Lecture Presentation on First Aid

2. Objective
• To acquaint the students on the different
medical terms that are strange to them.
To understand the importance of the
subject, the basic life saving steps and
to be able to apply First Aid to the
different cases encountered

3. Definition of Terms
• FIRST AID - temporary care given to an
injured or ill person before a definitive can be
given by a medically trained person.
• SELF AID - a care give to oneself.
• FIRST AIDER - a person who give first aid.

4. Definition of Terms
• WOUND - a break in the continuity of the skin,
mucous membrane and tissue.
• FRACTURE - a break in the continuity of the
bone.
• SHOCK - a state or condition wherein
there is not enough or adequate blood
supplies to the vital tissues and organs.
• SPLINT - any flat like materials ready
made or improvise use to hold fracture.

5. Definition of Terms
• DRESSING - is a sterile pad, a compressed
sponge or any other materials that is clean
and directly applied to cover the wound.
• HEMORRHAGE - a escape of large quantities
of blood from the blood vessels.
• ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION - is a procedure for
causing the air to flow into and out of the
lungs of a person when is normal or natural
breathing is inadequate or has ceases.

6. Importance of First Aid
 To save life.
 Prevent permanent disability
 Reduced prolong hospitalization.

7. General Procedure in case of Injury
 Give the patient comfort.
 Assure the patient that his condition
can be taken care of.
 Handle the patient gently
 Never give anything by mouth to
unconscious person.

8. General Procedure in case of Injury
 Give the patient comfort.
 Assure the patient that his condition can
be taken care of.
 Handle the patient gently
 Never give anything by mouth to
unconscious person.

9. Basic Life Saving Steps
 Check for breathing
 Check for bleeding
 Check for shock

10. CHECK FOR BREATHING
• Procedures:
 Place your ear over the casualty ‘s mouth or
nose and look towards his chest.
 Look for the rise and fall of the casualty’s
chest.
 Listen for the sound of breathing.
 Feel for breath on the side of your face.
 Allow 3 – 5 seconds to determine if the
casualty is breathing. If negative , rescue
breathing.

11. Opening the Airway
 Head tilt- neck lift technique
 Head tilt – chin techniques
 Jaw thrust.

12. Rescue Breathing
( Through artificial respiration)
• Mouth to mouth methods
 Place the victims on his back
 If foreign bodies are visible in the victims
mouth, wipe it out quickly with yours fingers
Tilt the victims head backward so that his
chin is pointing upward. Maintain the head
tilt backward position. To prevent leakage of
air, pinch the victims nose trails or pressed
your check against the victims nose.

13.  Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath
and seal your mouth tightly around the victims
mouth, and with your mouth forming a wide
open circle, blow into the victims mouth.
Volume is important, you should start at a
high rate and then provide at least one breath
every five (5) seconds adult or (12 per minute).
Watch the victims chest, when you see it rise
stop blowing raise your mouth and turn your
head to the side and listen for exhalation.
Watch the victims chest to see that it falls. When
the victims exhalation finished, repeat the
blowing cycle.

14. Mouth to Nose methods
 Maintain the backward head tilt position
with the hand on the forehead. Use the
other hand to close the mouth.
 Open your mouth widely, take a deep
breath, seal your mouth tightly around
the victims nose. On exhalation phase
open the victims mouth to allow air to
escape.

15.  When administering mouth to mouth or mouth
to nose ventilation to small children or infants,
the first aider should not take the backward
head tilt as extensive as that of the adult or large
children.
 Both mouth and nose of an infant or small child
be sealed by your mouth. Blow into the mouth
and nose severe three (3) seconds or 20
breath per minute with less pressure and
volume than for adult or large children. The
amount is determined by the sized of the child.
Small puff of air will suffice for infants.

16.  If you are not getting air exchange, re-check
the position of the victims head and jaw, and
investigate to see whether there is foreign
body in the back of the mouth obstructing the
air passage.
 If the victims stomach is bulging, air may
have been blown into the stomach. Turn the
victims head to one side and be prepared to
clear the mouth before pressing your hand
briefly and firmly over the upper abdomen, the
ribs and the navel.

17. Mouth to Stoma Methods
Stoma - is an opening in the windpipe
(trachea) in front of the neck of a
person whose larynx have been
completely or partially remove by
surgery.

18. Mouth to Stoma Methods
• Procedures:
 Do not breath into the victims nose or
mouth.
 Use mouth to stoma respiration
 Use the same general procedure as for
the mouth to mouth resuscitation , but
place your mouth firmly over the victims
stoma and blow the same rate as for a
person who breath normally.

19. Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)
 If foreign bodies are visible in the victims
mouth, wipe it out quickly with your fingers
preferably with cloth wrapped around them.
 Place the victims in a face up position.
Maintain an open airway by placing something
under the victims shoulder to raise them
several inches and allowing his head to drop
backward. Turn the victims head to the side.

20. Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)
 Kneel at the top of the victims head, grasp the
wrist and cross them over the lowest chest.
 Rock forward until your arms are approximately
vertical and allow the weight of the part of your
body to exert steady even pressure downward.
This action will cause air to flow out of the
victims chest.

21. Chest Pressure Arm Lift
( Silvester Methods)
 Immediately release the pressure by rocking
back, pulling the victims arms outward and
upward over the victims head and backward
as far as possible, this procedures will cause
the air to flow in.
 Repeat the cycle about 12 times per minute,
checking the victims mouth often for
obstructions.

22. AIRWAY Obstructions
Partial obstructions
Complete Airway obstructions

23. MANEUVERING TECHNIQUES
(Removing Obstructions)
• Back Blows (Conscious)
 Position yourself to the side and slightly
behind the casualty.
 Place your left hand on his chest to
support him.
 Give four (4) sharp blows in rapid
succession with the hand of the other
arms to the casualty’s back between the
shoulder blade.

24. MANEUVERING TECHNIQUES
(Removing Obstructions)
• Back Blows (Unconscious)
 Roll the casualty unto his side
facing you with his chest against your
thigh.
 Deliver four (4) sharp blows in rapid
succession to the casualty’s back
between the shoulder blade.

25. • Abdominal Thrust (Conscious)
 Stand behind the casualty and wrap
your arms around his waist.
 Make first with one hand and grasp it
with the other hand just below the navel
or in the abdomen.
 Give four (4) successive inward and
upward motion.

26. • Abdominal Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position the casualty on his back
 Perform the thrust either a stride or along the
side of the casualty. If you are along the side
of the patient, your knees should be close to
his thigh/hips. Straddle the hips on one thigh of
the casualty.
 Place the heel of one hand against the
casualty’s abdomen between the waist and the
ribcage. Put seconds hand on top of the first
one.

27. • Abdominal Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position and maintain your shoulder
over the casualties abdomen.
 Apply a quick inward and upward
abdominal thrust towards the casualty’s
head.

28. • Chest Thrust (Conscious)
 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your
arms around his chest with your arms
under his armpit.
 Make fist with one hand place the thumb
of the fist squarely on the breastbone.
 Grasp the fist with the other hand the exert
four (4) quick backward and upward
pulls.
 Alternate 1 & 3 until the casualty
recover.

29. • Chest Thrust (Unconscious)
 Position the casualty on his back.
 Kneel close to the side of the casualty’s head
and locate the lower edge of the ribcage with
your finger.
 Trace the ribcage.
 With your arms in position, bring your
shoulder directly over the casualty’s
breastbone, keep your arms straight and
press downward.
 Apply enough pressure to push the breastbone
downward about 1 to 2 inches and then
released the pressure completely (4 rapid
succession).

30. CHECK FOR BLEEDING
Wound - a break in the
continuity of the skin.

31. Kinds of Wounds
 Puncture Wound – usually caused by sharp pointed
object.
 Incise wound – caused by sharp bladed object. With
clean cut.
 Lacerated Wound – caused by any hard or blunt
object.
 Abrasion – a wound resulting from scraping rough
surfaces.
 Avulsion – a kind of wound that involves a forceable
separation or tearing of tissue from the victims body.

32. Procedures:
 Expose the entire area of the wound to
easily trace the types and size of the
wound.
 Avoid contamination.
 Cover the wound with sterile dressing.
 Elevation of the bleeding part.
 Treat for shock.

33. First Aid Measures
• Elevation – raising the injured part above
the heart level.
• Direct Pressure – pressing a sterile
dressing firmly over the bleeding part.
• Digital Pressure – finger pressure applied
directly over the bleeding part.
• Tourniquet – a constricting band placed
around the arm or leg to control bleeding.

34. Where to Place Tourniquet
 Place the tourniquet around the limb
between the wound and the heart. It should
be placed 2-4” above the injury site.
 Mark the casualty’s head with a “T”
preferably his blood whenever possible.
 Do not cover the tourniquet, leave it in full
view.
 Record the time of application.

35. Where to Place Tourniquet
 Use padding in the application of
tourniquet.
 If the limb is missing, apply a dressing to
the stamp.
 Clamping - this can be done by the use
of forceps.
 Fluid Replacement – giving IV fluids like
whole blood, dextrose of plasma volume
expander.
 Packing

36. • DRESSING – a sterile pad, a
compressed sponge that is applied
directly to cover the wound.

