A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide)<a href="https://www.chordiajewels.com/categories/ruby"Ruby</a>

1. RUBY

2. Introduction Of Ruby
A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral
corundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are
called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with
amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The word ruby comes from ruber,
Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
Some gemstones that are popularly or historically called rubies, such as the
Black Prince's Ruby in the British Imperial State Crown, are actually spinels.
These were once known as "Balas rubies".

3. Physical Properties
Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Among the natural gems
only moissanite and diamond are harder, with diamond having a Mohs hardness of 10.0 and
moissanite falling somewhere in between corundum (ruby) and diamond in hardness. Sapphire,
ruby, and pure corundum are α-alumina, the most stable form of Al2O3, in which 3 electrons
leave each aluminium ion to join the regular octahedral group of six nearby O2− ions; in pure
corundum this leaves all of the aluminium ions with a very stable configuration of no unpaired
electrons or unfilled energy levels, and the crystal is perfectly colorless.
If one percent of the aluminium ions are replaced by chromium in ruby, the yellow-green absorption results in
a red color for the gem. Additionally, absorption at any of the above wavelengths stimulates fluorescent
emission of 694-nanometer-wavelength red light, which adds to its red color and perceived luster. The
chromium concentration in artificial rubies can be adjusted (in the crystal growth process) to be ten to twenty
times less than in the natural gemstones. Theodore Maiman says that "because of the low chromium level in
these crystals they display a lighter red color than gemstone ruby and are referred to as pink ruby.

4. After absorbing short-wavelength light, there is a short interval of time when the
crystal lattice of ruby is in an excited state before fluorescence occurs. If 694-
nanometer photons pass through the crystal during that time, they can stimulate more
fluorescent photons to be emitted in-phase with them, thus strengthening the intensity
of that red light. By arranging mirrors or other means to pass emitted light repeatedly
through the crystal, a ruby laser in this way produces a very high intensity of coherent
red light.
All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color impurities and inclusions
of rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in
natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics, simulants, or substitutes. Usually,
the rough stone is heated before cutting. These days, almost all rubies are treated in
some form, with heat treatment being the most common practice. Untreated rubies of
high quality command a large premium.

5. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RUBY

6. Occurrence and mining

7. Historically, rubies have been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of
Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia,
Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in
Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.
The Republic of North Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have
naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep.
Macedonian rubies have a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the
Macedonian coat of arms. A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of
Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.
Spinel, another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem
gravel or marble. Red spinels may be mistaken for rubies by those lacking experience
with gems. However, the finest red spinels can have values approaching that of an
average ruby.

8. COLOR
In the evaluation of colored gemstones, color is the most important factor. Color
divides into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Hue refers to color as we
normally use the term. Transparent gemstones occur in the pure spectral hues of red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. In nature, there are rarely pure hues, so when
speaking of the hue of a gemstone, we speak of primary and secondary and
sometimes tertiary hues. Ruby is defined to be red. All other hues of the gem species
corundum are called sapphire. Ruby may exhibit a range of secondary hues, including
orange, purple, violet, and pink.

9. . A naturally occurring ruby crystal
. Natural ruby with inclusions
. A cut pink ruby
. Purple rubies

10. CLARITY
Because rubies host many inclusions, their clarity is evaluated by
the inclusions’ size, number, location, and visibility. Rubies with the
highest clarity grades are known as “eye-clean,” because their
inclusions are the least visible to the naked human eye. Rubies
may also have thin, intersecting inclusions called silk. Silk can
scatter light, brightening the gem’s appearance, and the presence
of silk can also show whether a ruby has been previously heat
treated, since intense heat will degrade a ruby’s silk

11. Different Cuts Of Ruby
Gemstone
. Round Cut Ruby Stone
. Princess-Cut Ruby Stone
. Asscher Cut Ruby Stone
. Emerald-Cut Ruby Stone
. Oval Shape Ruby Stone
. Pear Shape Ruby Stone
. Heart Shape Ruby Stone
. Cushion Shape Ruby Stone

12. . Round Cut Ruby Stone
The round shape ruby stone reflects 58 facets of the
red stone. And, the round cut ruby stone exposes the
diverse facets of the stone and it appears enormously
beautiful when it is worn in the form of rings,
necklaces, bracelets or pendants.

13. Princess-Cut Ruby Stone
The princess cut ruby stone appears sober and delicate because of it’s
exact square shape cut and excellent polishing. A princess-cut ruby
stone disparate all the inclusions and impurities from the stone.
Therefore, the princess cut ruby stone is advised
to be fixed in the rings and necklace.
However, due to the distinc
t cut of the stone, it appears best.

