SOME THINGS TO REMEMBER You should Never use the webpage copyri.docx

SOME THINGS TO REMEMBER:
You should Never use the webpage copyright date as a
“publication date” - you will use the term “n.d.” if no
publication date for the article/publication is listed.
When you use a direct quote in your citation, you Must provide
the page number or the paragraph number where the quote was
found after the publication date. (Jones & Smith, 2016, p. 12)
[or 2016, para. 4]
How to document a Lecture from GCU or any university:
Grand Canyon University. (2011). Essentials of baccalaureate
education [Lecture 1]. (2011). In Professional dynamics.
Retrieved from https://lc-ugrad1.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/
When the university is the producer of a video/power point
presentation:
Grand Canyon University (GCU). (Producer). (2014).
Foundations for professional nursing practice: The nursing
pyramid. Retrieved from
http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/pyrami
d_pyramid.php
How to document an article from a Journal:
Carman, M. J., Wolf, L. A., Henderson, D., Karnienski, M.,
Kazoil-Mclane, J., Manton, A., & Moon, M.D. (2013).
Developing your clinical question: The key to successful
research. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 39(3), 299-301.
Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/science/artic
le/pii/S0099176713000135
In-text citation (6 or more authors) - (Carman et al., 2013) -
When you have six or more authors, you can use the term “et
al.” the first citation and all subsequent ones.

In-text citation (3-5 authors) – (Carman, Wolf, & Henderson,
2013) - If there are three to five authors, you list them all the
first time used in the body of the paper or in an in-text citation.
In subsequent citations you can use the term “et al.”
Green, A., & Jordan, C. (2004). Common denominators: Shared
governance and work place advocacy – Strategies for nurses to
gain control over their practice. Online Journal of Issues in
Nursing, 9(1). Retrieved from
http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenu
Categories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofCon
tents/Volume92004/No1Jan04/SharedGovernanceandWorkPlace
Advocacy.html
In-text citation (2 authors) – (Green & Jordan, 2004) - You will
always provide both author names in the citation each time
when there are only two.
How to document an article from a Journal that is an Advance
online publication or ‘In press’:
Huntley, A. L., King, A. J., Moore, T. H., Paterson, C., Persad,
R., Sharp, D., & Evans, M. (2017). Methodological exemplar of
integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence – supportive
care for men with prostate cancer: What are the most important
components? Journal of Advanced Nursing. Advance online
publication. doi: 10.1111/jan.13082
von Baeyer, C. L., & Pasero, C. (in press). What nurses’ work-
arounds tell us about pain assessment. International Journal of
Nursing Studies. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article
/pii/S002074891630181X?
How to document an article from an Online Newspaper:
Snowbeck, C. (2015, March 18). United Healthcare goes for
yuks with new ad campaign. Star Tribune. Retrieved from
http://www.startribune.com/unitedhealthcare-goes-for-yuks-
with-new-ad-campaign/296665211/

How to document an article/publication from a Government
Agency/ National Organization/University:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Injury
Prevention & Control: Division of Violence Prevention. (n.d.).
Introduction to evidence-based decision-making. Retrieved
from http://vetoviolence.cdc.gov/apps/evidence/#&panel1-2
In-text citation (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
[CDC], n.d.). - You must cite the full name and abbreviated
initials of the organization/agency in the body of the paper or in
an in-text citation the first time used. You can then use the
initials only in subsequent citations (CDC, n.d.).
American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2014,
April 24). Nursing shortage [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-
shortage
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, December 22). Alzheimer’s disease.
In Diseases & conditions. Retrieved from
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-
disease/home/ovc-20167098
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2013, June). Improving
patient access to high-quality care: How to fully utilize the
skills, knowledge, and experience of advanced practice
registered nurses. Charting Nursing’s Future, 20. Retrieved
from
http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2013
/rwjf405378
Yale University - Cushing/Whitney Memorial Library
(n.d.).Evidence-based practice: Asking the clinical question.
Retrieved from
http://www.med.yale.edu/library/nursing/education/clinquest.ht
ml
How to document an article/publication from a Website (if there
is an author listed for the article, you will place the author first,
publication date next, and then the title):

