This document discusses various topics related to public-private partnerships and privatization, including:
1. Examples of public entrepreneurism and different forms of privatization such as contracting out, asset sales, franchises, and public-private partnerships.
2. Guidelines established by the Office of Management and Budget's Circular A-76 that encourage government agencies to consider contracting out commercial activities to the private sector to provide value for tax dollars.
3. The definition of inherently governmental activities that should not be privatized due to requiring substantial government discretion or authority.
1. Public Entrepreneurs and Privatization
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Public entrepreneurism (municipal capitalism): where the public
sector takes either a strong partner or even a leading partner
role
We will look at:
State and national examples of an entrepreneurial strategy
Local examples
Positive: San Diego’s Ballpark, Victoria Gardens (text),
Hospitality Lane (not detailed)
Mixed success: San Bernardino 66ers Stadium
Failure: initial redevelopment of Carousel Mall (2004-2007)
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Adoption of policies that focus on developing high-growth new
firm and technologies
Not a case-by-case strategy (rather it is policy driven)
A “demand-side” approach
2. Typical tools:
business and innovation assistance centers,
technology and business parks,
venture financing companies,
one-stop business information centers,
micro-enterprise programs,
technology transfer programs,
workforce development programs,
export promotion programs, etc.
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*
State of Nevada: Gambling – no state tax
States of Delaware: ease of incorporation
Nevada, South Dakota, and Wyoming – no corporate tax
Countries of Malta, Cuba, Brazil – generic pharmaceuticals
CORPORATE CENTERS
Hong Kong: International Financial & Trade Center
Dubai: world business hub (innovative real estate projects,
hotels, and sports events)
Cayman Islands: International Financial Center
Bahamas: tourism, a growing foreign corporate center
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3. When governmental development activities move from
managerialism to entrepreneurialism.
Actively partnering with the private sector in launching
“homegrown” economic development projects (e.g., public
private partnerships)
Frequently being a leading player during the economic
development process
Focusing on return-on-investment
Willing to adopt higher levels of risk than in the past
*
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sports facilitiesconvention centersaquariums festival
marketplacesspecialty museums
Potential problems
substitution effects
leakages in the economy
flagship projects are often extremely expensive and “oversold”
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When conversion of unimproved areas and simple land
intensification is planned, it is usually called economic
development. When the area being developed is blighted,
however, it is generally called redevelopment.Normally
4. property that is already of high value is re-purposed without
government assistance, and so is not normally considered
economic development per se. However, occasionally “good”
neighborhoods will be aided by government in upgrading to
very good neighborhoods in a process known as gentrification.
This is particularly common in historic areas.
Unsafe or unhealthy buildings, e.g., possess serious building
code violations, faulty or inadequate utilities, etc.Factors that
prevent or substantially hinder the economically viable use of
buildings or lots, e.g., lack of parking, inadequate size,
etc.Adjacent or nearby uses that are incompatible and prevent
economic use.Subdivided lots of irregular form or shape, or
inadequate size.Land that is in multiple ownership (Beatty et
al., 1994, pp. 29-30).
Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/urban-blight-jpg
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Depreciated or stagnant property values.Abnormally high
business vacancies, abnormally low lease rates, high turnover
rates, abandoned building, or vacant lots.Lack of necessary
commercial facilities, including grocery stores, drugstores or
banks.Residential overcrowding, an excess of bars, liquor
stores, or other businesses that cater exclusively to adults, that
could lead to problems of public safety and welfare.A high
crime rate (Beatty et al., 1994, p. 30).
Source: http://www.redevelopment.com/norby/ch07.htm
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5. Needed new ballpark for Padres“Burned” before by
Chargersalso needed redevelopment in the area (southern part of
Gaslamp District and to the west and south of it)a variety of
players interested:
CCDC
City of San Diego
Port Authority
Padres
Private sector (thru JMI realty)
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Competition for new ball parks was intense in the 1990s
Bad deal with Chargers 1995: 60m deal that went to 78. City
ended up being responsible to buy unsold tickets--which came
to be very expensive; led to public outrage
Area south of downtown not assisted by other redevelopment
efforts--it was the area’s turn
CCDC: Centre City Development Corporation (city’s quasi-
public downtown redevelopment arm) TIF
Port Authority [government corporation] owned the Convention
Center; Controls land
Padres: National League,
Ballpark
Public: SD $225, CCDC $51, Port $21
Private $115 (largely out of future ballpark related revenues--
6. naming rights, concessions, parking, luxury suites)Ancillary
development: (hotels, offices, retail, etc.)
