Smoking Cessation Interventions: A Selected Review of the Research Literature.

Institute of Public Health in Ireland

1) Smoking rates are significantly higher among people living with HIV (PLHIV) compared to the general population, and smoking is associated with increased health risks for PLHIV such as lung and other infections. 2) Effective smoking cessation interventions for PLHIV include brief advice from healthcare providers combined with pharmacotherapy and behavioral support. Tailoring interventions to specific groups can improve effectiveness. 3) Interventions targeting social networks and contexts, such as the LGBTQ community, show promise for supporting smoking cessation among HIV-positive individuals.

Health & Medicine

Smoking Cessation Interventions: A Selected Review of the Research Literature. Jeanne Ellard

PLHIV and Smoking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PLHIV and Smoking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PLHIV and Smoking ,[object Object],[object Object]

AIM: Review published research on smoking in relation to the following areas: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Method: conducted search for relevant published research from key sociological, psychological and medical databases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Factors Associated With Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among PLHIV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Factors Associated With Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among PLHIV ,[object Object],[object Object]

Clinicians and Health Care Providers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Clinicians and Health Care Providers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Approaches to Smoking Cessation and evidence of effectiveness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Approaches to Smoking Cessation and evidence of effectiveness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Effective interventions ,[object Object]

Targeted interventions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Social Networks, Contexts and Smoking Cessation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Smoking Cessation Intervention Targeting Gay Men ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object]

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Nicotine is a highly addictive substance that not only perpetuates tobacco use, the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, but also has its own adverse effects. Nicotine addiction is a chronic and relapsing disease and the prevalence of nicotine addiction is higher than that of alcohol and other drug addiction. The use of nicotine-containing products not only is associated with developing nicotine addiction, but also with using and becoming addicted to alcohol and other drugs. Despite the decline in recent years in the use of cigarettes, the use of alternative, non-cigarette nicotine products has been rising dramatically. While the overall harm of these products appears to be considerably lower than the harms associated with cigarette use, all nicotine-containing products carry the risk of addiction and other adverse health effects and, therefore, are a threat to the public health.

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These slides accompany CASAColumbia's report, Addiction Medicine: Closing the Gap between Science and Practice, published in June 2012, which found that, despite the prevalence of addiction, the enormity of its consequences, the availability of effective solutions and the evidence that addiction is a disease, both screening and early intervention for risky substance use are rare, and only about 1 in 10 people with addiction involving alcohol or drugs other than nicotine receive any form of treatment.

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Brobeck et al. BMC Nursing 2014, 13:13 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/13/13 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Patients’ experiences of lifestyle discussions based on motivational interviewing: a qualitative study Elisabeth Brobeck1,2*, Sigrid Odencrants2, Håkan Bergh3 and Cathrine Hildingh4 Abstract Background: According to World Health Organization about 75% of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes and 40% of all cases of cancer could be prevented if the risk factors tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol could be eliminated. Patients often need help in monitoring themselves to make the proper lifestyle changes and it is important that adequate support is provided to enable the patients to take control over their health. Motivational interviewing is a framework that can help to facilitate this movement. The aim of this study was to describe how patients in primary health care settings experience lifestyle discussions based on motivational interviewing. Methods: This study has a descriptive design and qualitative content analysis was used as the method. Sixteen patients who had each visited a registered nurse for lifestyle discussions were interviewed. Results: The results show that the lifestyle discussions could enable self-determination in the process of lifestyle change but that certain conditions were required. Mutual interaction between the patient and the nurse that contributes to a sense of well-being in the patients was a necessary condition for the lifestyle discussion to be helpful. When the discussion resulted in a new way of thinking about lifestyle and when patient initiative was encouraged, the discussion could contribute to change. The patient’s free will to make a lifestyle change and the nurse’s sensitivity in the discussions created fertile soil for change. Conclusions: This study focuses on MI-based discussions, and the result shows that a subset of patients, who self-reported that they are motivated and aware of their role in making lifestyle changes, appreciate these strategies. However, it is not known whether discussions would be experienced in the same way if RNs used another method or if patients who were less motivated, engaged, or aware of their role in making lifestyle changes were interviewed. Keywords: Content analysis, Lifestyle discussion, Motivational interviewing, Nurse, Patient experiences, Primary health care Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascu- lar diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancers and chronic respira- tory diseases are by far the leading cause of death globally, representing 63% of all annual deaths [1]. NCDs are largely caused of the four risk factors; tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol [1,2]. * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Department of Research, Development and Education, Halmstad, Sweden 2School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden Full list of a ...

