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Acute abdomen
1. Dr. Yogesh S. Borase
M.S. Shalyatantra
Professor & HOD
Department of Shalyatantra,
MES Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Ghanekhunt- Lote
Acute abdomen
2. Acute abdomen
ο Sudden severe attack of abdominal pain to such an extent
that pt. is in severe agony & often shock
ο It may be life threatening like Intestinal perforation
6. Acute abdomen
History :-
Age :-
ο Old age β sigmoid volvulus, carcinoma of colon, obstruction,
diverticulitis
ο Adults β acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, perforation
ο Young adults β appendicitis
ο Children β roundworm obstruction
ο Infants β midgut volvulus, intussusception
ο Newborn β intestinal atresia, meconium ileus, anorectal
malformations (Imperforated anus etc.)
7. Acute abdomen
Sex :-
ο Female β rupt. ectopic gestation, twisted ovarian cyst,
acute cholecystitis, primary peritonitis are common
ο Male β Volvulus, Intussusception, Perforation
Residence :-
ο Perforation common in India β spicy food
ο Acute cholecystitis β Bihar & north east India
ο Acute pancreatitis β Kerala & Western countries
Socioeconomic class :-
ο Lower β Perforation, roundworm obstruction
ο Higher β Appendicitis due to high protein & low fiber diet
8. Acute abdomen
History of present illness :-
Pain :-
ο Site of pain β ask pt. to point at one place by finger
Rt. Hypochondrium β acute cholecystitis
Rt. Iliac fossa β acute appendicitis
In the loin β urinary stone
ο Mode of onset of pain β sudden / gradually progressive
Sudden β perforation, stone, torsion
Gradually progressive β intestinal obstruction
Appendicitis β starts early morning
DU perforation β follows afternoon food & severe in evening
9. Acute abdomen
ο Type of pain β
Colicy β suddenly occurs due to spasm of hollow viscus like
intestine, ureter, bile duct or appendix
Throbbing β Cholecystitis
Severe pain β Pancreatitis
Continuous burning pain β Peritonitis
Colicy pain β relived by pressure & aggravates on
movements & jolting
Inflammatory pain β aggravated by pressure
Pt. sits & leans forward β acute peritonitis
10. Acute abdomen
ο Spread of pain β
Acute appendicitis β Umbilical then shift to Rt. Iliac fossa
DU perforation β Epigastrium to all over abdomen
Pancreatitis β Epigastrium & radiates to back
Ureteric colic β pain radiates from loin to groin to
scrotum & upper medial part of thigh
Gallstone colic β Rt. Hypochondrium to inf. angle of
scapula
Gastroduodenal & Jejunal β to Epigastrium
Ileum & appendix β to Umbilical region
Colonic disease β to Hypogastrium
11. Acute abdomen
Vomiting :-
ο Projectile or regurgitant
ο Frequency of vomiting β intestinal obstruction
ο Quantity & nature of Vomitus β Gastric, bilious, intestinal,
faeculant or blood stained
ο Early feature β Proximal intestinal obstruction
Late feature β Distal intestinal obstruction
ο Murphyβs triod (Appendicitis) β pain, vomiting, fever
13. Acute abdomen
Other history :-
ο Fever, chills & rigors
ο Jaundice β Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis
ο Laparotomy β Intestinal obstruction
ο Gastric / Duodenal ulcer β Perforation
Personal history :-
ο Missed menstrual cycle β Ectopic pregnancy
ο Smoking, Alcohol intake, Diet history
14. Acute abdomen
General Examination :-
ο Facies hippocratica β anxious look,
sunken eyes, pinched face, cold sweat
in terminal stage of peritonitis
ο Signs of dehydration β sunken eyes,
dry tongue, drawn cheeks
ο Sudden pallor with shock β ruptured ectopic gestation
ο Pt. Stays still in bed β acute peritonitis
ο Pt. rolls in bed with agony β colicy pain
16. Acute abdomen
Local examination of abdomen :-
Inspection :-
ο Expose abdomen from nipples to middle of thighs
ο Movements with Respiration β restricted in peritonitis
ο Contour of abdomen β
Abdominal distension seen in Intestinal obstruction
Scaphoid abdomen in Biliary or Ureteric colic
Abdominal girth recorded at 2 hrs interval
ο Visible peristalsis β step ladder peristalsis in obstruction
17. Acute abdomen
ο Skin over abdomen β
Grey Turnerβs sign - Flank discolouration
Cullenβs sign β discolouration around Umbilicus
Feature of acute Haemorrhagic Pancreatitis
Skin stretch, oedema, everted umbilicus in distension
Old scar of laparotomy
ο Hernial orifices β coughing impulse
Inguinal, Femoral, Umbilical or Incisional hernia can cause
Intestinal obstruction
18. Acute abdomen
Palpation :-
ο Hyperaesthesia β
Scratch the skin or gently hold the fold of skin
Acute Gangrenous Appendicitis - Sherrenβs triangle
Acute Cholecystitis - between 9th & 11th rib (Boasβs sign)
ο Tenderness β
Acute Appendicitis - Mc Burneyβs point
Acute Cholelithiasis β tip of 9th costal cartilage (Rt.)
ο Rebound tenderness β Blumbergβs sign
due to inflammed parietal peritonium in acute Appendicitis,
aute Peritonitis, intestinal obstruction with gangrenous
bowel
19. Acute abdomen
ο Rovsingβs sign β Acute Appendicitis
pressure in Lt. iliac fossa results pain in Rt. Iliac fossa
ο Copeβs Psoas test β Retrocaecal Appendicitis
irritation of psoas major muscle cause flexion of Rt. Hip
ο Copeβs Obturator test β Pelvic Appendicitis
strech of obturator internus muscle will cause pain
ο Baldwingβs test/sign β Retrocaecal Appendicitis
flank is pressed with hand & Rt. Leg raised up
ο Muscle guarding & rigidity β Parietal peritonitis
ο Mass abdomen β Appendicular, Colonic etc.
ο Hernial sites
20. Acute abdomen
Percussion :-
ο Tenderrness
ο Free Fluid β shifting dullness, fluid thrill
ο Obliteration of liver dullness β gas under diaphragm
Auscultation :-
ο Silent abdomen β diffuse peritonitis
ο Increased bowel sound β early phase of Intestinal
obstruction with metalic tinkles or borborygmi
21. Acute abdomen
Per rectal digital examination :-
ο Left lateral position / Dorsal position
ο Ballooning of rectum β acute Intestinal obstruction
ο Red currant jelly stool β Intussusception
ο Tenderness β Pelvic Appendicitis, Abscess, Peritonitis
Pervaginal examination :-
ο Acute salpingitis
ο Ruptured ectopic gestation
ο Twisted ovarian cyst
Examination of External Genitalia :-
Scrotum, Testes, Cord, Vas deferens
27. Acute abdomen
ο Cholescientegraphy using HIDA β hippuric immunodiacetic
or I131 Rose Bengal radioisotope scan has got 100%
accuracy in diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis
ο Laparoscopy β new modality to identify the pathology &
also used for treatment of the disease as Laparoscopic
surgery for Appendicectomy, Cholecystectomy, closure of
Perforation, Hernia repair etc.
ο GI contrast studies (Barium) or Endoscopy is not done in
acute abdomen as Barium will leak in peritonial cavity
causing chemical peritonitis