D Q 4-1 responses1.When I read this DQ question, I couldn.docx

D Q 4-1 responses
1.
When I read this DQ question, I couldn't help but think about
our country and the recent debates over border security. News
outlets around the country have been commentating on the
President’s plan for declaring a national emergency over the
border wall fiasco. The President of the United States has
utilized his legitimate powers in declaring this emergency, and
he announced his declaration this morning he plans on signing
the legislation this afternoon (Fram, 2019). In the meantime, it
was reported that congress has struck a deal to avoid another
shut down. I found this bit of information to be rather
intriguing. I was happy to see that we will avoid another
shutdown, however I couldn't help but think is the President
declaring national emergency because he did not get his way?
Unfortunately for the President, he does not lead by example,
nor does he embrace all 5 concepts of power that we have been
learning about. Instead, he utilizes legitimate powers (as he
learns of them throughout his presidency) and through coercive
measures. He lacks expert, referent, and reward capabilities. For
some this is acceptable. There are those Americans that feel the
President has done nothing wrong. I feel that this is
acceptable because we live in a democracy and they have the
rights to their opinions. However, the point I am trying to
achieve is a leader of great magnitude, such as the President of
the United States, ought to embrace all 5 concepts of power
(Johnson, 2013). There is much diversity in the country and the
President should recognize everyone equally and think of the
impacts of decisions made. The President cannot just play to the
select few citizens that voted for him. All Americans should
feel represented by their President. If the President understood
the concepts of power and how important it is to lead by

example, utilizing referent and expert concepts, he would have
more respect and admiration by the people. This would translate
and yield more success in his administration.
References
Fram, C. L. and Z. M.-A. P. (2019). Trump declares national
emergency to build border wall. AP Top News Package.
Associated Press DBA Press Association. Retrieved from
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nsm&AN=AP9879a352fa8e48d9a
f5ac1735e287dce&site=eds-live&scope=site
Johnson, C. E. (2013). Meeting the ethical challenges of
leadership: Casting light or shadow. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
ISBN-13: 9781452259185 URL:http://gcumedia.com/digital-
resources/sage/2013/meeting-the-ethical-challenges-of-
leadership_ebook_5e.php
2
If I had to boil the power that individuals and society have over
the way that public administrators act down to one word, it
would have to be “pressure”. The individual citizens,
communities, cities, states and the nation all have a vested
interested in the public administrations around and above them.
In order to satisfy those needs, they apply pressure to those
administrations. They do this through lobbyists, special interest
groups, rallies, protests, political donations, smears and
ultimately through their votes (Johnson, 2013).
We see this pressure being applied every day when we flip on
the news. The news itself is a form of pressure, as most of the
news is generally biased on way or another. Special interest
groups use lobbyists to apply pressure to the administration to
create new and better gun laws that might satisfy their agenda.
Groups rally in the streets to protest immigration reforms or for
gay rights. There is currently pressure being applied to our
nation’s president because of his wall campaign from the media,
congress and a large portion of the population. The big issues

are divisive and it is easy to see where the support and where
the pressure is coming from.
ISBN-13: 9781452259185
URL:
http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/sage/2013/meeting-the-
ethical-challenges-of-leadership_ebook_5e.php
3
I am sure with this question there will be several debates on the
turmoil that our country has been facing the last few months
including: President Trump and Nancy Pelosi. Both of them are
using their power/powers to do what they perceive is right.
Johnson (2013) gives 5 different power concepts: coercive,
reward, legitimate, expert, and referent power. Each of these
power concepts or a combination of these concepts could/can be
used by both public administrators and politicians. Politicians
are elected by the people in their community and they have a
responsibility and power to be the voice for that community
President Trump and Nancy Pelosi have positional power and
depending on who you talk to depends on what answer you
might get when discussing what types of powers they
demonstrate. They both display a combination of power sources,
as should all people that display authority or leadership roles. It
could be said that they are by using coercive power, a power
style that is based on penalties or punishments (Johnson, 2013).
It seems like each of them are playing a game to see who is the
most headstrong and will get their way first, which in my
opinion in childish on both of their parts. What they need to
realize is that we are all Americans and that we should all come
together in support of what is best for our country, each side
will have to compromise so that they can meet in the middle. By
doing this they are not jeopardizing their own set of values

