Response #2: Go back into your own initial post. Identify what diagnostic testing or additional information you might need to establish a diagnosis. Identify what you believe is the correct diagnosis for the patient in the case study with the rationale for your response. Identify why the differential diagnoses left by your peers are or are not the correct diagnosis and support this with evidence from research and from the case posted by your peers.                             My  Initial Post 1. What evidence suggests that Anna does not have an acute severe infection? All of her vital signs are normal. This indicates that she isn't suffering from a life-threatening infection. If she had an infection, she would have a high fever, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, or overall exhaustion (Sepsis, 2020). 2. If Anna has allergic rhinitis, what type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved? Form 1 immediate hypersensitivity. IgE is the mediator of category 1 hypersensitivity reactions. They are a reaction to antigens in the air that are often referred to as allergies. IgE binds to mast cells through the crystalline segment Fc receptor, causing degranulation of mast cells and histamine production (McCance & Huether, 2019). 3. A skin test indicates that Anna is allergic to cat dander. Two months ago, Anna's roommate brought home a cat. Why didn't Anna's symptoms start when the cat entered the household, rather than three weeks later? Anna was symptom-free as her body became sensitized to cat dander from the moment she was first subjected to it. Her B-lymphocytes were producing antibodies that bound on the outside of the mast cells. To become sensitized, an individual must be exposed to the agent regularly. With adequate antigen exposure, one antigen can bind to two molecules of IgE-Fc binding proteins on the membrane of a mast cell, allowing intracellular signal transduction pathways to be triggered and mast cell chemotaxis to occur. Signs of an inflammatory reaction can develop once mast cells begin to degranulate. 4. What class of antibodies bind to the mast cells?  Antibodies which attach to mast cells are divided into two categories; cytotropic (i.e., cell-attracting) antibody, or restore (skin) Skin-binding antibodies (sensitizing antibodies) 5. What physiological mechanisms caused the redness of Anna’s nasal mucosa? Mast cells hazard the board and produce inflammatory cytokines as cat dander allergens bind to IgE antibodies on their surface. Redness is caused by mediators that induce vasodilation. The biological effect of histamine is thought to be the cause of type 1 reaction. Areas with a significant number of mast cells, typically at the main point of entry, are the most frequently affected tissues. The intestinal mucosa, eyes, and respiratory system contain most mast cells, which are the most responsive to histamine. The redness of Anna's nasal mucosa, also known as rhinitis, is because signs are most frequently expre.

1. Response #2: Go back into your own initial post.
Identify what diagnostic testing or additional information you
might need to establish a diagnosis.
Identify what you believe is the correct diagnosis for the patient
in the case study with the rationale for your response.
Identify why the differential diagnoses left by your peers are or
are not the correct diagnosis and support this with evidence
from research and from the case posted by your peers.
My Initial Post
1. What evidence suggests that Anna does not have an acute
severe infection?
All of her vital signs are normal. This indicates that she isn't
suffering from a life-threatening infection. If she had an
infection, she would have a high fever, hypotension, vomiting,
diarrhea, nausea, or overall exhaustion (Sepsis, 2020).
2. If Anna has allergic rhinitis, what type of hypersensitivity
reaction is involved?
Form 1 immediate hypersensitivity.
IgE is the mediator of category 1 hypersensitivity reactions.
They are a reaction to antigens in the air that are often referred
to as allergies. IgE binds to mast cells through the crystalline
segment Fc receptor, causing degranulation of mast cells and
histamine production (McCance & Huether, 2019).

2. 3. A skin test indicates that Anna is allergic to cat dander. Two
months ago, Anna's roommate brought home a cat. Why didn't
Anna's symptoms start when the cat entered the household,
rather than three weeks later?
Anna was symptom-free as her body became sensitized to cat
dander from the moment she was first subjected to it. Her B-
lymphocytes were producing antibodies that bound on the
outside of the mast cells. To become sensitized, an individual
must be exposed to the agent regularly. With adequate antigen
exposure, one antigen can bind to two molecules of IgE-Fc
binding proteins on the membrane of a mast cell, allowing
intracellular signal transduction pathways to be triggered and
mast cell chemotaxis to occur. Signs of an inflammatory
reaction can develop once mast cells begin to degranulate.
4. What class of antibodies bind to the mast cells?
Antibodies which attach to mast cells are divided into two
categories; cytotropic (i.e., cell-attracting) antibody, or restore
(skin) Skin-binding antibodies (sensitizing antibodies)
5. What physiological mechanisms caused the redness of Anna’s
nasal mucosa?
Mast cells hazard the board and produce inflammatory cytokines
as cat dander allergens bind to IgE antibodies on their surface.
Redness is caused by mediators that induce vasodilation. The
biological effect of histamine is thought to be the cause of type
1 reaction. Areas with a significant number of mast cells,
typically at the main point of entry, are the most frequently
affected tissues. The intestinal mucosa, eyes, and respiratory
system contain most mast cells, which are the most responsive
to histamine. The redness of Anna's nasal mucosa, also known
as rhinitis, is because signs are most frequently expressed at the
port of entry. Blood vessels dilation, mucus hypersecretion,

3. fluid retention, and inflammation of the mucous membranes of
the breathing tract's mucosal layer are the causes of these
effects (McCance & Huether, 2019)
6. . What mechanisms caused Anna’s clear postnasal drainage?
Fluid exudation and elevated mucus secretion were caused by
high capillary permeability and dilation of blood vessels caused
by inflammatory cytokines produced by mast cells. This runoff
is most likely the source of Anna's tickling cough. Also, signs
are most likely at the point of entry; for this situation, the nose
routes, which may result in mucus hypersecretion from the
mucosa in the nasal tract, can flow down the lower part and
induce cough.
References
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: the
biologic basis for disease in adults and children (Eighth).
Elsevier.
What is Sepsis (December 16, 2020). Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. https/cdc.gov/sepsis/what-is-
sepsis.html