2. WELCOME TO SCIENCE 100:
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Non-technical course
3 units
2 meetings a week, 2 hours per meeting
This course deals with the interactions
between Science and technology, in
social, cultural, political and economic
contexts that shape and are shaped by
them.
4. COURSE CONTENT
MIDTERMS
October
11
Week 1 Class Orientation, Module 0
Module 1: Introduction, UNIT 1- General Concepts in STS
Week 2 Module 2a: Historical antecedents in the course of
Science and Technology
Module 2b: Intellectual revolutions that define society
Week 3 Module 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building
Week 4-
5
UNIT II- STS and Human Condition
Module 4:
• The human person flourishing in terms of S&T
• Technology as a way of revealing
Week 6 Module 5:
• The Good Life
• When technology and humanity cross
• The information age (Gutenberg to social media)
5. COURSE CONTENT
FINALS
November
28
Week 8 UNIT III- SPECIFIC ISSUES IN STS
Module 6: Biodiversity
Week 9 Module 7: Climate Change and Environmental awareness
Week 10 Module 8: Energy crisis and alternative energy
resources
Week 11 Module 9: Biotechnology, GMO and Gene therapy
Week 12 Module 10: Technological advancements, Nanotechnology
and Robotics
6. Raw midterm
score (rms):
50% class
standing +
50% midterm
exam score
Raw final
score (rfs):
50% class
standing +
50% final
exam score
FINAL SCORE (FS) = 50% RM+ 50& RFS
PASSING
GRADE: 50%
• Assignments
• Quizzes
• Reporting
• Class participation
(Exit Slip, Attendance)
7. MODULE 2. PART II
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
8. MODULE 2. PART II
Learning outcomes:
• Discuss how the theories of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud
contributed to the scientific revolution.
• Describe how the scientific revolution is done in various
parts of the world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle
East, and Africa.
• Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science
and technology.
9. Scientific revolution
• refers to the period between
Copernicus and Newton.
• More radical proposals have
suggested that the
Scientific Revolution might
apply to the so-called
Enlightenment 'Newtonians
10. Scientific revolution
• Historians have consistently
disputed the presumed
beginning and ending
dates of the much-
disputed 'Scientific
Revolution'.
11. Scientific revolution
• Based on belief in a core
transformation which began
in cosmology and astronomy
and then shifted to
physics
16. Copernican revolution
• Early 16th century
• Polish astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus, put forward a
radically different model.
• “Heliocentric model”
17. Copernican revolution
• The reason the stars appeared to
orbit of the earth was because the
earth itself was moving, rotating
on its own axis once every
twenty-four hours.
• ‘The apparent movement of the
heavens was an illusion, caused by
the movement of the observer
18. Copernican revolution
• Copernicus challenged
orthodox science and the
established religious view
of reality
• Kept his idea for 30 years
• Nearing death, he published
his book “On the Revolution
of the Celestial Spheres "in
1543
19. Copernican revolution
• Remained forgotten for
nearly 80 years
• Until Galileo Galilei
and his telescope
• He found convincing
evidence proving the
Copernican theory
21. Copernican revolution
• 50 years later, the final
piece of puzzle was put in
place
• Sir Isaac Newton
• English mathematician
• He stated that heavenly bodies
are governed by exactly the
same as earthly objects --
Gravity
23. Darwinian revolution
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• widely held notion that all
life is related and has
descended from a common ancestor
• presumes the development of life
from non-life and stresses a
purely naturalistic (undirected)
“descent with modification"
24. Darwinian revolution
• Complex creatures evolve from more simplistic
ancestors naturally over time.
• Random genetic mutations (beneficial)
25. Darwinian revolution
Natural selection
• Acts to preserve
and accumulate
minor advantageous
genetic mutations
• preservation of a
functional
advantage that
enables a species
to compete better
in the wild.
26. Darwinian revolution
Natural selection acts only by
taking advantage of slight
successive variations; it can
never take a great and sudden
leap, but must advance by
short and sure, though slow
steps
30. Freudian revolution
Freud’s Structure
of the Human Mind
• personality develops
from the interactions
among what he proposed
as the three fundamental
structures of the human
mind: the id, ego, and
superego.
31. Freudian revolution
Freud’s Structure of the
Human Mind
On this diagram, the smaller
portion above the water signifies
the conscious mind, while the much
larger portion below the water
illustrates the unconscious mind.
32. Freudian revolution
Freud’s Structure of the Human Mind
The ID
• the most primitive of the
three structures, is concerned
with instant gratification of
basic physical needs and
urges.
• It operates entirely
unconsciously (outside of
conscious thought).
33. Freudian revolution
Freud’s Structure of the Human Mind
The SUPEREGO
• concerned with social rules and
morals
• like what many people call their
“conscience” or their “moral
compass.”
• It develops as a child learns
what their culture considers
right and wrong
34. Freudian revolution
Freud’s Structure of the Human Mind
The EGO
• In contrast to the instinctual id and the
moral superego, the ego is the rational,
pragmatic part of our personality.