and/or code of ethics but they are coming to the understanding
that not all people have the same outlook as they do. We are
allowed to have the freedom of our own opinion and no it does
not have to be the same as anyone else but it should be
respected by all.
They both display legitimate power, a power that resides within
the position, not the person, such as supervisors, judges, police
officers, instructors, and parents have the right to control our
behavior within certain limits (Johnson, 2013). With the
different offices that they both hold, they are expected to use
that power to enforce changes that they feel are the most
beneficial, efficient, and effective for the nation that they serve.
Again, we will all have different views on how they are
handling certain situations, that is what happens when you have
a democracy but as I stated earlier their have to be some type of
respectful compromise between both parties.
The last type of power I will discuss is referent power, a power
that is described as being the admiration one person has for
another, such as a role model, the people of a community are
more likely to have positive attitudes toward people they
admired or to promote their political stances (Johnson, 2013).
Referent power is a concept that is used by politicians. It is my
opinion that both President Trump and Nancy Pelosi feel as
though they are leading by example and doing what is expected
of them by the people who elected them into the office that they
hold. Once more, that can be up for debate because as with most
concepts on public administration and politics, they are defined
by the perception of the individual.
The matter of personal perception makes politics and public
administration so complex, it does not mean that one person is
wrong or right, it just means that is how they perceive situations
and it will be different than others. We have people in both the
Republican and Democratic Parties that don’t agree with how
their own parties are handling things. We will have to come to
the point to just agree to disagree but come to a compromise
that is the most beneficial for our great nation.

References
D Q 4
-
1 responses
1.
When I read this DQ question, I couldn't
help but think about our country
and the recent debates over border
security. News outlets around the country have been
commentating on the President’s plan for declaring a
national emergency over the border wall fiasco. The President
of the United States has utilized his legitimate
powe
rs in declaring this emergency, and he announced his
declaration this morning he plans on signing the
legislation this afternoon (Fram, 2019). In the meantime, it was
reported that congress has struck a deal to avoid
another shut down. I found this bit of
information to be rather intriguing. I was happy to see that we
will avoid
another shutdown, however I couldn't

help but think is the President declaring national emergency
because he did
not get his way?
Unfortunately for the President, he does not lead b
y example, nor does he embrace all 5 concepts of power that
we have been learning about. Instead, he utilizes legitimate
powers (as he learns of them throughout his
presidency) and through coercive measures. He lacks expert,
referent, and reward capabiliti
es. For some this is
acceptable. There are those Americans that feel the President
has done nothing wrong. I feel that this is
acceptable
because we live in a democracy and they have the rights to their
opinions. However, the point I am
trying to achieve i
s a leader of great magnitude, such as the President of the
United States, ought to embrace all 5
concepts of power (Johnson, 2013). There is much diversity in
the country and the President should recognize
everyone equally and think of the impacts of deci
sions made. The President cannot just play to the select few
citizens that voted for him. All Americans should feel
represented by their President. If the President understood
example, utilizing refe
rent and expert concepts, he
would have more respect and admiration by the people. This
would translate and yield more success in his
administration.
References

Fram, C. L. and Z. M.
-
A. P. (2019).
Trump
declares
national
emergency
to
build
border
wall
.
AP
Top
News
Package
. Associated Press DBA Press Association. Retrieved from
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nsm&AN=AP9879a3
52fa8e48d9af5ac1735e287dce&site=eds
-
live&scope=site
Johnson, C. E. (2013).

Meeting
the
ethical
challenges
of
leadership:
Casting
light
or
shadow.
Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. ISBN
-
13: 9781452259185 URL
:
http://gcumedia.com/digital
-
resources/sage/2013/meeting
-
the
-
ethical
-
challenges
-

of
-
2
the way that public administrators act down to one
word, it would have to be “pressure”. The individual citizens,
communities, cities, states and the nation all hav
e a
vested interested in the public administrations around and above
them. In order to satisfy those needs, they apply
pressure to those administrations. They do this through
lobbyists, special interest groups, rallies, protests, political
donations, smear
s and ultimately through their votes (Johnson, 2013).
the news. The news itself is a form of pressure, as
most of the news is generally biased on way or another. Special
interest groups use lobby
ists to apply pressure to
the administration to create new and better gun laws that might
satisfy their agenda. Groups rally in the streets to
protest immigration reforms or for gay rights. There is currently
pressure being applied to our nation’s presiden
t
because of his wall campaign from the media, congress and a
large portion of the population. The big issues are
divisive and it is easy to see where the support and where the
pressure is coming from.
Johnson, C. E. (2013).

Meeting
the
ethical
challenges
of
leadership:
Casting
light
or
shadow.
Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. ISBN
-
13: 9781452259185
URL:
http://gcumedia.com/digital
-
r
esources/sage/2013/meeting
-
the
-
ethical