Private: $450
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*
Actual ballpark:
Proposed Actual
SD: 206 225
CCDC: 76.4 51 (City Center Development Corp)
Port: 21 21
Private: 146 total: 294
Petco Park
Blurring the line between public and private
Public sector responsible for building a sports facility that will
profit a private entity (the Padres) almost exclusively
Private sector (JMI Realty) responsible for ancillary
development that will generate revenues to public sector (the
city and CCDC)
Each party working on behalf of the other with explicit contract
listing the terms, dates, and form of the projects
Project also requires occasional privatization of public space to
generate revenue for private section … i.e. Padres will privatize
the “Park at the Park” on event days and sell concessions and
apparel in this space
7. *
Baseball Stadium
Background
The need of a new stadium
Fierce competition among jurisdictions for sports team
Previous loss of a team to a new stadium in Rancho Cucamonga
Chamber of Commerce aggressively promoting a new stadium
The project:
$18m funded by tax allocation bonds
Lease agreement: profit to team owner and expense to public
None of the original predicted spillover materialized
High maintenance cost
Epilogue: ultimately signed over to private sector owners at a
large loss; today, moderately successful as an island of activity
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--We will use SB for our examples: tough row to hoe because it
has not had natural dynamics leading to redevelopment (as we
saw in coastal cities)
stadium: poor deal but at least functioning, discuss how much
spillover there has been (little); originally expenses were
manipulated so that there was little profit to share; renegotiated
in 2002 with the renaming but still financially weak:
--Chamber member: expectation: annual attendance of over
200,000; spillover effect (restaurant, downtown)
--$18m funded by tax allocation bonds (1996), higher than
projection $13m
Lease agreement: profit to team owner and expense to public,
Initial 10 year lease gave team owners parking fees, 2/3 of net
profits from all concessions including non-sporting events, City
received certain percentage of net profits from ticket sales,
stadium cost controlled by team owners who charge very high
8. --None of the original predicted economic impacts materialized
Surrounded by Vacant lots
High maintenance cost: simply maintaining the facility costs the
EDA $30,000 per year until turned over private sector owners
--Turned over to Arrowhead (Arrowhead Credit Union Park);
turned over to San Manuel Tribe and renamed San Manuel
Stadium in 2012
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Multiplex theater (CineStar) in San Bernardino in 2004-2005 to
2007
$8.3m by EDA with $7m secured by CDBG
$3.6m by developer’s finance company
Superficial and disjointed “market analysis”
Attendance
Technology issues
Foreclosed in 2007
Buying back by RDA in just two years at 1.4 million dollar
loss—a market failure and financial loss
Epilogue: Eventually sold to Regal Cinemas who made it a self-
contained financial success; currently unable to provide
spillover
9. *
Privatization
Definition: “the practice of delegating public duties to private
organizations”
Public duties can include:
Government functions
Government services
Government facilities
Privatization refers to the practice that government delegates
public duties to private sector organizations. Such public duties
may include:
government functions, such as prisons, HR, accounting,
planning,
government services, such as waste collection, cable services,
social services
and government owned facilities, including airport, train
station, stadiums, highways, and so on.
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The process by which governments remove, reduce, or simplify
restrictions on business and individuals in order to (in theory)
encourage the efficient operation of markets.
Positive example
Deregulation of the airline industry in the 1970s
Negative example
California energy crisis
10. One form of privatization is deregulation, which refers to the
process by which governments remove, reduce, or simplify
restrictions on business and individuals in order to (in theory)
encourage the efficient operation of markets. Deregulation has
been often pursued by government as an economic development
strategy. The impact of deregulation is often mixed. There are
positive examples, such as the deregulation of the airline
industry in the 1970s. However there are also negative
examples, such as the California energy crisis in the 1990s.
Detailed descriptions of the examples can be found in your
assigned reading for this class.
Privatization goes beyond economic development purpose.
There are many forms of privatization not aiming at economic
development, but they provide opportunities for firms to do
business with government.
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The hiring of private-sector firms or nonprofit organizations to
provide goods or services for the government.
e.g., Defense contractsContracting out is the predominant form
of privatization in the US.
The most popular form of privatization in the United States is
contracting out, the hiring of private-sector firms or nonprofit
organizations to provide goods or services for the government.
For example, defense contracts from government have largely
encouraged the development of the arms industry in the nation.
In addition to military products and service, government also
contracts out many services, such as waste collection, human
service, social services, and so on.
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11. Example of contracting out: the City of Riverside
Asset Sale: the transfer of ownership of government assets,
commercial-type enterprises, or functions to the private sector.
e.g., GovSales
Franchises: a concession or privilege government grants to a
private organization to conduct business in a particular market
or geographical area
e.g., Highway 91 Express Lanes; Cable franchise
Example of the franchise fees collected by a small city
Asset sale is the transfer of ownership of government assets,
commercial-type enterprises, or functions to the private sector.
Asset sale was very important as a tool of privatization in many
countries in the past, such as the UK, Russia, and China, but in
the US, it is much less important as the US does not have a lot
of state-own enterprises like those countries.
Franchise is a concession or privilege government grants to a
private organization to conduct business in a particular market
or geographical area. For example, your city may grant
franchise the cable service to one firm, making it the privileged
provider of such service in the jurisdiction.
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12. Government Corporations: separate legal entities that are
created by Congress, generally with the intent of conducting
revenue-producing commercial-type activities, and that are
generally free from certain government restrictions related to
personnel and procurement.
e.g., Community Development Financial Institutions Fund;
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC); Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); Amtrak
Grants (or subsidies): a sum of money (or a privilege or rights)
government gives to private organizations to encourage their
involvement in accomplishing public purposes
e.g., the funding of low-income housing, or tax subsidies, R&D
grants or tax credits.
Forms of Privatization (GAO 1997)
There are also government corporations, which are often created
by Congress to conduct commercial activities. For example, the
Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, a wholly
owned government corporation within the U.S. Department of
the Treasury, promotes economic revitalization and
development in distressed urban and rural communities
throughout the United States. The overseas private investment
corporation helps US firms invest in less developed countries
and areas. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was
created to maintain the stability of and public confidence in the
nation's financial system. All these organizations operate like a
business but serve a government function.
Grants (or subsidies) are a sum of money government gives to
private organizations to encourage their involvement in
13. accomplishing public purposes, such as funding for low-income
housing, tax subsidies, R&D grants, and so on.
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Lease: the arrangement of government granting the temporary
possession or use of (lands, facilities, etc.) to private
organizations, usually for compensation at a fixed rate and with
service and profit restrictions.
e.g., Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) is the City of Los
Angeles department that owns and operates a system of three
airports: Los Angeles International (LAX), LA/Ontario
International (ONT) and Van Nuys (VNY). It rents space to the
various airlines.
Lease is the arrangement of government granting the temporary
possession or use of (lands, facilities, etc.) to private
organizations, usually for compensation at a fixed rate and with
service and profit restrictions. For example, airport is often
owned by government, but is leased to airlines.
Public-Private Partnerships or PPP, which was introduced
previously is also a form of privatization that often involve the
private sector in the development, financing, ownership, and
operation of a public facility or service.