Health promotion model. (2011, April 15). In Nursing theories:
A companion to nursing theories and models. Retrieved from
Current Nursing website:
http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/health_promotion_mo
del.html
In-text citation (“Health promotion,” 2011). When you are
citing an article that does not have an author, the title
(shortened to no more than two or three words of the entire
title) is in quotation marks.
Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Qualitative approaches. In
Measurement – Qualitative measures. Retrieved from Research
Methods Knowledge Base website:
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualapp.php
In-text citation (Trochim, 2006)
How to document a publication (i.e. ‘grey paper’) from a
corporation:
Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center. (2012). 2012 Nursing
Division Annual Report. Retrieved from
https://www.bannerhealth.com/NR/rdonlyres/533916E5-70E6-
48AB-AC2E-25407227AF9F/65312/nursingreport2012.pdf
How to document from Hoover’s Company Records website:
Banner Health. (2016, May 15). In Overview. Retrieved from
Hoover’s Company Records website:
http://cobrands.hoovers.com/company/Banner_Health_/rffxxxi-
1-1njhxf.html
In-text citation (“Banner Health,” 2016)
How to document a Book:
Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding nursing
research: Building an evidence-based practice (6th ed.). St.
Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. Retrieved from
http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9781455770601/pages/1
77890842 (Note: if the book is located on PageBurst, you will
include the URL address).
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Essentials of nursing

research: Methods, appraisal, and utilization (7th ed.).
Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams, and Wilkins Publishing.
How to document a Chapter from a Book/booklet:
Rath-Rentfro, A. (2014). Gordon’s functional health patterns:
Assessment of the individual. In C. L. Edelman, E. C. Kudzma,
& C. L. Mandle (Eds.), Health promotion throughout the life
span (8th ed., pp. 129-142). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby.
Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/978-0-
323-09141-1/pages/184033926
Keele, R. (2011). Quantitative versus qualitative, or both? In R.
Keele (Ed.), Nursing research & evidence-based practice (pp.
35-47). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Retrieved from
http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763780586/80586_CH03_Keele.p
df
Clarke, S. P., & Donaldson, N. E. (2008, April). Nurse staffing
and patient care quality and safety. In R. G. Hughes (Ed.),
Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for
nurses (Chapter 25). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare
Research & Quality website:
https://archive.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-
providers/resources/nursing /resources/nurseshdbk/index.html
How to document an article/publication from a Conference:
Jones, O. C. (2009, April 28). Leadership theories and styles.
Paper session presented at the IAAP 2009 Administrative
Professionals Week Event, Orlando, Florida. Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu/6610048/LeadershipTheories_andStyl
es_IAAP_2009AdministrativeProfessionalsWeek_Event_Event
How to document an article/publication from a Master’s theses
or Doctoral dissertation:
Chase, L. K. (2010). Nursing manager competencies [Doctoral
dissertation]. University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Retrieved
from
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2762&context=e
td
How to document an online reference work, no author or editor

and authored
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th
ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
Lewkowicz, M. A. (2010). Purpose statement. In N. Salkind
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design (pp. 1143-1144).
Retrieved from
http://srmo.sagepub.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/view/encyc-of-
research-
design/n346.xml?rskey=zXK8Kw&row=2&p=emailPQUn0ndG
M.jcM&pid=354
How to document a web BLOG page/video blog post/TV
episode/Motion Picture:
(Original Blog post)
Myers, P.Z. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites
and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log post].
Retrieved from http://........
(Response to an original Blog post)
MiddleKid. (2007, January 23). Re: The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web
log comment]. Retrieved from http://........
(Video blog post)
Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a
light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs
(TV episode)
Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to
communicate [Television series episode]. In D. Shore
(Executive producer), House. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.
(Motion Picture)
Surname, First Initial (Producer(s)), & Surname, First Initial
(Director(s)). (Year). Title of movie [Format e.g. Motion
picture or DVD]. Country where movie was produced: Name of
Studio.
Johnson, M., Pacheco, C., Goldman, S. (Producers), &

