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Change Food Policy, Change the World
- 1. Change Food Policy, Change the World Glennah Trochet M.D. Grace Presbyterian Church From Farm to Every Fork
- 3. State Policy Reforms to Address Childhood Obesity CA Conference of Local Health Officers December 1, 2005 Harold Goldstein, DrPH Executive Director California Center for Public Health Advocacy
- 4. Outline • Historical perspective • Overview of our food system • Food inequities • What can we do?
- 5. Prehistory • For 200,000 years Homo sapiens were hunter/ gatherers • 70,000 BC migrated from Africa to other continents http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 6. Prehistory • 9,500 BC Wheat and barley grown with domestication of farm animals • 8,000 BC Potatoes in Peru, Maize in Mexico • Population: 10 million http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 7. Early history • 6,000 BC Irrigation in Egypt and Persia doubles crop yields. • 5,000 BC rice in Africa • 4,000 BC plow invented in Sumeria, makes planting easier • 100 BC trip hammer in China pounds and polishes grain • 500 BC population 100 million http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 8. Ancient and Medieval Times • Population 200 million at the birth of Christ • 1100 Windmills used to grind grain in Europe • 1200 Draft horses help cultivate larger areas • 1315-1322 Great famine in Europe • 1346-1351 Black Death kills 70% of population • 1492 discovery of America and transfer of plants, animals and microbes world wide • 1600 Population 500 million http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 9. The Enlightement • 1650 Cattle ranches in the new world • 1700-1850 Advances in mechanization of agriculture decrease need for human effort • 1789 People are getting bigger • 1840 Chemical fertilizers • 1846-1847Irish potato famine • 1889 Milking machines • 1804 Population 1 billion http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 10. First half of 20th Century • 1892 Tractors • 1921 hybrid corn • 1927 Population 2 billion • 1932-1934 Soviet famine 7 million die • 1933 Twinkies marketed • 1945 Pesticide use surges • 1948 First McDonald’s opens • 1959 Population 3 billion http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 11. 2nd Half of Twentieth Century • 1960 New varieties of grains combined with fertilizers and irrigation boost crop yields in Asia and Latin America • 1962 Silent Spring is printed warning of the unintended consequences of pesticide use • 1974 Population 4 Billion • 1976 High Fructose Corn Syrup declared safe to use as food. • 2011 Population 7 billion http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972
- 12. Table 1. Global and regional per capita food consumption (kcal per capita per day) Region 1964 - 1966 1974 - 1976 1984 - 1986 1997 - 1999 2015 2030 World 2358 2435 2655 2803 2940 3050 Developing countries 2054 2152 2450 2681 2850 2980 Near East and North Africa 2290 2591 2953 3006 3090 3170 Sub-Saharan Africaa 2058 2079 2057 2195 2360 2540 Latin America and the Caribbean 2393 2546 2689 2824 2980 3140 East Asia 1957 2105 2559 2921 3060 3190 South Asia 2017 1986 2205 2403 2700 2900 Industrialized countries 2947 3065 3206 3380 3440 3500 Transition countries 3222 3385 3379 2906 3060 3180 WHO : Global and Regional Food Consumption Patterns and Trends http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/
- 13. From subsistence farming to industrial farming • SF: Growing crops and animals to feed your family and maybe sell a little • IF: Growing crops and animals in large amounts to sell. Use of fertilizer and pesticides, antibiotics in cattle, made this mode of farming possible. • Processing food allows for a longer shelf life. • Transportation routes make it possible to send food large distances away from where it is produced to sell.
- 14. Glossary • BMI: Body Mass Index, calculated by dividing weight in Kg by Height in M • Obesity: BMI equal to or greater than 30 • Overweight: BMI between 25.1 and 29.9 • Farm Bill: Federal law that governs many agricultural and food programs • Food desert: an area that lacks access to affordable foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet (USDA: 1 mile or more away) • High Fructose Corn Syrup: sugar made from corn, works as a preservative and is cheaper than cane sugar • Processed food: Commercially prepared food designed for ease of consumption • Food insecurity: Lack of consistent access to adequate food at times during the year due to lack of money and other resources. • Food Justice: Equity or fairness in the food system • BRFSS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System run by CDC, largest annual survey of its kind in the world.
