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Bayesian statistics chapter11
1.
ウェブリオ・エンジニア向け勉強会 「入門ベイズ統計」第 6 回 第
11 章 イメージ・プロセシングとベイズ推定 2015/01/29 Weblio 研究開発 G 米林裕一郎
2.
アウトライン ● 画像処理 ● 画像のくずれ、復元 ●
ベイズ的逐次近似法 ● ギブス分布、マルコフ確率場 ● ジーマン - ジーマンによる画像処理モデル
3.
研究分野としての画像処理 ● 素粒子の観測、宇宙観測 ● (
医学的応用として ) 画像診断 ● 画像検索 ● 類似度、検索用インデックス ● 画像の復元 ● ピンぼけ写真、手ぶれ写真の補正 ● カラー化 ● Inpainting – 画像の欠損箇所を、周囲の画像から補完
4.
画像データ ● 最小単位はピクセル ● 縦
m 個、横 n 個なら、 mn 個の点 ● 各点は、白黒の濃淡が段階的 ( 有限個 ) ● 画像のくずれ ● (x, y) で起こった現象が、 (x', y') で観測される – 点拡がり関数 ● 濃淡の度合いが変わってしまう – ホワイト・ノイズ ( 正規分布に従う誤差項 e)
5.
点拡がり関数 (point spread
function) ● (0, 0) にあった点が拡がって観測される状況 をモデル化したもの http://zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu/articles/basics/psf.html
6.
画像のくずれと復元 ● 観測画像 は、
と の畳み込み (convolution) で表されると仮定 ● 元画像 ● 点拡がり関数 ● が既知なら、 から をシミュレートできる ● 画像の復元は逆に、 から を求めること ( 逆問題 )
7.
復元画像を求める ● = * から
を数学的に解く ● , , : , , のフーリエ変換 ● は と から計算可能 ● をフーリエ逆変換し、 に戻す ● フーリエ変換 ● 関数を周波数成分 t に分解 ● フーリエ変換すると、周波数 t の関数になる
8.
ベイズ的な観点 ● を原因、 を結果とし、因果論的に考える ●
: 点の拡がりではなく、確率密度関数 ● 点 k での観測が、点 i で起こっていた確率 ( 事後確率 ) ● 点 i で起こった現象は、必ずどこかで観測さ れる
9.
ベイズ的逐次近似法 ● 前ページの 2
つの式から: ● 元画像 を逐次近似法で解く ● 右辺の を 、左辺の を ● のとき、 と仮定 ● 逐次的に を求める ● ( 直観的には、ニュートン法と同じ原理 )
10.
マルコフ確率場としての画像 ● ( 事前知識
) 画像は、直観的には: ● 近くの点は、似た色をしている ● 近い箇所では、相関がある ● 遠い箇所では、影響がない ● 画像をマルコフ確率場として考える 無向グラフィカルモデル (Undirected Graphical Model) X1, 1 X3, 4
11.
ジーマン - ジーマンによる 画像処理モデル ●
画像生成モデル ● y = x + e ● 元の画像 x はギブス分布に従う ( 事前分布 ) ● 観測画像 y から、事後確率 p(x|y) を最大化する 元画像 x を求める (MAP 推定 ) ● ギブス・サンプリングによる画像推定 ● p(x|y) の複雑な積分計算を、 MCMC 法で近似 ● マルコフ連鎖 (MC) によるモンテカルロ法 (MC)
12.
補足:ギブス分布 ● 元々は、統計力学の基礎知識 ● N 個の粒子
x1 , …, xn からなるシステム ● 全体のエネルギーは M = Σ E(xk ) ● ギブス分布 : 粒子のエネルギー E(xk ) の分布 ● マルコフ確率場とギブス分布は等価 ● 1 対 1 対応 ● 画像の事前分布 = マルコフ確率場 = ギブス分布 ● 数式計算を、画像処理へテクニカルに応用可能
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