Astronomy

1. PLANETARY PROPERTIES
ORBITAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2
Planet
Mean Distance
From
The Sun
(×106 km)
Mean Distance
From
The Sun
(Earth = 1)
Period To
Revolve Around
The Sun
Mean
Orbital
Velocity
(km s-1)
Orbital
Inclination
(Earth = 0)
Orbital
Eccentricity
Mercury 57.91 0.387 88.0 days 47.87 7° 0.2056
Venus 108.21 0.723 224.7 days 35.02 3.394° 0.0067
Earth 149.6 1.0 365.25 days 29.78 0° 0.0167
Mars 227.92 1.524 687.0 days 24.13 1.850° 0.0935
Jupiter 778.57 5.204 11.75 years 13.07 1.304° 0.0489
Saturn 1,433.53 9.582 29.5 years 9.69 2.485° 0.0565
Uranus 2,872.46 19.201 84 years 6.81 0.772° 0.0457
Neptune 4,495.06 30.047 165 years 5.43 1.769° 0.0113
Pluto 5,869.66 39.236 248 years 4.72 17.16° 0.2444
Planet
Diameter
(km)
Diameter
(Earth = 1)
Rotational
Period
Oblateness Axial Tilt
Mercury 4,879 0.38 58.65 days 0.0 2.0°
Venus 12,104 0.95 -243.02 days 0.0 177.4°
Earth 12,742 1.0 23 hrs 56 mins 0.0034 23.45°
Mars 6,780 0.53 24 hrs 37 mins 0.005 25.19°
Jupiter 139,822 10.97 9 hrs 55 mins 0.065 3.12°
Saturn 116,464 9.14 10 hrs 40 mins 0.108 26.73°
Uranus 50,724 3.98 -17.24 hours 0.03 97.86°
Neptune 49,248 3.87 16.11 hours 0.02 29.56°
Pluto 2,390 0.19 -6.38 days 0.0 119.6°
Planet
Mass
(Earth = 1)
Density
(×103 kg m-3)
Surface
Gravity
(Earth = 1)
Escape
Velocity
(km s-1)
Escape
Velocity
(Earth = 1)
Mercury 0.0553 5.43 0.378 4.3 0.384
Venus 0.815 5.25 0.907 10.36 0.926
Earth 1.0 5.52 1.000 11.19 1.0
Mars 0.107 3.95 0.377 5.03 0.450
Jupiter 317.83 1.33 2.364 59.5 5.32
Saturn 95.159 0.69 0.916 35.5 3.172
Uranus 14.536 1.29 0.889 21.3 1.903
Neptune 17.147 1.64 1.120 23.5 2.10
Pluto 0.002 2.03 0.059 1.1 0.0983

2. THERMAL PROPERTIES
OBSERVATIONAL PROPERTIES
MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES
Planet
Solar
Irradiance
(W m-2)
Solar
Irradiance
(Earth = 1)
Albedo
(%)
Surface
Temperature
(° C)
Mercury 9126.6 6.673 11 467° to -183°
Venus 2613.9 1.911 65 465°
Earth 1367.6 1 37 45° to -60°
Mars 589.2 0.431 15 0° to -100°
Jupiter 50.50 0.037 52 -148°
Saturn 14.90 0.011 47 -178°
Uranus 3.71 0.0027 51 -213°
Neptune 1.51 0.0011 41 -216°
Pluto 0.89 0.0007 30 -223°
Planet
Synodic
Period
(days)
Apparent
Diameter
(seconds
of arc)
Maximum
Apparent
Magnitude
Color
Mercury 115.88 4.5 - 13 -1.9 Silvery
Venus 583.92 9.7 - 66 -4.4 White
Earth - - - Bluish White
Mars 779.94 3.5 - 25.7 -2.8 Red
Jupiter 398.88 29.8 - 59 -2.6 Pale Yellow
Saturn 378.09 14.5 - 20.1 -0.5 Yellow
Uranus 369.66 3.3 - 4.1 +5.7 Green
Neptune 367.49 2.2 - 2.4 +8.2 Blue
Pluto 366.73 0.06 - 0.11 +13.7 Yellow
Planet Composition of Atmosphere Discovery
Number
Of
Moons
Mercury H2 He (trace amounts) Mesopotamia -
Venus CO2 (96%) N2 (3%) H2O (0.1%) - Surface pressure: 90 atm - Clouds: H2SO4 Mesopotamia -
Earth N2 (78%) O2 (21%) Ar (1%) - Surface pressure: 1 atm - Clouds: H2O - 1
Mars CO2 (95%) N2 (3%) Ar (1.6%) - Surface pressure: 0.02 atm Mesopotamia 2
Jupiter H2 (90%) He (10%) CH4 (0.7%) Mesopotamia 63
Saturn H2 (97%) He (3%) CH4 (0.05%) Mesopotamia 60
Uranus H2 (83%) He (15%) CH4 (2%) England (1781) 27
Neptune H2 (74%) He (25%) CH4 (1%) Europe (1846) 13
Pluto CH4 N2 (trace amounts) USA (1930) 5