This document discusses politics, inequality, and social policy from several perspectives: 1) Inequalities in societies are shaped by both economic structures and political conflicts. The welfare state aims to promote equality. 2) There are different models of social policy and redistribution strategies that aim to reduce inequality through universal benefits, earnings-related insurance, targeted benefits, or social services. 3) Ensuring social investment in areas like education and skills training can help prepare populations for changing economies, support current employment levels, and strengthen future tax bases amid challenges like population aging.