Shouting at the Wall | The Role of Anger Across Brexit Communities
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Research presented at the 9th conference on Social Media and Society (2018) examining all the cross ideological posts between each of the three campaign walls on Facebook.
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Shouting at the Wall | The Role of Anger Across Brexit Communities
- 1. Does Negativity Drive Ideological Cross- Posting in Brexit Facebook Comments? Michael Bossetta | Copenhagen Anamaria Dutceac Segesten | Lund Chris Zimmerman | CBS/ITU Duje Bonacci | Zagreb ‘Shouting at the Wall’:
- 2. Research Questions 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 2 What explains cross-ideological Facebook commenting in polarized electoral contests? Do certain emotions correlate with cross-posting patterns?
- 3. Theory • Social media enable participation in politics via public displays of emotion (Papacharissi, 2015) • Social media expression takes place in “echo chambers” or “filter bubbles” (Pariser, 2011; Sunstein, 2017) • Relationship between negative emotions and offline collective action (Ost, 2004; Goodwin et al., 2009) • Role of emotions in online participation? 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 3
- 4. Scope • All Facebook comments on 3 Brexit campaign pages: • Over the official campaign period 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 4 April 15 June 23 2016
- 5. d”. ” i Data Collection: VoxPopuli #SMSociety2018 7/20/18 5
- 6. Tool / System +/- Sentiment Yes Yes Yes Emotionality - Yes Yes +/- Arousal - - Yes Core Emotions - 3 6 Fine Grain Feelings - - 27 Methods & Tools 1. Classify users by Facebook Reactions ( or ) 2. Trace User_IDs 3. Apply three emotion detection methods from three separate tools/systems: 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 6 Note: MineMyText uses the SentiStrength algorithm, and is primarily a topic modelling tool available at minemytext.com.
- 7. Overall comments to Posts (n=1.8 million) This study (n=771,036) 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 7 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 campaign campaign campaign LeaveEU StrongerIn VoteLeave Nr.ofcomments Unique commenters Comment count
- 8. Cross-posting over referendum period 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 8
- 9. Cross-comments (n=214,789 | 28% of posts) 80% Leave -> Remain 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 9 2.8 posts / person 1.4 posts / person 1.2 posts / person
- 11. Cross-posting Emotionality during Brexit 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 11
- 12. Compared to brand walls and their “shitstorms” 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 12
- 13. But “Valence” is only one measure of emotions 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 13
- 15. d”. ” i Dimensional approach The Dimensional Approach: (Wilhelm Wundt, 1905) o Valence (horizontal axis) o Arousal (vertical axis) o Tension – often excluded Zimmerman, C. et al. (2015) ‘Emergence of Things Felt: Harnessing the Semantic Space of Facebook Feeling Tags
- 17. Sadness Anger Joy Empowerment Excitement 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 17
- 18. “Pure Anger” 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 18 ü Emotional (LIWC & emotionVis) ü Negative (LIWC, SentiStrength, emotionVis) ü Aroused (emotionVis) ü Labelled as Angry (LIWC & emotionVis)
- 19. What about ‘pure’ anger? (n=1,791) 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 19 Leave more likely to exhibit anger, but anger overall is quite small compared to positive emotions?
- 20. What we have learnt so far • Cross-posting escalates towards the end of the campaign period • The direction of comments is overwhelmingly from Leave to Remain -> No Leave echo chamber • Emotion comments make up about a third of the overall comments left on all the three Facebook pages of the campaigns • Joy and empowerment are more frequent than anger • Anger is more predominant among Leave supporters 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 20
- 21. Future Steps… • Enlist human coders to validate sentiment tools • Run topic models by emotion • Run regressions on emotions and topics ~ engagement • Compare emotional distribution of cross-posts to supporter posts • “Priming effect” of campaigns? • Language of Affective Polarization 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 21
- 22. thanks ! 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 22 Michael Bossetta mjb@ifs.ku.dk Anamaria Dutceac Segesten anamaria.dutceac_segesten@eu.lu.se Chris Zimmerman cz.msc@cbs.dk | visualize@google.com Duje Bonacci dbonacci@voxpopuli.hr
- 23. citations x appendix 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 23 Debortoli, S. et al. (2016) ‘Text Mining For Information Systems Researchers: An Annotated Topic Modeling Tutorial’, Communications of the Association for Information Systems Pennebaker, J. et al. (2007) ‘The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC 2007’, LIWC.net, pp. 1–22. Zimmerman, C. et al. (2016) ‘emotionVis: Designing a tool for Emotion Text Inference and Visual Analytics’, in Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technologies (DESRIST) Conference, St John’s, NL, Canada, May 24-25, 2016.
- 24. Sentiment | Baseline Comparisons 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 24
- 25. Emotions | Core Emotions Over Time 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 25
- 26. Emotions | Fear & Anxiety 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 26
- 27. Language Analysis | Time Focus 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 27
- 28. Language Analysis | Punctuation 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 28 ! vs ? Remain received 20% more exclamation marks (!) Leave received 19% more questions (?)
- 30. emotionVis | How it Works 7/20/18#SMSociety2018 30