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Public-Private Partnerships: (sometimes referred to as a joint
venture) a contractual arrangement formed between public- and
private-sector partners that can include a variety of activities
that involve the private sector in the development, financing,
ownership, and operation of a public facility or service.
14. *
Approximately 2 M Section 8 vouchers.
Voluntarism refers to the activities conducted through either a
formal agency volunteer program or a private nonprofit service
organization. Some of you might have volunteered in some
public services, such as national park service, library service,
community service, and so on.
Vouchers are government financial subsidies given to
individuals for the purchase of specific goods or services from
the private or public sector. Food stamps, housing vouchers,
school vouchers are the common examples.
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The single most important characteristic that separates the
public and private sectors —
SOVEREIGNTY:
Coercive power
Power to go to war
Immunity from suit except by their permission
Power to disavow debts
Right to establish the rules for protection and transference of
property (eminent domain)
Indivisibility
Government privatizes a variety of public duties, however could
all government duties be delegated to private companies?
15. Definitely not. Some scholars point out that privatization cannot
go beyond any duties related to sovereignty, which is the single
most important characteristic that separates the public and
private sectors. As a sovereign state, government is subject to
no other authority. It posses coercive power, the power to go to
war, the immunity from suit except by their permission, power
to disavow debts, and the right to establish the rules for
protection and transference of property (such as the eminent
domain). A sovereignty is also indivisibility.
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Additional factors to consider
National security (e.g., CIA, embassies)
Public safety
Accountability issues
Management capacity
Possibility of corruption
The pu
In addition, privatization may also raise many undesirable
issues, such as threats to national security or public safety,
accountability issues, management issues, as well as the
opportunity for corruption.
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Purpose.
This circular establishes federal policy for the competition of
commercial activities.Policy.
The longstanding policy of the federal government has been to
16. rely on the private sector for needed commercial services.
To ensure that the American people receive maximum value for
their tax dollars, commercial activities should be subject to the
forces of competition.
The Office of Management & Budget, which oversees the
operation of the executive branch, promulgated the Circular A-
76 to establish guidelines for privatization, especially
contracting out. The policy emphasizes federal government’s
reliance on the private sector for needed commercial services
and encourages government agencies considering contracting
out commercial activities.
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Commercial Activities
A commercial activity is a recurring service that could be
performed by the private sector and is resourced, performed,
and controlled by the agency through performance by
government personnel, a contract, or a fee-for-service
agreement.
The commercial activities are recurring services that could be
performed by the private sector and are resourced, performed,
and controlled by the agency through performance by
government personnel, a contract, or a fee-for-service
agreement.
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An inherently governmental activity:
is an activity that is so intimately related to the public interest
as to mandate performance by government personnel. Inherently
governmental activities:
17. require the exercise of substantial discretion in applying
government authority and/or in making decisions for the
government
normally fall into two categories:
The exercise of sovereign government authority or the
establishment of procedures
The processes related to the oversight of monetary transactions
or entitlements.
However, the Circular also specifies that there are inherently
government activities should not be privatized. Those
Inherently Governmental activities require the exercise of
substantial discretion in applying government authority and/or
in making decisions for the government. They normally fall into
two categories:
The exercise of sovereign government authority or the
establishment of procedures and
The processes related to the oversight of monetary transactions
or entitlements.
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Discussion questions:
What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of
privatizing correction services?
If you are a manager in the CCA, what are the major concerns
for your company?
If you are a public manager in a correction agency which has
contracted with CCA, what are your major concerns with this
relationship?
What are the social implications of privatizing correction
services?
Stop the video at 11:07
18. *
Economic development has grown as the role of government has
grown.
Different approaches may be suitable for different situations:
industrial recruitment, entrepreneurial strategies, and
privatization strategies. These strategies are affected by
ideology and implementation.
Reasonable people can disagree about the ideal mix of strategies
because of their beliefs.
Additionally, the success of any approach (or mix of
approaches) is highly dependent on the quality of
implementation of the partners involved. The quality of the
conceptualization of economic development, its practicality, the
long-term leadership, the balance of managerial competence
among the partners, and even luck are key factors that influence
the ultimate success of initiatives.
*
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Individual Engineering Project
EN0624
Project Planning Document
2018
Project Title:
Green Exhaust heat and Wind Energy Recovery System with
19. Anti - haze Protection
Name : Lim Zi Yun
Student ID : 15047214
Module Code : EN0624
Supervisor : Ms. Sally Zhang
Submission Date : 19th March 2018
Declaration
I hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation has
not been submitted for any other award and that it is all my own
work. I also confirm that this work uses ideas and opinion from
written papers and articles from the work of others.
Name: Lim Zi Yun
Signature: ______________________________
Date: 19th March 2018
Contents
1. Introduction
…………………………………………………………………………
……. 4
2. Aims and Objectives
……………………………………………………………………... 5
2.1 Aim
…………………………………………………………………………
………… 5
2.2 Objective
…………………………………………………………………………
20. …... 5
3. Literature Review
…………………………………………………………………………
5
3.1 Cooling Tower
………………………………………………………………………..
5
3.2 Green Exhaust Air Recovery System
…………………………………………........... 8
3.3 Air Purification System
…………………………………………………………........ 8
4. Proposed Project
…………………………………………………………………………
. 9
4.1 Green Exhaust Air Recovery System
…………………………………………........... 9
4.1.1 Wind Turbine
…………………………………………………………………... 9
4.2 Air Purification System
……………………………………………………………... 12
4.2.1 Air Filter
……………………………………………………………………….
12
4.3 Air Quality Display System
……………..………………………………………...... 14
4.3.1 Arduino
………………………………………………………………………..
14
4.3.2 Air Quality Sensor
……………………………………………………………. 15
4.3.3 Arduino I2O LCD Display
……………………………………………………. 16
5. Initial Design Work
………………………………………………………………….......