37. Uses of Dressing
 To control Bleeding.
 To cover wound and keep out dirt and
bacteria which may cause infection.
 To absorb excess fluid.
 To maintain temperature around the
wound.
 To apply medication.

38. Rules for Applying dressing
 Apply dressing directly over the wound.
 Avoid contamination.
 Use the tail of a dressing as bandage whenever
possible.
 If the dressing is secured by tying, place the
knots where they are easy to see and react,
never tie knots over the wound.
 Following dressing is applied, it should not be
disturbed or replaced unless hemorrhage recurs
or dressing exposes the wound.

39. • SHOCK – a state of condition when
there is not enough or adequate blood
supplies to the vital tissues and organs.

40. Causes
 Significant loss of blood.
 Heart failure.
 Dehydration.
 Severe and painful blows to the body.
 Severe allergic reaction to drugs, foods,
insect sting, and snake bites.

41. Signs and Symptoms
 Sweaty but cool skin
 Paleness of the skin
 Restlessness or nervousness
 Thirstiness
 Faster than normal breath
 Pupils are dilated
 Pulse is rapid
 Nausea or vomiting

42. First Aid Measures
 Prevention from heat exposure
 Loosen the clothing
 Control Bleeding
 Replacement of fluids
 Control the pain
 Prevent the casualty from chilling or
overheating
 Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than
the level of the heart
 NPO to unconscious patient

43. • FRACTURE- a break in the continuity of
the bone.
Classification of Fracture:
 Close Fracture
 Open fracture

44. Causes
 Motor vehicle accidents.
 Falls
 Accident related to recreation sports
and activities
 Some results from the very slight
injuries because of brittle or abnormal
bones.

45. Signs and symptoms
 Deformity
 Tenderness of the affected area.
 Swelling
 Pain
 Presence of protruding bone
 Inability to move the injured part
 Bleeding
 Discoloration of the affected area

46. First Aid Measures
 Immobilize fracture by splitting.
 Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to an
open wound.
 Treat for shock.
 Give pain reliever if pain is severe.
 Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
 Place the patient on a litter and secured the
injured part enough to keep it from moving
while he is transported.
 Evacuate the patient as soon as possible.

47. SNAKE BITES
Venom – a poison secreted by some
animals injected into the body/victims
through bites.
Types of Snakes:
 Poisonous
Non-poisonous

48. Physical Characteristics
Poisonous
 Flat and almost triangular
head shape.
 With poison sack.
 Slit like pupils.
 With sensory pit.
 Fang mark on the bite
site.
 Thick bodies.
 Color markings.
Non-poisonous:
Oval-shaped head.
No sensory pit.
No fang mark on the
bite site.
Rounded pupils.

49. Preventive Measures
 Handle freshly killed venomous snake only with
a long tool or stick. Snake can inflict fatal bites
by reflex action even after death.
 Wear heavy boots and clothing for some
protection from snake bites. Keep this in mind
when exposed to hazardous condition.
 Eliminate conditions under which snake thrive:
brush, piles of trash, rocks or logs and dense
undergrowth. Controlling their foods as much
as possible is also good prevention.

50. First Aid Measures
 Have the casualty lie quietly, not to move other
than necessary.
 Do not elevate the bitten extremity, keep them
level with the body.
 Keep the casualty comfortable and reassure
him.
 If the snake bite is on an arm or leg, place a
constricting band about 1-2 finger above and
below the bite. If the bite is on the hand or foot,
place a single band above the flow of blood
near the skin but not tight enough to interfere
with circulation.

51. First Aid Measures
 If swelling extend beyond the band, move
or place another bond above the first
one.
 Never give the casualty food, alcohol,
stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
 Remove rings, watches or other jewelry
from the affected area.
 Evacuate to the nearest medical facility
as soon as possible.

52. CAUTION
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CUT OR OPEN
THE BITE NOR SUCK OUT THE
VENOM. IF THE VENOM SHOULD
CREEP THROUGH ANY DAMAGED
OR LACERATED TISSUES IN YOUR
MOUTH, YOU COULD IMMEDIATELY
LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS OR EVEN
DIE. (Ref: FM 21-11)

53. CLIMATIC INJURIES
• HEAT INJURIES – are environmental
injuries that may result when a soldier is
exposed to extreme heat, such as from
the sun or from high temperature.

54. •Heat Cramps – are caused by not
having enough available salt in the body.
 Signs and Symptoms:
Muscle cramps in the arms or legs and/or
stomach.
Wet Skin.
Extreme thirst.

55. Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area or
improvise shade.
 Loosen clothing.
 Have him/her drink slowly at least one
canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid should cramps
continue.

