Respond  on two different days who selected at least one different factor than you, in one or more of the following ways:Offer alternative diagnoses and prescription of treatment options for urinary tract infections.Share an insight from having read your colleague’s posting, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives                                                 Main Post Pathophysiology of Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Infections       Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) involve the urethra and the  bladder; upper urinary tract infections include the ureters and the  kidneys.  Upper UTIs are rarer than lower UTIs but typically are more  severe (Healthline, 2019).  Microorganisms are the most common agent  resulting in UTI infection.  Microorganisms can include Escherichia coli  (E. Coli) and staphylococcus saprophyticus.   Less common  mircroorganisms are proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, viruses, fungi,  tubercular bacilli, and parasites.  Gram-negative bacilli move into the  urethra, next to bladder, then on to the ureter, and kidney.  Infection  begins as an inflammatory response producing edema within the bladder  wall.  The bladder feels full with only small amounts of urine present,  but the urgency of needing to urinate is present and appears more often  than usual (Huether & McCance, 2017).  Signs and symptoms of lower  UTIs might include frequency, nocturia, dysuria, urgency, and hematuria  (in some cases).  Signs and symptoms of upper UTIs might include nausea,  vomiting, fever, chills, low back, flank pain, abdominal pain and  mental status changes in the elderly population (Barkley, 2018). Pathophysiology Impact and Patient Factors       Women are more prone than men to experience UTIs, possibly because of  urethral irritation during sexual intercourse or because they have a  shorter urethra, making it easy for microorganism transmission  (Berkowitz, 2007).  Microorganisms mostly associated with a female  diagnosis would be E.Coli and microorganisms primarily related to a male  diagnosis would be proteus species.  Disorders with lower UTIs might  be, urethritis/dysuria, and cystitis. Diseases with upper UTIs might be,  renal, pyelonephritis, and renal abscess (Barkley, 2018).  Contributing  patient factors might be age, prior UTI history, pregnancy,  immunocompromised patients, urinary catheter usage, and poorly  controlled diabetes (Healthline, 2019). Diagnosis and Treatment       Diagnostic test for lower UTIs are urinalysis, esterase detection on  dipstick, and presence of nitrate by dipstick.  Treatment for lower UTIs  are ciprofloxacin, augmentin, bactrim (commonly), additionally  amoxicillin, macrobid, levaquin, monurol, and primsol maybe prescribed.   The preferred treatment course is 3-days instead of 7-day  to maximize  benefits and minimize treatment drawbacks (Barkley, 2018).       Diagnostic test for upper UTIs are ESR elevation, and white blood cell  casts appearing on urinalysis.  Treat.

1. Respond on two different days who selected at least one
different factor than you, in one or more of the following
ways:Offer alternative diagnoses and prescription of treatment
options for urinary tract infections.Share an insight from having
read your colleague’s posting, synthesizing the information to
provide new perspectives
Main Post
Pathophysiology of Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Infections
Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) involve the urethra
and the bladder; upper urinary tract infections include the
ureters and the kidneys. Upper UTIs are rarer than lower UTIs
but typically are more severe (Healthline, 2019).
Microorganisms are the most common agent resulting in UTI
infection. Microorganisms can include Escherichia coli (E.
Coli) and staphylococcus saprophyticus. Less common
mircroorganisms are proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, viruses,
fungi, tubercular bacilli, and parasites. Gram-negative bacilli
move into the urethra, next to bladder, then on to the ureter,
and kidney. Infection begins as an inflammatory response
producing edema within the bladder wall. The bladder feels
full with only small amounts of urine present, but the urgency
of needing to urinate is present and appears more often than
usual (Huether & McCance, 2017). Signs and symptoms of
lower UTIs might include frequency, nocturia, dysuria,
urgency, and hematuria (in some cases). Signs and symptoms
of upper UTIs might include nausea, vomiting, fever, chills,
low back, flank pain, abdominal pain and mental status changes
in the elderly population (Barkley, 2018).

2. Pathophysiology Impact and Patient Factors
Women are more prone than men to experience UTIs,
possibly because of urethral irritation during sexual intercourse
or because they have a shorter urethra, making it easy for
microorganism transmission (Berkowitz, 2007).
Microorganisms mostly associated with a female diagnosis
would be E.Coli and microorganisms primarily related to a male
diagnosis would be proteus species. Disorders with lower UTIs
might be, urethritis/dysuria, and cystitis. Diseases with upper
UTIs might be, renal, pyelonephritis, and renal abscess
(Barkley, 2018). Contributing patient factors might be age,
prior UTI history, pregnancy, immunocompromised patients,
urinary catheter usage, and poorly controlled diabetes
(Healthline, 2019).
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnostic test for lower UTIs are urinalysis, esterase
detection on dipstick, and presence of nitrate by dipstick.
Treatment for lower UTIs are ciprofloxacin, augmentin,
bactrim (commonly), additionally amoxicillin, macrobid,
levaquin, monurol, and primsol maybe prescribed. The
preferred treatment course is 3-days instead of 7-day to
maximize benefits and minimize treatment drawbacks (Barkley,
2018).
Diagnostic test for upper UTIs are ESR elevation, and white
blood cell casts appearing on urinalysis. Treatment for upper
UTIs is Bactrim, Augmentin, Cipro, tobramycin, or
gentamicin. For patients with upper UTIs experiencing nausea
and vomiting, hospitalization may be necessary (Barkley,
2018).
References

3. Barkley, T. (2018).
Adult-gerontology primary care nurse practitioner.
West Hollywood, CA: Barkley & Associates.
Berkowitz, A. (2007).
Clinical pathophysiology made ridiculously simple
. Miami, FL: MedMaster, Inc.
Healthline. (2019).
Everything you need to know about urinary tract infection
. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-
tract-infection-adults#symptoms
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017).
Understanding pathophysiology
(6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.