Cassavetes, N. (Director). (2009). My sisters keeper [Motion
picture]. United States: New Line Cinema Pictures
In-text citation (Paraphrase or Quotation) - (Producer(s)
Surname & Director(s) Surname, Year)
(Johnson, Pacheco, Goldman, & Cassavetes, 2009) first in-text
citation
(Johnson et al., 2009) subsequent in-text citations
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
1
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Your Name
Grand Canyon University: NRS 433V
Paper due date (in written form – April 24, 2017)
Remember: You MUST include either the URL address to the
FULL TEXT article, OR the doi number for the article in your
Reference. Articles Must be scholarly research articles (a total
of 6 research articles; 3 qualitative & 3 quantitative) and have
been published between 2010 and present. The introductory
paragraph (a paragraph is at Minimum 4 complete sentences) for
this assignment should be descriptive of your practice problem

or issue of interest, why you chose this topic, and why it is
important to Nursing. Paper should be in Times New Roman,
12-point font, double spacing between lines.
*****Note: anything in Red font on this template should be
deleted prior to paper submission.
Literature Review
Practice Problem/Issue and PICOT Question
Write a Clear description of the nursing practice problem
(include supporting information from reliable sources) and
conclude with your PICOT question written in correct PICOT
format (see my example in Resources for this Module). All
content should be in Times New Roman, 12-point font
(inclucing your Abstracts) and true double-spacing between
lines.
References (see examples below – and in Alphabetical order)
Cook, J., Copeland, M., Floyd, C., Jonikas, J., Hamilton, M.,
Razzano, L., . . . Boyd, S. (2012). A randomized controlled trial
of effects of wellness recovery action planning on depression,
anxiety, and recovery. Psychiatric Services, 63(6), 541–547.
doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201100125
Actual article Abstract here.
Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B., Farrokhyar, F., & Bhandari, M.
(2010). Research questions, hypotheses, and objectives.
Canadian Journal of Surgery, 54(4), 278-281. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912019/
Actual article Abstract here.

When you begin to formulate a PICOT statement/question there
are 5 components that you need to identify. First identify your
Population, then you will determine what your Intervention will
be, then the Comparison, what your predicted Outcome will be,
and finally, how long the proposed study will last.
(P) Population of Focus (adult males, 40-70 years of age, with
co-morbidities)
(I) Intervention (this is what you are going to propose as a
practice change – in detail)
(C) Comparison (this is your control group – those that will not
receive the practice change; how will this group treatment be
different – be specific)
(O) Outcome (what you believe will occur)
(T) Time (this is generally the time period that you will
conduct your study – usually no longer than 6 months)
Then you will write your PICOT Question/Statement in a
sentence format. You would Not include the “breakdown” (as
shown above) in your PICOT statement. See the Example
below:
Example of a PICOT question/statement:
For adult male surgical patients, ages 40-70 with multiple co-
morbidities (P), will the use of a preoperative Low Molecular
Weight Heparin (LMWH) protocol that includes medication and
application of either a Sequential Compression Device (SCD) or

TED hose (I), compared to patients who are treated with SCD or
TED hose only (C), reduce the risk of the development of
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) (O) in the postoperative
recovery ICU phase over a 6 month period (T).
Running head: PICOT
1
Running head: PICOT STATEMENT AND LITERATURE
1
PICOT PICOT STATEMENT AND LITERATURE
4
The shortened version of the actual paper title [in all capital
letters] should be no more than 50 characters (including spaces
and the term Running head:) and there should be a page number
at the right hand side, all in Times New Roman, 12-point font .
PICOT STATEMENT AND LITERATURE SEARCH
Comment by Luci Hanus: Incorrectly documented
Student’s Name: Idalmis Espinosa
Institutional Affiliation: Grand Canyon University
Date: 04/23/17
PICOT Statement and Literature Search
Idalmis Espinosa
Grand Canyon University: NRS 433V
April 23, 2017
EBS PROCESSComment by Luci Hanus:
PICOT Statement and Literature Search
Nursing Problem/Issue Summary
The nurses ought toIn the pediatric setting, the nurse should
measure the blood pressure of the patients depending on the
evidence-based process to ensure accuracy. Accurate
measurements are a crucial factor in the effective treatment of