- 35. $15 billion annually Doubled from 1992-1997 4 out of 5 ads are for sugary cereals, snack foods, candy, soft drinks, and fast food $1.79 billion annually on television only In 2009 cross marketing increased from 80 children’s movies in 2006 to 120 in 2009 4 out of 5 ads are for sugary cereals, snack foods, candy, soft drinks, and fast food According to the FTC quality of food improved slightly from 2006 to 2009 Junk Food Marketing
- 36. SUPERSIZING
- 37. Food Access
- 38. We make food and activity choices in the context of our environment
- 39. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1985 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%
- 40. Prevalence* of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2012 *Prevalence reflects BRFSS methodological changes in 2011, and these estimates should not be compared to those before 2011. 15%–<20% 20%–<25% 25%–<30% 30%–<35% ≥35%
- 41. Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S. Adults in 2012 No state had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Nine states and the District of Columbia had a prevalence between 20–<25%. Thirteen states (Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia) had a prevalence equal to or greater than 30%. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
- 44. INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE “It is unreasonable to expect that people will change their behavior easily when so many forces in the social, cultural, and physical environment conspire against such change.”
- 46. Individual Will Power or The Environment
- 47. Individual Will Power INN Public Policy The Environment The social, economic, and political context in which we make our food and activity choices Public Policy
- 48. What Can We Do?
- 49. Individual Will Power • Buy fresh food and cook instead of eating pre- packaged food • Home, school, community gardens • Drink water instead of sugary drinks • Know where your food is grown • Education
- 50. Foods that contain High Fructose Corn Syrup • Bread • Peanut butter • Ketchup • Tomato sauce • Soda • Fast food • Cereal • Salad dressing • Yogurt • Sauces • Jam/jelly • Ice cream
- 53. Local Food Policy • Grocery stores with fresh fruit and vegetables • Farmers markets • Economic development? • What kinds of restaurants are in our neighborhood? • Food banks • Remove toys from children’s meals with low nutritional value
- 55. Statewide Food Policy • Ban on sodas in schools • Listing calories on menus • Rules for “organic” food • Nutrition standards for school lunches • Regulation of how food is produced (pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics used)
- 56. SB 12 (K-12 Food Stds) SB 965 (High School Beverages) SB 19 (Nutrition Standards, 2001) SB 1520 (Soda Tax, 2002) LAUSD (Soda, Junk Food, 2002-3) SB 677 (Soda Ban, 2003) Not Yet All schools K-12 Policy Reforms (2001–2005) K-8 Pilot Test Standards
- 57. Federal Food Policy • Subsidies for certain crops (corn but not fruit) • Food transportation • Food imports • Regulation of industrial agriculture • Tax structure • Nutritional standards for food marketed to children
- 58. How You Can Affect Food Policy • Speak at public meetings on issues you care about: – Planning commissions – Board of Supervisors, City Councils • Join a group that advocates for what is important to you • Support candidates that agree with your views • Vote • Run for school board, planning commission, etc
- 59. Some Next Steps In Public Policy Enforce quality PE in schools K-12 Ensure access to fresh/healthy products in low income neighborhoods and workplaces Design communities to promote activity Eliminate advertising of junk food to children Provide health plan benefits: nutrition education, counseling, weight-loss Promote breastfeeding, eliminate hospital marketing of formula.
- 60. Groups That Work on Food Policy • California Food Policy Advocates http://cfpa.net/ • Sacramento Region Food System Collaborative http://valleyvision.org/projects/sacramento- region-food-system-collaborative • Hunger Hits Home report http://valleyvision.org/projects/hunger-hits- home • California Center for Public Health Advocacy http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/
- 61. References • http://www.sustainabletable.org/704/high-fructose-corn-syrup-if-this- doesn-t-convince-you-nothing-will • http://sweetsurprise.com/what-is-hfcs (industry web site) • http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/what_we_do.aspx?id=4 • http://www.ftc.gov/reports/review-food-marketing-children-adolescents- follow-report • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22946146 Infant feeding and obesity risk in the child Breastfeed Rev. 2012 Jul;20(2):7-12 • http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/ • http://cironline.org/reports/timeline-food-through-ages-2972 • http://www.cdc.gov/Obesity/ • http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/teaching-the-food- system/