-
challenges
-
of
-
D Q 4-1 responses
1.
When I read this DQ question, I couldn't help but think about
our country and the recent debates over border
security. News outlets around the country have been
commentating on the President’s plan for declaring a
national emergency over the border wall fiasco. The President
of the United States has utilized his legitimate
powers in declaring this emergency, and he announced his
declaration this morning he plans on signing the
legislation this afternoon (Fram, 2019). In the meantime, it was
reported that congress has struck a deal to avoid
another shut down. I found this bit of information to be rather
intriguing. I was happy to see that we will avoid
another shutdown, however I couldn't help but think is the
President declaring national emergency because he did
not get his way?
Unfortunately for the President, he does not lead by example,
nor does he embrace all 5 concepts of power that
we have been learning about. Instead, he utilizes legitimate
powers (as he learns of them throughout his
presidency) and through coercive measures. He lacks expert,
referent, and reward capabilities. For some this is
acceptable. There are those Americans that feel the President
has done nothing wrong. I feel that this is
acceptable because we live in a democracy and they have the

rights to their opinions. However, the point I am
trying to achieve is a leader of great magnitude, such as the
President of the United States, ought to embrace all 5
concepts of power (Johnson, 2013). There is much diversity in
the country and the President should recognize
everyone equally and think of the impacts of decisions made.
The President cannot just play to the select few
citizens that voted for him. All Americans should feel
represented by their President. If the President understood
example, utilizing referent and expert concepts, he
would have more respect and admiration by the people. This
would translate and yield more success in his
administration.
References
Fram, C. L. and Z. M.-A. P. (2019). Trump declares national
emergency to build border wall. AP Top News
Package. Associated Press DBA Press Association. Retrieved
from
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nsm&AN=AP9879a3
52fa8e48d9af5ac1735e287dce&site=eds-live&scope=site
leadership: Casting light or shadow. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. ISBN-13: 9781452259185
URL:http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/sage/2013/meeting-
the-ethical-
challenges-of-leadership_ebook_5e.php
2
the way that public administrators act down to one
word, it would have to be “pressure”. The individual citizens,
communities, cities, states and the nation all have a
vested interested in the public administrations around and above

them. In order to satisfy those needs, they apply
pressure to those administrations. They do this through
lobbyists, special interest groups, rallies, protests, political
donations, smears and ultimately through their votes (Johnson,
2013).
the news. The news itself is a form of pressure, as
most of the news is generally biased on way or another. Special
interest groups use lobbyists to apply pressure to
the administration to create new and better gun laws that might
satisfy their agenda. Groups rally in the streets to
protest immigration reforms or for gay rights. There is currently
pressure being applied to our nation’s president
because of his wall campaign from the media, congress and a
large portion of the population. The big issues are
divisive and it is easy to see where the support and where the
pressure is coming from.
leadership: Casting light or shadow. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. ISBN-13: 9781452259185
URL:
DQ 4-2
Pick an issue and describe how you would attempt to influence
a public administrator as a member of society. Be specific in
your description.
responses
1.

My issue would be the purchase of automobiles from outside of
Pima County. As someone who has worked in the fixed assets
division of Pima County, I have seen the amount of money spent
on vehicles. Inevitably, those vehicles are purchased from
outside the county, and the final decision is made based on the
total, final purchase price. However, what this does not take
into account is everything else, such as providing jobs within
Pima County, and the generation of tax revenue based off of net
profits.
I would try and influence a public administrator by utilizing the
Utilitarian Analysis method. This states that you should identify
the issue, state who will be affected by it, figure out both the
good and bad consequences of any actions taken, and then “sum
the good and the bad consequences. The action is morally right
if the benefits outweigh the costs.” (Johnson, 2013)
As an accountant, I would sit down and look at the overall
cost/benefit analysis of purchasing those automobiles within the
county, even if the initial purchase price was higher. Then I
would attempt to show that by purchasing them within Pima
County and allowing that revenue to remain within our own tax
base, in addition to providing local jobs at those car dealers,
whose employees will then go on to return even more money
back into the local economy, you are in actuality proving a far
grater benefit overall than the amount being saved on the initial
purchase price.
leadership: Casting light or shadow. Retrieved from
2.
Criminal justice system is something that still be looked at even
with the recent success of the first step act bill there is a lot of
work that need to be done. As a member of society, I would

look at the current policy and making recommendations much
like the first step act. This will differently change the way
public administrator jobs functions, the way I would help
influences this would be having an Evidence based approach.
The first step act is a very good example if legislation that
society has been supporting for long time. Under that recent law
there wasn’t things like “Evidence based treatment or opioid
and heroin abuse, Federal prison reentry initiative re-
authorizeation or modification of Imposed terms imprisonment.
In the past there wasn’t much treatment for people who had
previous drug addictions also reentry wasn’t that effective.
According (NCSL Staff, 2018) The new first step act is
dedicated to the creating and funding evidence-based recidivism
reduction programs in federal prisons with the main goal of
achieving successful reentry of inmates into their communities
upon release. The second focuses on the expansion of good
behavior and early release programs in which inmates can
participate during their incarceration in federal prison. The
third contains amendments to federal sentencing laws. In doing
this I would should how many peoples eighth amendment under
the cruel in a usual punishment clause was and still is being
violated. Lastly public administers job will always change
because of the new law and Legislation put to key is trying to
find a way to make sure that it is effective.
References:
Staff, N. (2018, December 14). Legislative News, Studies and
Analysis | National Conference of State Legislatures. First Step
Act Section by Section Summary. Retrieved February 17, 2019,
from
http://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/First_Step_Act_Summa
ry_Dec2018.pdf
3.

