Meanwhile, most city employees who do get bonuses get the equivalent of a few
day's pay. And hundreds get nothing at all.
27. FOI/GRAMA CHALLENGES TODAY
Technology…. Cloud computing, Facebook, social media,
text message
Lack of planning at front end of records storage
development
Lack of data to formulate policy
Privacy
Abuse of records – political participation
Misunderstanding, Ignorance
Culture of secrecy
Over charging
Over classification
Wikileaks syndrome
28. THE POWER OF ACCESS
At least a third of news stories are based in
part on open records, meetings or court
proceedings (SPJ 2001 study of 3,192
stories)
Journalists increasingly having to fight for
records to circumvent growing walls of
secrecy and spin (despite what Nixon or
other officials would say)
Documents help win Pulitzers
Documents help change the world
29. UTAH GOVERNMENT RECORDS ACCESS AND
MANAGEMENT ACT (GRAMA)
All records are considered public unless otherwise
specified
If public interest outweighs private interest the
record may be disclosed
Right to inspect records free of charge
Government cannot use form of record to restrict
access.
No use test
No expertise test
30. GRAMA REQUEST PROCESS
Find the record keeper
Finesse a request
Make a written request
Wait for a response
Appeal to the head of an agency
State records committee or court
Court
31.
32. GRAMA REQUEST CONCEPTS
Not held by state, check local ordinances
10 days for normal response
5 days for expedited response involving
“public interest”
Request for fee waiver for “public interest”
Journalists preparing a story for air or
publication considered acting in “public
interest”
33.
34. FIVE CATEGORIES OF RECORDS
Public – Salaries of public officials
-Public Tier II – police records
Private – Medical and welfare records
Controlled – Adoption records
Protected – Trade secrets
Limited – Catch-all exemption
35. ACCESS STRATEGY: HANDLING DENIALS
If they say…
“Your description is inadequate.”
“The requested material does not exist.”
“We don’t trust how you might use the information.”
“We don’t have time or resources to handle your
request.”
“Parts of the records are exempt, so you can’t have
anything.”
“We don’t have to give you nothin’!” (actual quote
from a sheriff)
“OK. That will be $450,000, please.”
“Just sign here on this contract line.”
36. GRAMA
All records are considered public unless otherwise
specified
If public interest outweighs private interest the
record may be disclosed
Right to inspect records free of charge
Government cannot use form of record to restrict
access.
No use test
No expertise test
37. FOIA
Who is covered?
Executive Branch departments, agencies, and
offices; federal regulatory agencies; and federal
corporations.
Who is not covered?
Congress, the federal courts, and parts of the
Executive Office of the President that function
solely to advise and assist the President, are not
subject to the FOIA
Source: National Security Archive
38. U.S. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA)
EXEMPTIONS
1. National security
2. Internal agency personnel rules
3. Information exempted by dozens of federal laws
already on the books – “Catch-all exemption”
4. Trade secrets and confidential commercial
information
5. Internal agency memoranda and policy decisions
6. Personal privacy – The Privacy Act
7. Law enforcement investigations
8. Federally regulated banks
9. Oil and gas wells
39. FEE WAIVERS
For all non-commercial requesters the first two
hours of search time and 100 pages of copying
free of charge.
If you are a representative of the news media, you
are entitled to waiver of all search and review
fees.
In addition, all fees, including copying, must be
waived by the agency if the material requested "is
likely to contribute significantly to public
understanding of the operations or activities of
government and is not primarily in the commercial
interest of the requester."
41. UTAH OPEN MEETINGS ACT KEYS
A quorum must be present
Notice must be made 24 hours in advance
Meetings must be closed by 2/3 vote
Agenda must be posted or mailed
Minutes must be taken and are public
documents
42. OPEN MEETINGS ACT KEYS
Recordings of open sessions
Detailed written minutes and recordings must
be kept of closed sessions except
discussions of character and security
Sworn statement needed after character and
security discussions
Misdemeanor penalty
43. EIGHT REASONS TO CLOSE A MEETING
Discussion of character, professional
competence or physical or mental health of an
individual
Strategy sessions for collective bargaining
Strategy sessions for “imminent” litigation
Strategy sessions to discuss the purchase,
exchange, or lease of real property when public
discussion of the transaction would disclose the
appraisal or estimated value of the property under
consideration or prevent the public body from
completing the transaction on the best possible
terms.
44. EIGHT REASONS TO CLOSE A MEETING
Strategy sessions to discuss the sale of real
property when: value would be disclosed,
notice of sale had been given, terms of sale
are disclosed
Security discussions
Investigations of criminal misconduct
Discussion of “commercial information” for
property tax appeals
45. TOP 10 MEETINGS TIPS
Diffuse the open meetings bomb.
“Retreats” should raise a red flag.
Be careful of attorney-client privilege.
Challenge “stealth agendas
Question boilerplate closures.
Beware or “electronic meetings”
No votes for “executive sessions”
Beware of “work meetings” or “committee of the whole”
meetings
Get the meeting documents
Beware of executive sessions for non-specific times and
locations