diabetes, pediatric and dialysis. The method used to measure the
blood pressure in children is different from that employed in
adults. In children, the process includes an auscultatory strategy
that compares the results with those in the oscillometric tool.
Comment by Luci Hanus: Wording choice. Note correction
in Red Comment by Luci Hanus: OK, but what Is the
Evidence Based process?? You need to explain yourself here.
Comment by Luci Hanus: Pediatric what???
Do you mean Pediatric Diabetes????
PICOT STATEMENT Comment by Luci Hanus: This is Not
a PICOT Question – this is the ‘Breakdown” of the PICOT
components.
P – Population: Children about 8 to 15 years with a clinical
diagnosis of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis.
I – Intervention: The subjects will be randomized to have
management in different time frames of 2, 4, 6 and eight weeks.
Comment by Luci Hanus: What do you mean by this? What
is the Actual intervention that you will use?
C – Comparison: A standardized subject would be used as a
control to make active comparisons. This strategy will help us
to minimize effects related to not attending the clinic.
Comment by Luci Hanus: Again – what do you mean by
this. It should be an Actual comparison. Comment by Luci
Hanus:
O – Outcome: Changes in the blood pressure and blood sugar
level.
T – Time: The outcome would be assessed weekly for eight
weeks.
This is how a PICOT question should be stated:
For adult male surgical patients, ages 40-70 with multiple co-
morbidities (P), will the use of a preoperative Low Molecular
Weight Heparin (LMWH) protocol that includes medication and
application of either a Sequential Compression Device (SCD) or
TED hose (I), compared to patients who are treated with SCD or
TED hose only (C), reduce the risk of the development of

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) (O) in the postoperative
recovery ICU phase over a 6 month period (T).
References Comment by Luci Hanus: You Must identify the
Reference Section
Chavers, B. M., Li, S., Collins, A. J., & Herzog, C. A. (2002).
Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic dialysis patients.
Kidney international. Comment by Luci Hanus: Should be in
‘Hanging’ indentation per APA guidelines Comment by Luci
Hanus: This article is unacceptable for this class. It clearly
stated in the Welcome Announcement and in the Module One
Announcement that articles MUST have been published between
2010 and 2017. Comment by Luci Hanus: Where is the rest of
the journal citation and the Retrieval information (the doi
number or the URL address).
According to Chavers and the rest, there is little information
regarding the mortality rate of the children with diabetes and
renal diseases. The study evaluated the mortality rate in
children suffering from pediatric chronic dialysis. Children of
ages ranging from 2 to 17 years were identified from the data
system of the United States Renal Data system. A sum of 1500
children was eligible for the enclosure. 31 percent of the kids
developed cardiac related diseases, while the rest developed
other conditions that are related to either diabetes or pediatric
dialysis. The study concluded that cardiovascular disease is the
primary cause of child mortality and morbidity in pediatric
chronic dialysis. Comment by Luci Hanus: This is Not the
Actual Abstract from the article. The instructions for this
assignment clearly stated that you were to include the ‘Actual”
article abstract.
Background. Little information is available regarding cardiac
morbidity and mortality in children with end-stage renal
disease. We sought to determine the incidence of cardiac
morbidity and mortality in pediatric chronic dialysis patients.
Methods. Medicare incident pediatric (0 to 19 years) dialysis
patients from 1991 to 1996 were identified from the United
States Renal Data System. Study endpoints included