17
5.1 Product Appearance Design
21. ……………………………………………………........ 17
5.1.1 Green Exhaust Air Recovery System
………………………………………… 17
5.1.2 Air Purification System
……………………………………………………….. 17
5.1.3 Overall Project Idea
…………………………………………………………… 18
5.2 Product Circuit Design
……………………………………………………………… 19
5.2.1 Block Diagram
………………………………………………………………... 19
5.2.2 Flow Chart
……………………………………………………………………. 19
6. Project Management
……………………………………………………………………. 20
7. Project Plan
…………………………………………………………………………
....... 20
7.1 Gantt Chart
…………………………………………………………………………
.. 20
7.2 Costing
…………………………………………………………………………
…… 21
7.2.1 Prototype
………………………………………………………………………
21
7.2.2 Commercial
…………………………………………………………………… 22
7.2.3 Return On Investment (ROI)
………………………………………………….. 23
8. Summary of Progress/Work Required
…………………………………………………... 23
9. References
…………………………………………………………………………
……. 24
22. 1.0
Introduction
Singapore is situated near the equator and has a typically
tropical climate, with high humidity and temperature. Wind in
Singapore throughout the year shows a diurnal variation and is
generally light. The mean surface wind speed is less than 2.5
m/s except during the presence of the Northeast Monsoon surge
when mean speeds of 10 m/s or more have been observed [1]
(Anon., n.d.). The minimum average wind speed for utility-scale
wind power plants to generate electricity is 6 m/s (13 mph) [2]
(Anon., n.d.). Thus, it is not suitable to use conventional wind
turbines in Singapore to extract wind energy. However,
harnessing wind energy from unusual wind sources may be one
of the answers to generate electricity in Singapore. Due to the
high temperature in Singapore, there are many large buildings
such as schools and hospitals that have one or more cooling
towers installed for building ventilation systems, thereby
removing the heat from the buildings. A mechanical cooling
tower is the most common type that relies on a power driven fan
to draw the air through the tower. The wind speed at the outlet
of the cooling tower is between 4m/s to 7m/s, so it is desirable
to generate electricity.
Apart from this, Singapore also experiences haze yearly,
because of the forest fires in her neighbouring country –
Indonesia. According to the National Environment Agency, the
highest Pollution Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) reading on
record in Singapore is 401 (hazardous) in July 2013 [3] (Zenata,
2014). This hazard causes an increase in health problems in
Singapore. The particles in the haze will affect the heart and
lungs, especially in people who have chronic heart or lung
disease. Based on the data for all reported cases of out-of-
hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) from 2010 to 2015 due to the
air quality, the short to intermediate term risk of OHCA
increased by 30% when the PSI level reached the unhealthy
range which is exceeding 100 [4] (WY, 2017). Therefore, many
23. buildings especially hospitals and schools in Singapore have
started to install extra air purifiers to provide a cleaner air
environment for patients and students.
The installation of air purifiers and cooling towers is the most
imperative action that hospitals, schools and factories need, to
improve the indoor air quality and health of the public. At the
end of this project, a device that utilizes exhaust air from
cooling towers to generate electricity that can, power up the air
purification system, and sell back to the power grid will be
created. The purpose of this project is to reuse the unwanted air
from the cooling tower to generate electricity and create
pollution-free air indoors, and at the same time, recoup money
from the excess electricity.
2.0 Aims and Objectives
2.1 Aim
The aim of this project is to design a system to solve and
illustrate the use of alternative sources of energy to generate
electricity. At the same time, find out a technical solution to
reduce the impact of the yearly haze on Singapore.
2.2 Objective
The objective of this project is to develop a system to recover
exhaust air from mechanical cooling systems to generate extra
electricity and at the same time, filter the inlet air. Apart from
this, the grid system will allow users to sell the excess
electricity that is generated by the wind turbine.
3.0 Literature Review
3.1 Cooling Tower
Generally, large buildings such as hospitals, schools and
factories in Singapore install cooling towers for air conditioning
systems or to cool down the indoor temperature and remove
heat. Cooling towers use the process of evaporation to cool the
24. water and transfer heat from the building into the atmosphere
thereby reducing the indoor temperature.
Figure 1: Cooling Tower [5] (Anon., n.d.)
There are usually two types of cooling tower air flow designs
that are classified as counter flow tower or cross flow tower.
There are some differences between these two type of cooling
towers and the differences are clarified in the table below:
Types of Cooling Tower
Counter Flow Cooling Tower
Cross Flow Cooling Tower
Diagram
Direction of Air Flow
The air is moving vertically upward and drawn up through the
falling water.
The air is moving perpendicularly and drawn across the
direction of the falling water.
Fill
The fill is placed inside of the cooling tower.
The fill is placed at the outside of the cooling water.
In this report, a 656.2kW cross-flow square type cooling tower
that is operated in Management Development Institute of
Singapore was taken as a research object. The information and
parameters of the cooling tower are given:
Brand: SHINWA Cooling Tower
25. Model: SDC-U250ASSD
Capacity: 656.2 KW
Water Flow: 1710 L/min
Inlet Temperature: 35 C
Outlet Temperature: 29.5 C
Wet bulb : 27 C
Fan Diameter: 2100 mm
Heat Transfer Area: 60 m2
Design Pressure: 1.05MPa (Tube Side); 1.6MPa (Shell Side)
Test Pressure: 1.35MPa (Tube Side); 1. 8MPa (Shell Side)
Work Pressure: 1.05MPa (Tube Side); 1.4MPa (Shell Side)
The wind speed of the cooling tower outlet is analysed by using
anemometer with the help of M&E Supervisor, Mr. Chit Ko Ko
and lab technician from School of Engineering, Mr. Razak. The
readings that were measured by using an anemometer are
recorded in the table below:
Test
1
2
3
4
Average
Cooling Tower Outlet Wind Speed (m/s)
4.5
5.6
6.5
6.8
5.85 6
The observed cooling tower is a medium-sized cooling tower
that supports a 15-floor building The wind speed range of the
cooling tower outlet that was analysed is in between 4m/s to
7m/s which can be seen in the table above. At the same time,
the rotating speed of the cooling tower exhaust fan also been
26. measured by using a tachometer which is around 700rpm or
76.969m/s. According to the Fan Law and the fan rotating speed
that had been measured, the power consumption of the cooling
tower exhaust fan can be calculated as,
where,
P = Power Consumption
= Air density = 1.225 kg/m3
N = Fan rotating speed = 700 rpm
d = Diameter of the fan = 2.1m
As the max power that can be generated by the wind turbine,
which is showed in section 4.1, is 1.03kW, therefore the
maximum power that can harvested from the wind at the cooling
tower outlet is 6 10-6 % of the power consumption of the
cooling tower exhaust fan.
