A sneak peak at the unemployment index in three developing countries and emerging democracies; with entrepreneurship as a sustainable way to boost the economy and create jobs.

1. ADDRESSING UNEMPLOYMENT
THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Presented by:
Tahira Akhtar & Wellington Oboh
(Hubert H. Humphrey Fellows 2015 -2016)
November 13th 2016

2. Overview
Global perspective
The Pakistani perspective
Cote D’Ivoire perspective
The Nigerian perspective
Conclusion

3. How do you get the 358 million young people around
the world – more than the population of the USA and
Canada combined – currently not in education,
employment or training into employment?
-Maria Pinelli, 2015

4. Entrepreneurship for Economic growth
Source: World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Snapshots, 2010. World Development Indicators, 2010.
http://www.voxeu.org/article/who-creates-jobs-new-evidence-india

5. Unemployment:
A challenge for
Pakistan

6. Unemployment = 8.5%
Employment to
population ratio = 42.8%
Population below poverty
line = 22.3%
World development indicator, 2013

7. 30% of population is under-employed
Economic
recessionPolitical
system/
feudalism
26th largest
Economy in PPP
Decades of
War
Refugees
1.5 million
38th largest in GDP
6th largest
Population
Potential to be one of the world largest
population of 21st Century
Women in
Workforce

8. A Possible Solution?
Entrepreneurship

9. Entrepreneurship remains
forgotten on the list of leading
answers to poverty because the
number of these businesses is
too small to be noticed.
Entrepreneurship
can build a high
impact on
Economy!

10. "….small business is basically a quantitative
activity, and entrepreneurship is a
qualitative phenomenon"
(Zoltan and Laszlo, 2010)

11. Cote d’Ivoire?

12. Entrepreneurship:
a Remedy to Unemployment in
Cote d’Ivoire?

13. Current Unemployment Situation in Cote
d’Ivoire

14. More than 80% of unemployed people are aged 15 to 34, and 29.3% of
them are inactive
The youth are employed mainly in informal and insecure activities
 The higher one’s level of education, the less likely one is to get a job in
Côte d’Ivoire, as is the case in other African countries
- Clément Kouadio Kouakou (2011)

15. Major Causes of Unemployment in Cote d’Ivoire
Inadequate planning for integrating the youth into the trades and
job placements
Education and training have no link to the needs of the important
sectors of the economy,
Lack of a coherent national employment policy and
comprehensive strategy to deal with employment problem
Collapse of Cote d’ Ivoire’s industrial base.

16. Employment Policies in Cote d’Ivoire
Return-to the-Land Policies,
Public Utility Policies Based on High-Labour-Intensive
Works,
Programme for Creating Jobs for Rural Youth,
Special Programme for Creating Jobs for Women
Social Fund for Programmes to set up Micro-Enterprises
(PCME),

17.  Programmes for Young Farmers,
 Employment Support Programme
School Dropouts Employment Programme
Public-Private Partnership
 Emergency Youth Employment and Skills Development
Project, worth $50 million

18. The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Revitalization and Governance Project works
to create a favorable environment for the growth and development of Small Medium
Entrepreneurs (SMEs). – World Bank

19. An Ivorian Entrepreneurs’ Story
“My project is located in agro-industry and consists of setting
up a small processing unit to create raw shea butter lotion and
ointment for skincare, and processing peanuts to produce
peanut butter for households and restaurants. This project will
take advantage of the shea value chain and will initially create
around four jobs.” - DJENEBA KONE, 32.

20. Nigeria
“No fewer than 5.3
million youths are
jobless in the country,
while 1.8 million
graduates enter the
labour market every
year”
- Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

21. “There seem to be a mismatch between what the employer needs and how
much the Nigerian graduate can perform and deliver in the labor market”
- Richard Chilee

22. Source: http://ieconomics.com/Nigeria-unemployment-rate-forecas t
Unemployment hits 28%
as of June 2015

23. “More than 70% of our youth population
is either unemployed or underemployed”
Sotonye Anga, 2013

24. 23.50%
24.30%
MALE FEMALE
UNEMPLOYMENTRATE%
GENDER
GENDER UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Gender Unemployment Rate
Source: http://ieconomics.com/Nigeria-unemployment-rate-forecas t

25. Nigeria’s unemployment can be grouped into two:
1. The older unemployed who lost their jobs due to
retrenchment, redundancy and bankruptcy
2. The younger unemployed, most of whom have never tasted
what it is to be employed
(Oyebade, 2003)

26. Youth Unemployment facts
 four Nigerian were unemployed in 2012 compared to seven in 2008
 unemployment rate in rural areas is 25,6% compared to 16.1% in urban
areas.
 Unemployment for Graduates is 21.2% , while high school leavers is 33.4%
 15 -24 age group has the highest rate of 37.7%, followed by the 25 -44 age
group with unemployment rate of 22.4%

27. Causes of Unemployment
Unreliable power supply
Poor Quality Education
Lack of Skills
Negligence of Agriculture and other natural resources
Corruption

28. The Need for Entrepreneurship Education
“In the 1980’s, the need for entrepreneurship education started
to rear its head because of political instability and also because of
the inconsistencies in the social-economic policies of successive
governments which in part led to the unemployment situation in
the country today” (Ojeifo Aidelunuoghene, 2013)

29. Formal Intervention
“Variations of entrepreneurship education are offered at all
levels of schooling in Nigeria, from primary to secondary
schools through the graduate university programs. It is a life
long learning process”
(Ojeifo Aidelunuoghene, 2013)

30. Entrepreneurship education according to Paul (2005) is
structured to achieve the following objectives.
 Offer functional education for the youth
 Provide the youth graduates with adequate training
 A catalyst for economic growth and development
 Offer risk management training to college graduates
 To reduce high rate of poverty
 Reduction in rural – urban migration

31. Non-Formal Intervention

32. Intel Easy Steps in Digital Literacy and Entrepreneurship module

33. Technology intervention
“…in the future 85% of jobs will
require ICT skills”
- UK Confederation of British
Industry study Entrepre
neurship
Skill/
Vocation
ICT

34. Obstacles Facing Rapid Entrepreneurial
Development in Nigeria
Rampant political and bureaucratic corruption
Poor access to vocational and skills
Absence of regulatory mechanisms of enterprise development
initiatives
Significant infrastructural deficits
Irregularities inimical to small businesses

35. Entrepreneurial Development Program
EDP
“A mechanism specially designed for the Nigerian Youth,
informing them about the world of business and
opportunities to create their own businesses.”
(Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010)

36. Discussion Question
How can budding entrepreneurs be supported to
ensure their ideas are implemented and they success
in their business?

37. Discussion Question
How do budding entrepreneurs secure soft
loans to grow and sustain their business, and
become employers of labour?

38. Discussion Question
How to maximize the possibility for budding
entrepreneurs to raise capital from global
investors?

39. Discussion Question
What impact does social media has on
marketing and entrepreneurship?

40. Discussion Question
What role can NGOs play in supporting
entrepreneurship for youths in a developing
country?

41. Discussion Question
How to maximize the use of emerging technologies
to launch and improve business and ensure
entrepreneurial success?

42. Conclusion
“Entrepreneurship is increasingly accepted as an
important means and a valuable additional strategy to
create Jobs and improve livelihoods and economic
independence of young people”
(Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010)