development of arrhythmia, valvular heart disease,
cardiomyopathy, or cardiac arrest, all causes of death, and
cardiac-related death. Statistical analyses were performed using
the Poisson regression model and chi-square test. Results. A
total of 1454 children were eligible for inclusion, 452 (31.1%)
of whom developed a cardiac-related event. Arrhythmia was the
most common event (19.6%) compared with valvular disease
(11.7%), cardiomyopathy (9.6%), and cardiac arrest (3%).
Arrhythmia and valvular heart disease incidence were increased
in 15- to 19-year-olds (P < 0.0001 for both), females (P = 0.004,
P = 0.03) and blacks (P = 0.0001, P = 0.002). Cardiomyopathy
incidence was increased in blacks (P = 0.001) and tended to be
increased in females (P = 0.053). The adjusted annual
cardiomyopathy rate during the first 3 years increased between
1991 and 1996 (P = 0.003). Death occurred in 107 patients, and
41 (38%) were cardiac deaths. Conclusions. Cardiovascular
disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in
pediatric chronic dialysis patients. Cardiomyopathy incidence is
increasing. Black, female, and adolescent children have
increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Brenner, B. M., Cooper, M. E., & Shahinfar, S. (2001). Effects
of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients
with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of
Medicine. Comment by Luci Hanus: This article is unacceptable
for this class. It clearly stated in the Welcome Announcement
and in the Module One Announcement that articles MUST have
been published between 2010 and 2017.
Brenner et al. contend that nephropathy is the leading source of
renal disease. The researchers evaluated the function of the
receptor antagonist in the type 2 diabetes patients and
nephropathy. A sum of 1500 patients was randomly selected for
assessment over the period of 3 years. The receptor antagonist
indicated substantial benefits to the renal in the type 2 diabetes
patients and nephropathy. The researchers, therefore, concluded
that nephropathy could cause renal diseases that could lead to

type two diabetes.
Holloway, M., Mujais, S., Kandert, M., & Warady, B. A.
(2001). Pediatric Peritoneal dialysis training: characteristics
and impact on peritonitis rates. Peritoneal Dialysis
International. Comment by Luci Hanus: This article is
unacceptable for this class. It clearly stated in the Welcome
Announcement and in the Module One Announcement that
articles MUST have been published between 2010 and 2017.
The study was steered to regulate the effects of the training
program on the peritonitis rates pediatric patients. The survey
was done in 170 centers. About 600 children between the ages
of 2 to 15 received the peritoneal dialysis in different centers.
The results of the study indicated that the trained patients had
improved conditions. As such, the researchers concluded that
peritoneal dialysis training is crucial in increasing the rate of
peritonitis in pediatric chronic dialysis patients.
Schröder, C. H., & European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis
Working Group. (2003). the management of anemia in pediatric
peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatric nephrology. Comment by
Luci Hanus: This article is unacceptable for this class. It clearly
stated in the Welcome Announcement and in the Module One
Announcement that articles MUST have been published between
2010 and 2017.
Anemia is regular in constant renal disappointment. Rules for
the finding and treatment of frailty in grown-up patients are
accessible. The study involved the analysis of information from
various journals regarding children suffering from anemia. The
results should indicate that these children are at high risk of
contracting diabetes, and pediatric dialysis. The researchers,
therefore, recommended that the children should be given
proper nutrition that protects them against anemia.
Schaefer, F., Klaus, G., Muller-Wiefel, D. E., & Mehls, O.
(2009). The current practice of peritoneal dialysis in children:
results of a longitudinal survey. Mid-European Pediatric

Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group (MEPPS). Peritoneal dialysis
international, Comment by Luci Hanus: This article is
unacceptable for this class. It clearly stated in the Welcome
Announcement and in the Module One Announcement that
articles MUST have been published between 2010 and 2017.
There has been accruing epidemiological information
concerning the exercise of peritoneal dialysis in kids. The
researchers contend that over 200 children have been assessed
since 1993. The treatment of the modalities have been regulated
since 1994, the automated processes of handling the pediatric
dialysis have emerged. Method endurance was 95% at three
years, however, reduced to70% next five years of action, the
principle explanations behind management disappointment
being repetitive peritonitis, ultrafiltration disappointment, or
mutually. All in all, peritoneal dialysis in youngsters, ideally
executed as APD, accomplishes system survival rates like those
detailed for grown-ups. Youthful children are at expanded
hazard for peritonitis. The current observational PD remedy is
of restricted adequacy as far as little solute and liquid
evacuation.
Boehm, M., Vécsei, A., Aufricht, C., Mueller, T., Csaicsich, D.,
& Arbeiter, K. (2005). Risk factors for peritonitis in pediatric
peritoneal dialysis: a single-center study. Pediatric Nephrology
Comment by Luci Hanus: This article is unacceptable for
this class. It clearly stated in the Welcome Announcement and
in the Module One Announcement that articles MUST have been
published between 2010 and 2017.
Late US registry information and a European multicenter
concentrate depicted expanded danger of diabetes in young kids
on pediatric dialysis. No primary age-particular hazard
variables could be characterized in these accounts.
Subsequently, the researchers broke down risk components for
the disease in kids regarded by PD as necessary renal

substitution treatment especially looked for age-particular
perspectives. Our review distinguished six risk calculates
univariate investigation, specifically age. Multivariate
examination identified leave site contamination and leftover pee
volume as robust autonomous indicators. In outline, our review
distinguished a few age-ward and age-free hazard components
for the disease.
You do Not need a separate Reference page.
References
peritoneal dialysis: a single-center study. Pediatric Nephrology,
20(10), 1478-1483.
Brenner, B. M., Cooper, M. E., de Zeeuw, D., Keane, W. F.,
Mitch, W. E., Chavers, B. M., Li, S., Collins, A. J., & Herzog,
C. A. (2002). Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic
dialysis patients. Kidney international.
Parving, H. H., ... & Shahinfar, S. (2001). Effects of losartan on
renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2
diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine.
(2001). Pediatric peritoneal dialysis training: characteristics and
impact on peritonitis rates. Peritoneal Dialysis International.

(1999). Current practice of peritoneal dialysis in children:
results of a longitudinal survey. Mid European Pediatric
international, 19(Suppl 2), S445-S449.
Working Group. (2003). The management of anemia in
paediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatric nephrology.
Running head: PICOT
1
PICOT
6
PICOT STATEMENT AND LITERATURE SEARCH
Student’s Name: Idalmis Espinosa
Institutional Affiliation: Grand Canyon University
Date: 04/23/17
EBS PROCESS
The nurses ought to measure the blood pressure of the patients
depending on the evidence-based process to ensure accuracy.
Accurate measurements are a crucial factor in the effective
treatment of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis. The method used
to measure the blood pressure in children is different from that
employed in adults. In children, the process includes an
auscultatory strategy that compares the results with those in the
oscillometric tool.
PICOT STATEMENT

P – Population: Children about 8 to 15 years with a clinical
diagnosis of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis.
I – Intervention: The subjects will be randomized to have
management in different time frames of 2, 4, 6 and eight weeks.
C – Comparison: A standardized subject would be used as a
control to make active comparisons. This strategy will help us
to minimize effects related to not attending the clinic.
O – Outcome: Changes in the blood pressure and blood sugar
level.
T – Time: The outcome would be assessed weekly for eight
weeks.
Chavers, B. M., Li, S., Collins, A. J., & Herzog, C. A. (2002).
Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic dialysis patients.
Kidney international.
According to Chavers and the rest, there is little information
regarding the mortality rate of the children with diabetes and
renal diseases. The study evaluated the mortality rate in
children suffering from pediatric chronic dialysis. Children of
ages ranging from 2 to 17 years were identified from the data
system of the United States Renal Data system. A sum of 1500
children was eligible for the enclosure. 31 percent of the kids
developed cardiac related diseases, while the rest developed
other conditions that are related to either diabetes or pediatric
dialysis. The study concluded that cardiovascular disease is the
primary cause of child mortality and morbidity in pediatric
chronic dialysis.
Brenner, B. M., Cooper, M. E., & Shahinfar, S. (2001). Effects
of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients
with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of

