1. Name : JKV JAYAWEERA
Index No: 23006
Batch : 21.1
Module Code : BID1102
Assignment 1: Elements and Character
Assignment 2 : Influence of Historical Styles
HISTORY AND CULTURAL INFLUENCE OF INTERIOR DESIGN
ASSIGNMENT 1 & 2 SUBMISSION
2. Colored canvas (Velarium) awning
Barrel vault
Groin vault
Vaulted arches
Statues surrounding walls
Gladiators
&animal
fighting
Length :188m
Width:156m
Height:48m
Exterior sectional view of the colesseum
Introduction
The Roman Empire was established once national leader Caesar declared himself the
primary emperor of Rome in 31BC & came to an finish with the descent of city in
1453CE the traditional Roman styles actor an enormous quantity of inspiration from
Greek precedents. Italian homes and temples (before three hundred B.C.E) better-
known solely from verbal descriptions provided by Roman writings of Vitruvius. homes
were created out of mud brick and wood as materials. Temple buildings had a column
like front porch with a gabled pediment. Romans were masters of structure and
technical skills. Some most putting Roman achievements include: bridges, roads,
aqueducts and creation of large interior spaces.
Amphitheaters
Amphitheaters stood open to the sky, the only sealed off space for the theatre is the
multifarious system of . passages and stairs that gave entry to seating .Arches and barrel
vaults were used as structural maneuvers for these options great Amphitheatre were
supplied with roofing tho' awnings or tents like covering
Baths
Public service ,Furnace heat was passed via
underneath - floor areas (Hypocausts) and thru flues
within the walls. The sequence: Tepidarium (warm )
,Caldarium ( hot)Lanconicum(very hot ) diode to an
oversized pool hospitable the sky(Frigidarium)Baths
enclosed spaces for : social relaxing, physical exercise
and sports, library . Arched openings led daylight
enter the halls. ( the tepidaria of roman baths are first
large interior spaces to urge totally lighted by day
light
Baths of Caracalla (211- 17 c.e)
.
Temples
Built for gods, used Greek concept of a single room
(cella) .Used elaborative Ionic and Corinthian orders
and hybrid composite order (combining Ionic and
Corinthian elements) .Pilasters were the norm
Interiors of small roman temples were simple ,
smooth walled room with a coffered vault higher
than a sculpture of god to whom the temple was
made. Larger temples had elaborative interiors ex: 2
interior chambers facing toward walls covered by a
columned order with niches between columns .In the
temple. Pantheon its interior is single spherical area
142 ft. in diameter and flat-top by a 0.5 spherical
dome .On plaza an entrance with eight Corinthian
columns 2 additional rows of 4 columns make the
portico leading to bronze doors. Main body of the
building has walls 14 feet thick hollowed out with
spaced column recesses, each dedicated to a
particular god. Walls below the dome are in
Corinthian order with a simulated attic . The dome is
coffered with five tiers of coffers of decreasing size ,
swish ring at top below the open receptor (eye)The
walls are of concrete and brick with facing within and
out .
Pantheon in Rome ( c.118 – 28 c.e.)
Secular Buildings
The roman basilica ( an outsized hall engineered to use as a room , had a central house
to accommodate public concerned in litigations or trials).Nave created above the aisles
in order that windows may be introduced high within the naive walls ,creating a
clerestory. Walls of masonry supported a wood roof. varieties of lay roman markets
enclosed domed coated halls .Multi storied housing homes or tenements are
surprisingly parallel to their trendy counterparts
Roman Basilica
Houses
Romans used considerable amount of luxury in their domestic architecture. Houses usually
1 or 2 story building, fronting on a street with a blank wall or often with retailers on a
street. Entrance is thru a passage resulting in a yard exposed to the sky. Center of the open
Atrium there would be a pool (impluvium ) with close columns supporting Wood associate
degreed roof .The feeding space was equipped three couches on 3 sides of an open square
.Windows were rare because light came through the door openings Special purpose rooms(
kitchen , bakery , baths ) were fitted in a way they were convenient for use Wealthy
families occupied mansions or houses containing a few rooms off an atrium, these often
had upper stories with rooms having secondary functions , perhaps rooms for children ,
servants or storage.
From a contemporary purpose of read Roman styles appear
technically advanced , orderly , systematic , and esthetically
spectacular , though often ostentatious , too ornamental and
lacking in subtlety . Roman designs may be derived through
consequent periods, recessive within the Middle Ages but,
reemerging in the renaissance as dominant theme of
European design and style ..
Invented concrete
Used materials available in
localities but concrete was mostly
used .
Marble Terracotta Stone Brick
Travertine
(hard limestone from
tivloi)
Arches, Vaults and domes
Arched construction was used limitedly
Explored full prospects of the arch and to use them in creating
of interior areas among major buildings.