3.2 Green Exhaust Air Energy Recovery System
The exhaust air recovery system was filed as a patent in 2011
[6] (Chong, et al., 2013) but it is currently not available in the
market of Singapore. However, there are some articles available
regarding the early development and design of the “Energy
recovery wind turbine generator for exhaust air system”. Most
of the article research were based on the design that can
enhance the performance of wind turbines. A vertical axis wind
turbine (VAWT) was chosen in the article and designed with an
enclosure to mount it above the exhaust fan of a cooling tower
to harness the wind energy to generate electricity [7] (Chong, et
al., 1975). The use of VAWT in the articles is due to some
advantages such as, not requiring the use of complicated
devices for wind tracking, not directional, and works quietly.
Thus, it is suitable for installation in residential areas [8]
(Rahman, et al., 2015). However, VAWT is less efficient and
causes drag due to the constant spin back into the wind.
Therefore, a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is selected to
27. use in this project. HAWT allows for blade-angle adjustment
and it is directional, thus able reduce drag. The rotor blades of
HAWT is able to pitch to a certain position to minimize damage
but the cost of HAWT will be slightly higher than VAWT.
3.3 Air Purification System
Air purifier technology is already quite advances in the current
market, but most of the purifiers are designed in stand-alone
power systems. In this project, the purification system will be
incorporated with the exhaust air energy recovery system, which
means it will not consume electricity from the grid but from the
battery that stores the electricity that is generated by the wind
turbine. Apart from this, a mechanical filter will be used in the
purification system of this project because it does not consume
any electricity, thereby reducing the power consumption and at
the same time being able to achieve the effect of purifying the
polluted air. As most of the large buildings in Singapore, such
as schools and hospitals, have existing air ventilation systems,
therefore the purification system of this project is planned to fit
into the mechanical filter at the front and back of the exhaust
fan in the ventilation. There is another special feature available
in the purification system of this project which is an air quality
display system. The concentration of the particles in the air that
have been purified will be detected and the LCD display will
show the condition of the air quality to keep the users updated
on the purification system and indoor air quality.
4.0 Proposed Project
4.1 Green Exhaust Air Energy Recovery System
4.1.1 Wind Turbine
The wind turbine is a renewable energy resource that works
inversely to a normal fan. Instead of utilizing electricity and
connecting with a motor to create wind, like a fan, wind
turbines utilize wind energy and connects with a generator to
generate electricity [9] (Anon., n.d.). The wind acts as a
28. mechanical power to make the blades of the wind turbine turn
and generate electricity. According to Betz Limit, no more than
59.3% of the kinetic energy from wind can be converted into
mechanical energy [10 ] (Anon., n.d.). In theory, the actual
power that is produced by the wind turbine can be calculated by
using the formula below:
where,
P = Power (W)
CP = Power Coefficient = 0.59
= Air Density (kg/m3)
A = Wind Turbine Swept Area (m2)
v3 = Wind Speed (m/s)
The average wind speed of the cooling tower outlet in MDIS
that was measured by the anemometer which was mentioned in
section 3.1 is around 6m/s. The density of air will be varied
according to the surrounding temperature. The outlet
temperature of the cooling tower was 29.5 C, therefore the air
density was around 1.165 kg/m3 which can be refer to from
figure 2 below. A wind turbine with a blade length of 2.1m is
planned to be used in this project, so the input and output power
of the wind turbine can be calculated by using the previous
formula:
Figure 2: Air Density Table [11] (Anon., n.d.)
Apart from this, the amount of electricity that can generated by
a wind turbine will vary due to the wind speed, power
29. efficiency, blade length and angle. Therefore, an experiment
about the effect of blade angle on power generation in wind
turbines was carried out to observe the perfect blade angle for
wind turbine. A 500W wind turbine model with blade length of
0.325m that is available in MDIS lab was used as the
experiment object and the table fan with the highest wind speed
was also used in this experiment to act as a wind source for
wind turbine. The experiment results are recorded in the table
below:
Test 1: Blade angle pitch in 20
Voltage, V (V)
Current, I (mA)
Power, P = VI (mW)
Blade Speed, v (rpm)
1.70
5.6
9.520
65.4
1.69
4.8
8.112
66.0
1.75
9.2
16.10
71.8
Test 2: Blade angle pitch in 35
Voltage, V (V)
Current, I (mA)
Power, P = VI (mW)
Blade Speed, v (rpm)
1.78
11.6
20.648
30. 70.6
1.76
12.1
21.296
71.4
1.80
14.0
25.200
73.6
Due to some avoidable systematic and human error, the readings
may not be very stable and perfect, but it still shows that a wind
turbine with 35 of blade angle have a higher generated output
power. Based on the results of a project that is available online
which is showed in figure 3 below, it proves that the results of
the experiment that was carried out in the MDIS lab is on the
right track. However, the optimal blade angle for the wind
turbine of this project will be designed and mentioned in greater
detail in the final report.
