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3.食料消費パターンの変化
食料消費構造の変化
食生活の主要な変化
1980年 1990年 1995年 2000年 2005年 2010年
一人当たりの
の実質飲食費
100.0 104.0 100.7 100.2 96.8 94.6
エンゲル係数
(%)
29.0 25.4 23.7 23.3 22.6 23.3
供給カロリー
(kcal)
2,561 2,628 2,637 2,645 2,573 2,457
脂肪カロリー比
率(%)
25.5 28.4 29.5 28.8 28.9 28.3
1kcal当たり実
質飲食費(%)
100.0 101.3 97.8 97.0 69.3 98.2
調理食品比率
(%)
6.0 8.4 9.4 10.6 11.8 11.9
外食費比率 13.7 16.0 16.2 16.6 16.7 16.9
最近のエンゲル係数
• エンゲル係数→大幅低下(2010年まで)
2010年~ 増加傾向
• 最も大きな変化→食生活の外部化
食生活の外部化
↓
女性の社会進出、高齢化の進行で家庭内で行われていた
調理や食事を家庭外に依存すること
食の外部化の増加の原因
• 普段の家庭の味とは違うものが味わえるから。
• 食事をしたり、家事の後片付けをする手間が省けるから。
• 家族の好みがまちまちで家庭で料理をするのが大変だから。
食の外部化の問題点
• 孤食や個食、欠食といった食生活の問題が生じる。
• 特に孤食の増加は、「家族のコミュニケーションの場」という、本来の
食卓の役割を低下させる。
• 家族等と楽しく食卓を囲む機会の減少。
• 栄養の偏り
夫婦共働き世帯 世帯主のみ働いている世帯
支出額 (円) 支出割合 (%) 支出額 (円) 支出割合 (%)
可処分所得 144,730 - 119,799 -
消費支出 98,268 - 89,806 -
食料 20,650 100.0 19,892 100.0
生鮮食品 4,706 22.8 5,084 25.6
加工食品 6,240 30.2 6,387 32.1
調理食品 2,605 12.6 2,226 11.2
外食 4,959 24.0 4,169 21.0
飲料・酒類 2,141 10.4 2,026 10.2
エンゲル係数 21.0 - 22.1 -
• 夫婦共働き世帯
料理に費やす時間が少ない
↓
生鮮食品 減少
・
外食 増加
• 世帯主のみ働いている世帯
外食 減少
↓
消費支出 減少
・
エンゲル係数 増加
食料品の消費動向(一人当たり実質消費支出額)
平成不況における一人当たり実質消費支出額 ⇒ 2.9 % 増加
〃 実質食料費支出 ⇒ 0.4% 減少
費目 高度経済成長期 平成不況 増加品目数 減少品目数
1963~1973 1990~2003
食料
穀類
魚介類
肉類
乳卵類
野菜・海草
果物
油脂・調味料
調理食品
外食
飲料
酒類
菓子
1.9
-3.2
-1.2
5.1
1.9
0.6
7.7
2.4
2.6
5.6
10.5
5.4
2.7
-0.4
-1.0
-1.6
-1.2
0.3
-0.8
-1.4
0.5
2.7
-0.3
2.0
-0.4
0.2
78
6
9
6
4
15
3
11
10
3
4
3
4
112
4
28
3
3
30
13
3
6
6
3
4
9
消費量の変化
高級化 簡便化 多様化 健康・安全指向
食生活変化の4つの方向(%)
高級化 簡便化 多様化
健康・
安全指向
その他 合計
1期(1963~68年) 34.8 18.5 31.5 4.3 10.8 100.0
2期(1969~74年) 25.8 17.5 28.9 9.3 18.5 100.0
3期(1975~80年) 19.0 23.8 34.5 10.7 11.9 100.0
4期(1981~86年) 15.7 22.5 29.2 19.1 13.4 100.0
5期(1987~92年) 14.1 30.8 20.5 16.7 18.0 100.0
6期(1993~97年) 9.6 31.5 28.8 17.8 12.2 100.0
「フードシステムの経済学」より
簡便化
外食
調理食品
変化の要因
•所得
•価格
経済的
要因
•消費者の選好
非経済
的要因
価格と消費の関係
価格
低下 不変 上昇
消
費
数
量
減
少
調味料(醤油、砂糖、
味噌など)
バナナ
たまご
野菜類(大根、きゅうり、
ネギなど)
みかん
こんぶ
魚類(あじ、ひらめ、えび
など)
食塩
緑茶
不
変
小麦粉
ソーセージ
インスタントラーメン
野菜類(トマト、ピーマン、
玉ねぎなど)
そば
魚肉ソーセージ
かぼちゃ
紅茶
もち米
増
加
食パン
肉類(牛、豚、鶏)
豆腐
ビール、焼酎
にんじん
レタス
あさり
梅干し
魚介の漬物、塩辛
機会費用
•経済学ではあることをする代わりに別のことをし
た場合に得られるであろう収入の最高額と定義
される。
材料費
2000円
収入
1000円
差額
2千円
出費
1000円
世帯規模の小規模化
規模の経済➡生産の規模が大きくなればなるほど1単位あたり
の生産費が安くなること
7.4%も増加!!
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
単身
世帯
割合
18.1 18.4 21.0 22.6 24.1 24.6 25.5

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食の経済