Arch largely created in acquainted curving form (can be slightly
curved or fat)
The semicircular form is called a Roman arch
Arches can span wide openings
Barrel vault: the simple extended arch vault
Ashlar : building in neatly cut stone
Roman brick were thin flat squares conjointly created concrete
a combination of cement and mortar.
Stone was used for visible exterior and interior surfaces
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Furniture and other interior finishing
Commonly included : stone couches and tables , iron and
bronze artifacts , oil lamps , char coal braziers and ornamental
fresco paintings and mosaics Walls of space were unlettered by
windows , typically painted with replicated bailiwick detail of
moldings and pilasters making an evident wainscot below,
panels on top of could be painted in solid color , or with
realistic paintings of exterior scenery or imagination from
methodology .False decorative details and in mosaic ,objects
that seem to lie on floor . Roman piece of furniture was
developed from Greek prototypes with a lot of concentrate on
larger embellishment of decorative detail and use of fine wood
and inlays of ivory or metal .Folding stools and bound sorts of
chairs developed a role of symbol of rank and standing rather
than a tool for seating comfort.
Roman bed and couch were elaborately decorated .
Chairs of lighter and additional straightforward , purposeful
styles were usually completed by the whicker
Favorite colors : black , vermilion red (Pompeian)
Materials
3. Influence of Roman Historical Styles
Roman architecture is known for mastering the subject field techniques of the dome, the
vault and therefore the arch. It absolutely was influenced by Greek architecture and
sculpture. Roman architects preponderantly used concrete and engineered temples,
amphitheaters, bridges, monuments, emptying systems and extra infrastructure that
helped creation of latest towns.
The empire left several nations very influenced by their architecture and infrastructure
and centuries once the fall of the Roman Empire, many painting national monuments
were designed to emulate this historic amount of architectural excellence.
The white house
Country : The United States of America
City : Washington D.C.
Address: 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington D.C.
Architect: James Hoban
Construction started: 1782
Construction completed: 1800
Owner : US National Park Service
Names : Presidents Palace, Presidents house , Executive Mansion
and in 1901 President Theodore Roosevelt named it the White
House .
Ionic columns which was a common type of column in the roman architecture was used
in the entrances of the white house.
The ionic column used in roman architecture
comparison Columns used in the ROMAN era Columns used in the White house
size smaller than the columns in the
white house
Huge
Material Carved from single blocks or formed
from stacks of massive stone blocks
Old Convent Quarry Siena , Marble
Color The natural stone color The natural white marble color
Difference The shaft had line patterns till the
end
Absence of line patterns in the shaft
Similarity The capital has the same details The capital has the same details
Some common features are the availability of these columns in the entrance same as the roman era.
The roman architecture and interior design elements have which have been taken when making the
white house is taken in a way that it is more appropriate to their identity as well.
CONTEXT : To the main entrances
FUNCTION : Provide support to the structure on top as well as aesthetical purposes.
USER : Diplomats , Presidents , Members of the governing bodies of the nation
some other spaces inspired by the roman architecture
The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel – Paris, France
A triumphal arch such as the Arc de Triomphe du
Carrousel is one among the foremost distinctive
styles of design related to ancient Rome . whereas
the arc was made to commemorate Napoleon’s
military victories it's a detailed alikeness of the arch
of Septimius in Rome
Union Station –Washington D.C, U.S.A
Archt. Daniel Burnham styled Union Station
victimization parts from Greek and Roman
architecture. The stations structure that types
columns, statues and a triumphal structure, was
confirmed to be modelled once the Arch of
Constantine in Rome .
The Jefferson Memorial – Washington D.C , U.S.A
With the dome design and columns, The Thomas
Jefferson Memorial has a exceptional alikeness to the
Pantheon and may be licensed for being heavily
influenced by Roman architecture.
Federal Hall –New York City,U.S.A
The federal hall set in NYC options Doric columns at
the doorway of the building .These columns are
grooved with none decoration on the highest and
are flush with the ground
The white house within the Washington DC has been the official residence
of the president of the U.S since 1800. George Washington (America’s 1st
president) selected the positioning for the White House in 1791, following
a contest for the look of the presidents’ new mansion .Irishman James
Hoban was chosen as the architect. The white house is the foremost noted
governmental building to include Roman architectural influences.
Archt. Hoban was galvanized by the style of architecture of the Greek and
Roman era also as the Renaissance – era. The development was under
taken for the most part by an enslaved and free African –American
workforce. In 1814 the invasion by the British destroyed the inside and also
the roof and was once more restored overseen by Archt.Hoban. The white
house is currently a national heritage site closely-held by the national park
services.
The complex include: govt. Residence, West Wing, East Wing, the
Eisenhower, govt. workplace building , guest residence( solon House ) , six
stories contain 132 rooms , that’s used as offices and accommodation for
guests from all around the world .
The roman column style and arches on the outside of the building strongly
show the Roman influence on the White House