14. Asscher Cut Ruby Stone
The Asscher cut ruby gemstone is cut in steps consequently it reflects even minute details
of the stone and looks highly appreciable when it is adopted in an engagement ring.
The incremental cutting of this stone resembles
a waterfall model it exhibits even the smallest
details of the stone.
Moreover, the brilliant quality of this stone
and the clarity of this stone attracts everyone.
Additionally, the price of the Asscher cuts ruby stone

15. Emerald-Cut Ruby Stone
The emerald cut ruby gemstone is identical to Asscher cut ruby stone
beside one inclusion that an emerald cut ruby stone is majorly square
cut.
The emerald cut ruby stone looks apprehensively
beautiful when it is to be embedded
in the rings, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.

16. Oval Shape Ruby Stone
The oval shape ruby stone is cut in an oval shape
symmetrically. The stone resembles the shape of an
egg and looks decent to adopt in an engagement ring.

17. Pear Shape Ruby Stone
The pear shapes ruby stone is shaped like a
teardrop, with one pointed end and another
rounded one.

18. Heart Shape Ruby Stone
One of the perfect shape ruby stones that will definitely
help you win the heart of your love interest is heart-
shaped ruby stone. And, it is being considered one of
the best cut or shape ruby stone for an engagement
ring.

19. Cushion Shape Ruby Stone
The cushion shapes ruby stone appears like a pillow with a square cut with a
rounded corner. Since making, it better or perfect for an engagement ring.
These are the major shapes of the stone ruby. However, the ruby stone can
also be cut into other shapes as well, however; the above-mentioned shapes
are the most popular ruby stone shapes.

20. Cut
A ruby’s cut refers to how the stone is faceted, its dimensions, and overall
symmetry. Unlike with diamonds, rubies are not graded on cut quality. This is
because the cut of a ruby is much less of an important factor to consider than its
color and clarity.
But as is the case with most gemstones, the true glow of the ruby is only revealed
after a quality cut that maximizes light return and color. There are four factors gem
cutters must keep in mind when cutting sapphires and rubies.
Maximize color, Maximize carat weight., Minimize inclusions.
Keep in mind what shape the consumer wants, i.e., round, oval, pear, cushion,
cabochon, etc.

21. Carat
Finally, let’s consider the ruby’s carat weight. As you’ve probably already
guessed, the heavier the carat weight of the ruby, the bigger the price tag.
Because larger gemstones are rarer than smaller gemstones, you’ll pay
more for a larger ruby based on the laws of supply and demand.
CONSIDER AN NON-ROUNDED CARAT WEIGHT FOR BETTER VALUE
Having said that, you should also be aware that there are usually price jumps
when you hit one carat, as well as three and five carats. If you want to buy a
one carat ruby, consider going for a 0.9 ct. Instead. While you won’t notice
the difference in the size of the stone once it’s set, you’ll definitely notice the
savings in your wallet

22. TYPES OF RUBIES
Rubies come from all around the world and are available in a
range of different shapes and red shades. However, most
rubies are categorized into certain types based on the country
or region from which they’re mined. Common types include:
. Burmese rubies.
. Thai rubies.
. African rubies
. Pigeon Blood rubies

23. RUBIES VS. DIAMONDS
Rubies are increasingly becoming an alternative to diamonds for engagement rings and other
jewelry. Differences between rubies and diamonds include:
1. Color. The most obvious difference between ruby and diamond is color. Although most diamonds
are white, or colorless, they can also be yellow, pink, champagne-colored or, in some cases, even
red.
2. Brilliance. Rubies aren’t typically prized for their brilliance and won’t display brilliance or fire like
diamonds. Instead, the main factor that determines a ruby’s beauty and value is its color.

24. 3. Hardness. Diamonds are harder than rubies, scoring 10 on the Mohs’
scale compared to 9 for rubies. Despite this, both are hard gemstones that
won’t get damaged easily if worn daily.
4. Cost. As we mentioned earlier, rubies are generally significantly less
expensive than diamonds. However, some rubies with exceptional natural
color may command prices similar to those of diamonds, or even higher.
5. Tradition. Diamonds are commonly associated with romance and
engagement, while rubies tend to be given as birthstones or for
anniversaries. However, this is changing, with ruby engagement rings
becoming more commonplace.

25. RUBIES VS. SAPPHIRES
Rubies and sapphires are both varieties of the mineral corundum
and share a large amount of the same chemistry. Both score 9 on
the Mohs’ scale of hardness, making them highly durable
gemstones that can safely be worn every day.
The key difference between rubies and sapphires is chemistry and
color. Rubies contain trace amounts of the element chromium,
which gives the stone its red color. Sapphires may contain several
different trace elements that contribute to their color.

26. THANK YOU