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NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES 1 The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer Rates among Adults in New York Pulla Rao Uppatala MSc in Computer Science, King Graduate School KG 604: Graduate Research & Critical Analysis Dr. Aditi Puri 14 Nov 2022 New Research Article 1 Who: The assessment of cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the paybacks on integrating smoking cessation interventions was performed by Villanti et al. Why: This study aimed to assess whether LDCT screening for lung cancer among commercially insured individuals between 50 and 64 years at high risk for this disorder is turning out to be cost-effective. The authors also strived to quantify the extra payback of integrating smoking cessation solutions within lung cancer screening programs. When: The authors analyzed their study in 2012 assuming that all existing smokers and half of the prior smoker population aged between 50 and 64 years were eligible for screening, with the minimum being set at least thirty packs –years of smoking. Where: The researchers used data from National Health Interview Survey on cigarette smoking conditions for individuals between 45 and 64 years who were making 30% of active smokers across the United States at the time. The cancer treatment costs were acquired from New York's taxpayer database, which provided information including physician, hospital, drug and ancillary costs eligible for insurer reimbursement. How: The authors used qualitative research methods to build up on the prior simulation model to determine the utility cost of yearly, recurring LDCT screenings for the last 15 years within an assumed high-risk population of 18 million adults aged between 50 and 64 years. It specifically involved those who have consumed over 30 packs within their smoking history. The authors' findings indicate that the recurring yearly lung cancer screening within the high-risk population has been effective. Providing smoking cessation strategies within the yearly screening program has increased the cost-effectiveness of the disorder by between 40 and 45%. New Research Article 2 Who: The study on Using a smoking cessation quitline to promote lung cancer screening was performed by Sharma et al. Why: The goal of their study was to compare two alternatives to dispense information concerning lung cancer screening. This included a quitline, a mailed brochure pinned with in-depth messaging facilitated by a quitline coach. Therefore, the authors focused on assessing the strategy that will be effective and have a significant impact on the participants searching for information about lung cancer screening. The authors thus hypothesized that the individuals who received the brochure would repo.

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Dr. Faiza delivers an insightful lecture on the distinguishing characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, offering a comprehensive understanding of their histology, physiological anatomy, electrophysiological properties, and contractile mechanisms. Through meticulous tabulation and comparison, she aims to equip learners with a detailed comprehension of the unique features and functionalities of each muscle type. Beginning with a detailed exploration of histological differences, Dr. Faiza outlines key distinctions such as multinucleation in skeletal muscle, mononucleation in smooth and cardiac muscles, and the presence of striations in skeletal and cardiac muscles. She meticulously elucidates the structural arrangement of each muscle type, highlighting their cellular morphology and organization within tissues. Transitioning to physiological anatomy, Dr. Faiza navigates through various aspects including innervation, level of control, initiation of contraction, and modification by hormones. By delineating the role of the somatic nervous system in skeletal muscle control, and contrasting it with the autonomic nervous system's influence on smooth and cardiac muscles, she offers a nuanced understanding of neural regulation in muscle physiology. Furthermore, Dr. Faiza delves into electrophysiological properties, elucidating the mechanisms underlying action potential generation, duration, and ionic basis in each muscle type. Through insightful analysis, she reveals how differences in action potential characteristics contribute to variations in muscle contraction speed, duration, and resistance to fatigue. Finally, Dr. Faiza meticulously examines the contractile mechanisms of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, shedding light on the sliding filament theory, mechanisms of calcium action, and speed of contraction. By comprehensively comparing these mechanisms, she provides learners with a deep understanding of the intricate processes governing muscle contraction and function. Through engaging presentation and meticulous analysis, Dr. Faiza's lecture serves as a valuable resource for students seeking a thorough understanding of the fundamental differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

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