Figure 3: Results of Blade Angle Effect Test [12] (Anon., n.d.)
As a result of the high wind speeds at the cooling tower outlet,
a wind turbine will be used for the exhaust air energy recovery
system of this project. It will be used to generate extra
electricity by utilize the exhaust air that flows out with a high
speed from the upper tower or outlet of the cooling tower.
Figure 4: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine [13] (Anon., n.d.)
4.2 Air Purification System
4.2.1 Air Filter
There are different kind of mechanical air filters are currently
available in the market. The size of particles that can be trapped
by the filters are based on the density of its mesh. Each type of
filter has its different strengths and weaknesses. A few types of
the most common air filter is listed in the table below with
31. diagram.
Types
MERV Rating
Pros
Cons
Washable and Reusable
Figure 5: Metal Washable and Reusable Filter [14] (Anon., n.d.)
1 to 4 typical
1. Durable
2. Long lasting
1. Needs cleaning and maintenance
2. May harbour germs if not cleaned properly
Flat-panel Fiberglass
Figure 6: Flat-Panel Fiberglass Filter [15] (Anon., n.d.)
1 to 4 typical
1. Cheap
2. Reinforced
1. Protects HVAC components more than it cleans air
Pleated Media
Figure 7: Plated Media Filter [16] (Anon., n.d.)
5 to 13 typical
1. Pleats increase filter efficiency
2. Resists air flow less than HEPA
1. Cheaper than HEPA but less efficiency with tiny particles
HEPA
32. Figure 8: HEPA Filter [17] (Anon., n.d.)
17 to 20 typical
1. Able to catch up to 99.97% of particles
2. Recognized by EPA and OSHA
1. Too big for normal residential system
2. Expensive
As a result, the mechanical air filter that will be used in the air
purification system of this project is the high-efficiency
particulate air filter which is also known as HEPA filter. The
fine mesh (shown in the figure 8 in the table above as white
surface part) of the HEPA filter can trap up to 99% of harmful
particles that are sized two microns or larger, such as pet
dander, smoke and dust [18] (Anon., 2014)]. These particles are
very tiny but large enough to cause heart and lung disease.
HEPA filter is the most efficient filter in the table above to trap
the harmful and fine particles.
4.3 Air Quality Display System
4.3.1 Microcontroller
Arduino microcontroller board is an electronic platform that is
able to read the input and monitor the output to functions based
on the program that is uploaded into the Arduino via default
IDE software. There are different kinds of Arduino boards with
variations of RAM size, that are able to support different sized
circuits, the table below shows the comparison of the Arduino
board.
Type of Microcontroller Board
Arduino Uno
Figure 9: Arduino Uno [19] (Anon., n.d.)
Arduino Nano
34. 54
Analog Input Pins
6
8
16
In this project, Arduino Uno will be used because it is sufficient
enough to support the display system. It will act as the brain or
CPU to control the air quality display system.
4.3.2 Air Quality Sensor
Air quality sensors are a kind of device that detects the presence
of harmful particles in the surrounding area and monitors the
concentration of harmful particles such as sulphur dioxide
(SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and
ozone (O3). The surrounding air quality index (AQI) is scaled
based on the pollutant concentration and also classified into
different levels of health concern which is shown in the table
below:
Level of Health Concern
Value
Description
Good
0 to 50
Air quality is considered satisfactory and air pollution affect
little thereby no risk.
Moderate
51 to 100
Air quality is acceptable. There may be a moderate health
concern for some of the people who are unusually sensitive to
some pollutants.
Unhealthy for sensitive groups
101 to 150
General public may not be any affect but people who are
sensitive to air pollution may experience health effect.
35. Unhealthy
151 to 200
Everyone may begin to experience health effect. Sensitive
groups may experience more serious health problems.
Very unhealthy
201 to 300
Everyone may experience more serious health effects. Health
alert!
Hazardous
301 to 500
The entire pollution is more likely to be affected. Health
warning of emergency condition!!
The air quality sensor will be used to determine or detect the
concentration of harmful particles in the air that have been
purified and display the surrounding air quality on LCD screen
to let the users know.
Figure 12: Air Quality Sensor [22] (Anon., n.d.)
4.3.3 Arduino I2C LCD Display
The I2C which also known as Inter-Integrated Circuit is a multi-
master, multi-slave, single-ended and serial computer bus that
was invented by Phillips in 1982 [23] (Anon., n.d.). It is
normally used to attach the lower-speed peripheral ICs with the
processors and microcontroller, for instance, the Arduino in
short distance intra-board communication. A standard 162 LCD
will need at least 6 input pin to connect with the
microcontroller to talk or program it. However, the with the
LCD module connected with the I2C interface, it will only need
two connections to display the information. The I2C has to be
attached at the back of the LCD module that have a HD44780
compatible interface [24] (Hareendran, 2016) so that it only
needs two cables to connect the LCD with Arduino. The LCD
that connect with I2C will make the programming easier, as it
does not need to be programmed bit by bit to display the
statements. In this project, the quality level of the air that had
36. been purified will be detected by the air quality sensor and
displayed on the I2C LCD screen to let the users rest assured of
the indoor air quality.
Figure 13: I2C LCD Display [25] (Anon., n.d.)
5.0 Initial Design Work
5.1 Product Appearance Design
5.1.1 Exhaust Air Energy Recovery System
The figure 14 below shows the initial design of the exhaust air
energy recovery system in this project. Due to the high wind
speed at the outlet of the cooling tower, the wind turbine is
designed to be placed at the upper tower or outlet of the cooling
tower.
Figure 14: Top View of Wind Turbine in Cooling Tower
5.1.2 Air Purification System
Figure 15 below shows the initial design of the air purification
system in this project. The air filter is designed to fit in the pipe
of existing air ventilation systems that already available in most
buildings. The exhaust fan in the ventilation system will suck
the outdoor air into the building and the harmful particles will
be trapped by the filter simultaneously while the air passes
through it.