Hello,
An issue that I have personal experience with, along with
thousand of other mothers is breastfeeding in public. I am
passionate about this topic and I have already done some
research on this matter because of the negativity that
breastfeeding mothers get in different public settings. There are
a lot of people in the public sector that do not know about the
laws that protect breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding and
pumping in public have a negative stigma as well as limited
accommodations for comfort or ease of the breastfeeding
mother. Oftentimes when offered a separate place to breastfeed,
the provided area is a closet or other unsuitable accommodation
such as restrooms or storage rooms. When breastfeeding in
public, mothers are often harassed by other patrons or even the
employees of the establishment where they are, this happens
even though there are legal protections against this sort of
harassment. In the state of Arizona, the law states the
following: A mother is entitled to breastfeed in any area of a
public place or a place of public accommodation where the
mother is otherwise lawfully present. A.R.S. 41-1443 and
Indecent exposure does not include an act of breastfeeding by a
mother. A.R.S. 13-140 (Breastfeeding & the Law, 2018)
As a member of society, I would utilize the Utilitarianism
approach. Johnson (2013) states that there are four steps to
conducting a utilitarian analysis of an ethical problem:
clearly identify the action or issue under consideration.
specify all those who might be affected by the action, not just
those immediately involved in the situation.
determine the likely consequences, both good and bad, for those
affected.
sum the good and the bad consequences.
I would find others that support this cause and provide the
following possible solutions to public breastfeeding and
pumping areas to public administrators:
A pilot program for state facilities to perform research on the

effectiveness of public breastfeeding and pumping areas. These
areas should have a required accommodate a minimum of two
nursing or pumping mothers, a required minimum square
footage, and required plugs and tables for pumping. No
requirement of walling off area as long as there is a designated
space, but providing privacy is also acceptable. According to
Nguyen & Hawkins (2013) Legislation could encourage support
of breastfeeding by creating and providing a supportive non
biased environment for breastfeeding mothers outside the home,
such as by letting women that breastfeed to do so in any
location without discrimination or harassment as stated by the
law.
When building new structures provide comfortable
breastfeeding and pumping areas as a requirement for blueprint
(esp. in state buildings) and Provide funding and tax breaks for
updating older buildings in both public and private sectors.
Instate required training for service industry to educate on legal
requirements for public breastfeeding for all employees.
I would then follow the possible solutions with stating a few of
the benefits provided to the mother and child would be by
making changes to the laws on breastfeeding to support and
provide an area for breastfeeding and pumping mothers. A few
benefits such as:
The health and wellbeing of the child and mothers. As stated in
the article, Public health: Breastfeeding Battles (2015) the
World Health Organization says that breastfeeding is a cause for
public health concerns worldwide because of the impact of
minimizing child mortality and non-communicable diseases.
Comfort of breastfeeding and pumping mothers.
Provides area for those constrained by religion from
breastfeeding or pumping in public.
Allows traveling professionals places to pump while out on
travel and not at home.
Provides areas to plug pumps in for mothers who are unable to
have their child with them.

Keeps mothers from feeling as though they have to leave an
establishment to feed their child.
Potentially prevents harassment or discrimination of nursing
mothers.
Breastfeeding is extremely important to the health and
wellbeing of every society, and these breastfeeding/pumping
rooms are potentially going to improve the public breastfeeding
outlook. In the article by Nguyen & Hawkins (2013) the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services states that to achieve
the Healthy People 2020 objectives for breastfeeding,
breastfeeding mothers need support so they are able to
breastfeed outside the home in private or public facilities.
Hopefully by having enough support from society, providing
examples of the benefits to both the mother and child, and
giving examples of possible solutions we can get the support
needed from public administrators to address this important
matter of providing breastfeeding and pumping areas to the next
level. Johnson (2013) states that if the action is morally right
the benefits outweigh the costs.
References
Breastfeeding State Laws. (2018). Retrieved from
http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-
laws.aspx
Breastfeeding & the Law. (2018). Retrieved from
https://www.lllofaz.org/breastfeeding--the-law.html
Nguyen, T., & Hawkins, S. (2013). Current state of US
breastfeeding laws. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 9(3), 350-358.
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00392.x
Public health: Breastfeeding Battles (2015). British Journal of
Midwifery, 23 (6). Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?

vid=9&sid=2da4a978-f9f5-484e-868d-4d808719885f%40pdc-v-
sessmgr06&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0
ZQ%3d%3d#AN=109794503&db=ccm

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