56. •Heat Exhaustion – caused by loss of
water through sweating without adequate fluid
replacement.
•Signs and Symptoms:
Weakness and faintness.
Dizziness or drowsiness.
Cool or moist skin.
Pale.
Headache.
Rapid breathing.
Tingling of hands and feet.

57. Treatment
 Move the casualty to a shady area and have him lie
down.
 Loosen clothing and remove boots.
 Pour water on him and fan him if it is a very hot day.
 Have him slowly drink one canteen full of water.
 If possible the casualty should not participate in any
vigorous activity for the remainder of the day.
 Monitor the casualty until the symptoms are gone.
If the symptoms persist; seek medical aid.

58. •Heat Stroke – this is a medical
emergency and can be fatal if not treated
promptly and correctly. It is caused by failure
of the body’s cooling mechanism. Inadequate
sweating is a factor.

59. • Signs and Symptoms:
 Skin is flushed, hot and dry.
 Experiences dizziness, confusion and
headache.
 Respiration and pulse are rapid and weak.
 Unconsciousness and collapse may occur
suddenly.

60. • Treatment:
 Moving the casualty to a shady area.
 Remove outer garments and/or protective
clothing if the situation permits.
 Pour cool water or immerse him and fan him to
permit the cooling effect of evaporation.
 Elevate his legs.
 If conscious, have him slowly drink at least one
canteen full of water.
 Seek medical aid and evacuate the patient
ASAP.
 Perform any necessary life-saving measures.

61. • Cold Injuries – are most likely to occur
when an unprepared individual is
exposed to winter temperature. The
cold weather and the type of combat
operation in which the individual is
involved impact on weather he is likely
to be injured and to what extent.

62. Contributing Factors
 Weather
 Types of combat operation
 Clothing
 Physical make-up
 Psychological factor

63. • Signs and Symptoms;
 Numbness
 Tingling sensation
 Discoloration of the skin
 Treatment:
 Adequate warming of the affected part
using body heat.
 Injured part should not be massaged,
exposed to fire or stove.
 Walking on injured feet should be avoided.

64. • Deep Cold Injury:
 Remove the casualty from the cold.
 Treat deep cold injuries simultaneously
while waiting for evacuation to a
medical facility or while en route.

65. TRANSPORTATION OF CASUALTY
• TRANSPORTATION – means moving the
casualty from the point of injury going to
the nearest medical facility where a
casualty can receive a definitive care.
• Transportation of casualties:
 Manual carries
 Litter carries

66. TRANSPORTATION OF CASUALTY
• Manual carries - a means of
transportation which provides comfort to
the patient and are less likely to
aggravate injuries.
• Litter carries – a means of transporting
casualty using a stretcher to carry a sick
and wounded person.

67. • Litter – a device capable of being
carried by two, four, or six persons for
the purpose of transporting sick, injured
or dead person.

68. Proper handling of casualties
• Evaluate the type and extent of his
injuries.
• Ensure that dressing over the wounds
are adequately reinforce.
• Ensure that fractured bones are
properly immobilize and supported to
prevent them from cutting muscles,
blood vessels and skin.

69. Factors to be given considerations
©Strength and endurance of the bearer.
©Weight of the casualty.
©Nature of the casualty’s injuries.
©Obstacle encountered.

70. One man Carry
• Fireman’s carry – the easiest way for
one person to carry another.
• Support carry – in this carry the casualty
must be able to walk or at least hop on
one leg using the bearer as a crutch.
• Arms carry – Useful in carrying a
casualty for a short distance.

71. One man Carry
• Saddle back Carry – on a conscious
casualty for a short distance.
• Pack Strap Carry – the casualty weight
rest high on the bearers back , this
makes it easier for the casualty bearer to
carry the casualty for moderate distance.
• Pistol Belt carry – the best one man
carry for a long distance .

72. One man Carry
• Pistol Belt Drag – these are generally
used for short distance . It is also
useful in combat.
• Neck Drag – this is useful because the
bearer can transport the casualty when
he creeps behind a low wall or
shrubbery or through a culvert.
• Cradle Drop Drag – very effective in
moving casualty up or down steps.

73. Two-man Carry
• Two-man Support Carry – can be use in
transporting in a conscious or
unconscious casualty .
• Two-man Arms Carry – useful in
carrying casualty for a moderate
distance.
• Two-man Fore – And – Carry – useful in
transporting a casualty for a long
distance.

74. Two-man Carry
• Two Hand Seat Carry - useful in
carrying a casualty for a short distance.
• Four Hand Seat Carry – this is a
especially useful in transporting a
casualty with head or foot injury for a
moderate distance.