Figure 15: Air Purifier Design
5.1.3 Overall Project Idea
Figure 16 below shows the design of the whole system for this
project. Around 60% of power that is generated by the wind
turbine from the exhausted gas or air of the cooling tower will
be sent to the power grid and the remaining 40% of power will
be stored inside the battery due to its instability. The air filters
that are used in this project are mechanical filters, therefore it
37. will not consume any electricity. However, the air quality
sensor and LCD display screen in the air purification system
will be powered by the electricity that is stored in the battery to
detect and display the air quality.
Figure 16: Overall System Design
5.2 Product Circuit Design
5.2.1 Block Diagram
The block diagram below (figure 17) shows the overall process
of the green exhaust wind recovery system with air purification
system.
Figure 17: Block Diagram
5.2.2 Flow Chart
The electricity that is generated by the exhaust wind recovery
system will be used to power the LCD and air quality sensor in
the air purification system to detect and display the quality of
air that had been purified. The program, based on the flow chart
below, (figure 18) will be uploaded into the Arduino Uno to
control the air quality display system.
Figure 18: Flow Chart
6.0 Project Management
The project management can be compartmentalized into two
stages,
Stage 1:
- background study and research
- initial product design
- complete the project planning report writing
Stage 2:
- determine and buy components
- finalise hardware and software design
- complete the final report writing
- final presentation (poster)
38. 7.0 Project Plan
7.1. Gantt Chart
The figure 19 below shows the time management of this project.
Figure 19: Gantt Chart
Done (Stage 1)
In Progress (Stage 2)
Not Yet Starts (Stage 2)
7.2 Costing
7.2.1 Prototype
The minimum build cost for the prototype of this project is
roughly estimated based on the shopping website – BangGood.
The overall price of the components that needed to use in the
prototype of this project are listed in the table below.
No.
Description
Minimum Cost per unit (S$)
Quantity
Minimum Net Cost (S$)
1.
Arduino Uno
8.51
1
8.51
2.
100W Wind Turbine with Controller
311.94
1
311.94
3.
AC/DC Converter
4.26
1
4.26
40. 10k Potentiometer with Knob set
5.63
1
5.63
12.
PCB Board
2.26
1
2.26
13.
Copper Electric Wire
10.00
1
10.00
14.
Minimum Build Cost
= 379.30
As a result, the estimated build cost of the prototype for this
project is around S$379.30. The final prototype build cost may
vary due to some adjustment during the prototype assembly and
testing.
7.2.2 Commercial
The minimum commercial build cost of this product is roughly
calculated in the table below:
No.
Description
Minimum Cost per unit (S$)
Quantity
Minimum Net Cost (S$)
1.
Arduino Uno
8.51
42. 5.75
9.
Arduino I2O LCD Display
4.55
1
4.55
10.
220 Resistor
0.10
1
0.10
11.
10k Potentiometer with Knob
5.63
1
5.63
12.
PCB Board
2.26
1
2.26
13.
Copper Electric Wire
10.00
1
10.00
14.
Man Power (2 days/18hrs)
300.00
2
600.00
15.
Mechanical Material and Manufacturing Cost
2000.00
1
2000.00
43. 16.
Minimum Build Cost
= 4888.73
As a results, the estimated commercial build cost for this
project is around S$4888.73. However, the final build cost may
be varied due to some alter after further research and
investigate.
7.2.3 Return On Investment (ROI)
Based on the electricity tariff of SP Group from 1 Jan to 31
March 2018, the cost of electricity is 21.56 cents per kilo -Watt
hour. If 60% of electricity that generated by the wind turbine is
sent back to the grid and sold to SP Group, the break-even of
this product can be calculated:
Electricity tariffs = 21.56 cents/kWh
Average power generated by wind turbine = 24.72kWh per day
Average power generated per month = 24.72kWh 30 =
741.6kWh per month
40% stores in battery for DC load = 741.6kWh 0.4 =
296.64kWh per month
Money saved per month from 40% power = 296.64kWh 21.56
cents/kWh
= 6395.5584 cents
S$ 63.95
60% send to utility grid system = 741.6kWh 0.6 = 444.96kWh
per month
Money earned per month from the 60% power = 444.96kWh
21.56 cents/kWh
= 9593.3376 cents
S$ 95.93
months 4 years 3 months
In conclusion, this product can save up to S$ 63.95 of electric
44. bills per month and at the same time, also able to earn up to S$
95.93 per month by the sale of extra generated electricity. As
the lifespan of a wind turbine is around 20 to 25 years, users
might start to make profit from this product after 4 years 3
months.
8.0 Summary of Progress/Work Required
The progression or working of this report can be summarized as:
a. Literature survey
b. Concept design
c. Components selection
d. Circuit design and testing
e. Programming
f. System integration
g. On-site testing
9.0 References
[Anon., n.d. Climate of Singapore. [Online]
Available at: http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-climate-of-
singapore/
[Accessed 1 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. The most frequently asked questions about wind
energy (circa 2001-2004). [Online]
Available at: http://www.culturechange.org/wind.htm
[Accessed 1 March 2018].
Zenata, P., 2014. The Effects of Haze on Health, the Economy
and the Environment. [Online]
Available at:
https://unfcccecosingapore.wordpress.com/2014/11/15/the-
effects-of-haze-on-heatlh-the-economy-and-the-environment/
[Accessed 1 March 2018].
WY, A. N., 2017. Haze brings risk of cardiac arrests: Study.
[Online]
Available at:
http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/haze-brings-risk-
45. of-cardiac-arrests-study
[Accessed 1 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. COUNTER FLOW COOLING TOWER. [Online]
Available at: https://www.indiamart.com/janani-entps-
chennai/products.html
[Accessed 17 March 2018].
