Scientific notation is a way of writing numbers as a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. The document provides examples of converting numbers between standard form and scientific notation, such as 9,142 = 9.142 x 103, meaning nine thousand one hundred forty-two equals nine point one four two multiplied by ten cubed. Other examples show how to write very small or large numbers, fractions, and decimals in scientific notation.