• less primitive than the id and is
partly conscious and unconscious.
• It’s what Freud considered to be the
“self,” and its job is to balance the
demands of the id and superego in the
practical context of reality
36. Mesoamerica
• Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
and Costa Rica.
• Humid tropical areas, dry deserts,
high mountainous terrain, and low
coastal plains
• An anthropologist named Paul
Kirchkoff first used the term
“Mesoamerica” (meso is Greek for
“middle” or “intermediate”) in
1943 to designate these
geographical areas as having shared
cultures
37. Mesoamerica
• Some of the most well-
known Mesoamerican
cultures are the Olmec,
Maya, Zapotec,
Teotihuacan, and Aztec.
38. Mesoamerica
Shared cultural traits:
• complex pantheon of deities
• architectural features
• a ballgame
• the 260-day calendar
• Trade
• food (especially a reliance on
maize, beans, and squash)
• dress, and accoutrements (additional
items that are worn or used by a
person, such as earspools)
39. Mesoamerica
• earliest known major
civilization of Mesoamerica or
Pre-Columbian America
• tropical lowlands of south-
central Mexico
• Much of what we know about the
Olmec civilization is dependent
solely on archaeological
evidence.
The Olmecs
(~1600 BC)
40. Mesoamerica
The Olmecs
*Contributions
• produced some of the greatest
Mesoamerican artworks including:
❑ colossal sculpture in volcanic stone
and intricate works in jade;
❑ earliest known Mesoamerican pyramid;
• laid the foundations for all
subsequent Mesoamerican cultures such
as the Maya and the Aztec.
41. • made most prestigious
discoveries in sectors of
science and cosmology that
enabled them to make a
profoundly complex date-book.
The Mayans
(~2600 BC)
Mesoamerica
42. exceptionally gifted designers and
architects who constructed grand
structures including:
❑ royal residences;
❑ galactic observatories;
❑ sanctuary pyramids;
❑ astoundingly straight lifted
streets;
❑ and reservoir conduits utilizing
water weight innovation.
The Mayans
*Contributions
Mesoamerica
43. • Mayan calendar
• Hieroglyphic writing
• Developed the science of
astronomy
The Mayans
*Contributions
Mesoamerica
44. • Mesoamerican people of central
Mexico in the 14th to 16th
centuries.
• a civilization with a rich
cultural heritage
• Tenochtitlan, rivaled the
greatest cities of Europe in
size and grandeur
The Aztecs
Mesoamerica
45. • Sustained millions of
people
• Aztec agriculture,
transportation, economy,
architecture, arts, and
political institutions
• Tenochtitlan – capital
island city
The Aztecs
*Contributions
Mesoamerica
46. • Established great
military force
• Use of rubber for a ball
game
• Used cocoa beans as
currency
The Aztecs
*Contributions
Mesoamerica
47. • most alarming aspect of the
Aztec culture was the
practice of human sacrifice
• sacrificed human beings on a
massive scale in bloody
religious rituals, enslaved
subject peoples, and, by
Spanish accounts, practiced
cannibalism.
The Aztecs
Mesoamerica
48. • Spanish invaders, led by Hernán
Cortés, sought both to claim the
new lands and resources for the
Spanish Crown and to promulgate
Christianity
• He demanded that local native
allies forswear human sacrifice
and cannibalism
The Aztecs
Mesoamerica
49. • Spanish conquerors and
later occupiers largely
ignored Aztec cultural
achievements
• Inadvertent introduction of
diseases for which they had
no immunity, the Aztec
civilization of Mesoamerica
was almost completely
eradicated
The Aztecs
Mesoamerica
50. ASIA
• Early Harappan Phase
• Trade networks linked this
culture with related regional
cultures and distant sources of
raw materials, including lapis
lazuli and other materials for
bead-making.
• Domestication of crops and
animals
India/ Indus Valley
~3300 BC
51. ASIA
• Evolved new techniques in
metallurgy and produced copper,
bronze, lead, and tin and displayed
advanced levels of engineering
❑ Urban sanitation systems
❑ Hydraulic engineering
❑ Granaries, warehouses, protective
walls
India
*Contributions
52. ASIA
• achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time.
• among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and
measures
India
*Contributions
53. ASIA
• Yellow river civilization
and Yangtze civilization
• Early form of silkworm
cultivation
• Little political
organization
China
~7000 BC
54. ASIA
• Shang dynasty – earliest
known body of Chinese writing
• Oracle bone script
• Intensive agriculture in
permanent fields
• Paper making and printing,
gunpowder, compass
China
*Contributions
55. MIDDLE EAST
• Fertile Crescent Region
• Cradle of civilization
• Middle East
• Tigris and Euphrates river
• Rich soil, and supply of
water for irrigation
Mesopotamia
56. • The word “mesopotamia” is
formed from the ancient words
“meso,” meaning between or in
the middle of, and “potamos,”
meaning river.
• Situated in the fertile valleys
between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers,
Mesopotamia
~6500 BC
MIDDLE EAST