Chong, W. T., Yuen Yoke , K. & Fazlizan Abdullah , A., 2013.
Wind and exhaust air energy recovery system. Malaysia, Patent
No. WO2013073930A1.
Chong, W. et al., 1975. Early development of an energy
recovery wind turbine generator for exhaust air system. Applied
Energy, January, 112(2013), pp. 568-575.
Rahman, A. A. A., Yahaya, N. A., Bahsan, R. & Ahmad, U. K.,
2015. Energy harvesting from cooling tower by vertical axis
wind turbine (VAWT). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences &
Engineering), 15 February, 76:5(2015), pp. 37-41.
Anon., n.d. How Do Wind Turbine Work?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-
turbines-work
[Accessed 8 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. [Online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz%27s_law
[Accessed 8 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. Science. [Online]
Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/wyckoffschools.org/hot-
air-balloon-design-challenge/home/1-science
[Accessed 15 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. At what angle should the blades of a wind turbine
be positioned?. [Online]
Available at: http://www.all-science-fair-
projects.com/print_project_1208_89
[Accessed 17 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. Wind Turbine with Battery Power. [Online]
Available at: https://www.farmtoysonline.co.uk/wind-turbine-
with-battery-power/p1310
[Accessed 15 March 2018].
46. Anon., n.d. Permanent Metal Washables. [Online]
Available at: http://fsifiltration.com/filters/low-
efficiency/permanent-metal-washables/
[Accessed 18 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. Flanders EZ Flow Merv 4 Flat-panel Fiberglass Air
Filter 20x25x2 In. 12 per C. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ebay.com/p/Flanders-EZ-Flow-Merv-
4-Flat-panel-Fiberglass-Air-Filter-20x25x2-In-12-per-
C/1986832510?_trksid=p2047675.l2644
[Accessed 18 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. 12" x 12" x 2" Pleated Media Filter, MERV-8.
[Online]
Available at: http://www.jondon.com/12-x-12-x-2-pleated-
media-filter-merv-11.html
[Accessed 18 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. 2-in-1 True HEPA Filter. [Online]
Available at: https://www.tylrhome.com/products/air-purifier-
filter-replacement
[Accessed 15 March 2018].
Anon., 2014. What Does HEPA Mean?. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.holmesproducts.com/blog/archive/2014/october/wha
t-does-hepa-mean%3F.html
[Accessed 6 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. Arduino UNO R3 Clone - With USB Cable - (USB
Chip CH340). [Online]
Available at: https://www.robotistan.com/arduino-uno-r3-clone-
with-usb-cable-usb-chip-ch340
[Accessed 15 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. Arduino Nano. [Online]
Available at: https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-nano
[Accessed 18 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. ARDUINO MEGA 2560 REV3. [Online]
Available at: https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-mega-2560-
rev3
[Accessed 18 March 2018].
47. Anon., n.d. Air quality sensor. [Online]
Available at: https://store.fut-electronics.com/products/air-
quality-sensor
[Accessed 15 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. I²C. [Online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I²C
[Accessed 18 March 2018].
Hareendran, T., 2016. Arduino I2C LCD Backpack Introductory
Tutorial. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.electroschematics.com/12459/arduino-i2c-lcd-
backpack-introductory-tutorial/
[Accessed 13 March 2018].
Anon., n.d. SainSmart IIC/I2C/TWI 1602 Serial LCD Module
Display for Arduino UNO MEGA R3Blue on White. [Online]
Available at: https://www.amazon.com/SainSmart-Serial-
Module-Display-Arduino/dp/B00813HBEQ
[Accessed 15 March 2018].
23
1. Introduction (1 page)
2. Aims and Objectives (up to 2 pages)
3. Literature Review (up to 3 pages)
4. Proposed Project (up to 3 page)
48. 5. Initial Design Work (up to 3 pages)
6. Project Management (up to 2 page)
7. Project Plan (Gantt Chart) (1 page)
8. Summary of Progress/Work Required (1 page)
9. References (up to 2 pages)
1. Introduction /Background and Research (1 page)
2. Aims and Objectives (up to 2 pages)
(Indicative contents of this section: Aims and Objectives of the
project ,including both major and minor objectives – those that
are expected to be achieved during the project, milestones, etc)
3. Literature Review (up to 3 pages)
(Indicative contents of this section: critical review of relevant
literature sources that support the proposed project)
4. Proposed Project (up to 3 pages)
(Indicative contents of this sections: The proposed project; A
description of what the project will cover and how it will be
49. approached; A general description of their proposed
methodology; Product/Project specification, Technical Proposal,
Initial Design Specification and Requirements,Software
Requirements etc, where appropriate,)
5. Initial Design Work (up to 3 pages)
(Indicative contents of this section: Initial work achieved,
Design,etc)
6. Project Management (up to 2 pages)
(Indicative contents of this section:as an appendix if appropriate
i.e. if it includes details which would otherwise interrupt the
major strands of the report. The objective of this section is to
integrate the planning, management and costing of the project
with the technical aspects of the project, Appraise the expected
capital costs and cost of utilisation of existing resources;
Estimate the manpower costs expanded on the project assuming
a salary of £20 per hour (or evidence based figure, Indicate on
the Gantt chart [section 7] the time scales of each major
activity- seek guidance from supervisor for your project)
3
7. Project Plan (Gantt chart) (1 page)
Example (not definitive) Time should be indicated along the top
– preferably broken down into weeks
Task
Month 1
Month 2
Month 3
58. Project Plan
Final Report
List of Milestones Description
M1
M2
M3
8. Summary of Progress/Work Required (1 page)
(Indicative contents of this section: a summary of work
completed with any preliminary conclusions, summary of next
steps - work required to complete the project)
9. References and Bibliography (up to 2 pages)
(Indicative contents of this section: the numbered list of
reference, bibliography if required)