Medicine.
Brenner et al. contend that nephropathy is the leading source of
renal disease. The researchers evaluated the function of the
receptor antagonist in the type 2 diabetes patients and
nephropathy. A sum of 1500 patients was randomly selected for
assessment over the period of 3 years. The receptor antagonist
indicated substantial benefits to the renal in the type 2 diabetes
patients and nephropathy. The researchers, therefore, concluded
that nephropathy could cause renal diseases that could lead to
type two diabetes.
(2001). Pediatric Peritoneal dialysis training: characteristics
and impact on peritonitis rates. Peritoneal Dialysis
International.
The study was steered to regulate the effects of the training
program on the peritonitis rates pediatric patients. The survey
was done in 170 centers. About 600 children between the ages
of 2 to 15 received the peritoneal dialysis in different centers.
The results of the study indicated that the trained patients had
improved conditions. As such, the researchers concluded that
peritoneal dialysis training is crucial in increasing the rate of
peritonitis in pediatric chronic dialysis patients.
Working Group. (2003). the management of anemia in pediatric
peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatric nephrology.
Anemia is regular in constant renal disappointment. Rules for
the finding and treatment of frailty in grown-up patients are
accessible. The study involved the analysis of information from
various journals regarding children suffering from anemia. The
results should indicate that these children are at high risk of
contracting diabetes, and pediatric dialysis. The researchers,

therefore, recommended that the children should be given
proper nutrition that protects them against anemia.
(2009). The current practice of peritoneal dialysis in children:
results of a longitudinal survey. Mid-European Pediatric
international,
There has been accruing epidemiological information
concerning the exercise of peritoneal dialysis in kids. The
researchers contend that over 200 children have been assessed
since 1993. The treatment of the modalities have been regulated
since 1994, the automated processes of handling the pediatric
dialysis have emerged. Method endurance was 95% at three
years, however, reduced to70% next five years of action, the
principle explanations behind management disappointment
being repetitive peritonitis, ultrafiltration disappointment, or
mutually. All in all, peritoneal dialysis in youngsters, ideally
executed as APD, accomplishes system survival rates like those
detailed for grown-ups. Youthful children are at expanded
hazard for peritonitis. The current observational PD remedy is
of restricted adequacy as far as little solute and liquid
evacuation.
peritoneal dialysis: a single-center study. Pediatric Nephrology
Late US registry information and a European multicenter
concentrate depicted expanded danger of diabetes in young kids
on pediatric dialysis. No primary age-particular hazard
variables could be characterized in these accounts.
Subsequently, the researchers broke down risk components for
the disease in kids regarded by PD as necessary renal
substitution treatment especially looked for age-particular
perspectives. Our review distinguished six risk calculates

univariate investigation, specifically age. Multivariate
examination identified leave site contamination and leftover pee
volume as robust autonomous indicators. In outline, our review
distinguished a few age-ward and age-free hazard components
for the disease.
References
peritoneal dialysis: a single-center study. Pediatric Nephrology,
20(10), 1478-1483.
Brenner, B. M., Cooper, M. E., de Zeeuw, D., Keane, W. F.,
Mitch, W. E., Chavers, B. M., Li, S., Collins, A. J., & Herzog,
C. A. (2002). Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic
dialysis patients. Kidney international.
Parving, H. H., ... & Shahinfar, S. (2001). Effects of losartan on
renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2
diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine.
(2001). Pediatric peritoneal dialysis training: characteristics and
impact on peritonitis rates. Peritoneal Dialysis International.
(1999). Current practice of peritoneal dialysis in children:
results of a longitudinal survey. Mid European Pediatric
international, 19(Suppl 2), S445-S449.
Working Group. (2003). The management of anemia in
paediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatric nephrology.

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