2. PART I: LOC AND EXAM OF GEO-POLITICS.
PART II: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RAMIFICATIONS.
PART III: DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL STRUCTURE.
PART IV: ECONOMIC POLICIES AND INDUSTRIAL
POTENTIAL.

4. LOC AND EXAM OF GEOSTRAT
SIGNIFICANCE

5. 9.6 MILLION SQ KMS
4900 KMS
3000 KMS

6. BOUNDARIES & COASTLINE
AFGANISTAN
MOREKMS 2000COASTLINE
14,500 THAN OF KMS OF LAND
21,000 KMS OF IS DISPUTED
FRONTIER
LAND FRONTIER
PS
S G
EF ND
RE A
D ISL
AN 00
50

7. RESOURCES
• PETROLIUM
 MINERAL RESOURCES
 COAL
• TWO MILLION BRLS PER
 MORE THAN 140 TYPES
 RES OF 44 MILLION TONS
DAY
 IRON RES OF 44 MILLION
• 20 TRILLION BRLS AS RES
TONS
• 100 BILLION BRLS OF
OFFSHORE RES

8. TOPOGRAPHY
AL RT
TA SE
TIEN SHAN I DE
BI
TARIM BASIN
TURFAN DEPRESSION GO
TAKLA MAKAN
KUNLUN DENSELY
32% OF AREA IS MOUNTAINS
YPOPULATED
AND LOAM
TIBET PLATEAU CANYONS
HI M SOIL LOWLANDS
ALA
YAS PLATEAU
AL
IC T
OP AS
TR CO
SE

9. DRAINAGE AND RIVERS
• GRND IS SLOPING WEST TO EAST
• RIVERS
• MORE THAN 26 LAKH MILLION CUBIC
METERS OF WATER FLOW
– YANGTSE
– YELLOW
– AMUR
– TSANG PO
 MOST RIVER ARE USED FOR TPT & COMN

10. CLIMATE
• GREAT VARIANCE FROM PLACE TO
PLACE
• REGIONAL SEASONS
• WINTER WINDS FROM SIBERIA
• SUMMER WINDS FROM SOUTH CHINA
SEA
• DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOONS

11. COMMUNICATIONS
• ROADS
• MORE THAN ONE MILLION KMS OF
RDS
• RDS ARE UNSURFACED IN OUTER
REGIONS
• RLYS
• 50,000 KMS OF RLY TR CONC IN
EASTERN PART
• ELECTRIFICATION IS UNDER
PROGRESS

12. COMMUNICATIONS
 WATERWAYS
• 1/3rd OF INTERNAL FRIEGHT IS
BY WATERWAYS
• GRAND CANAL FROM BEIJING
TO HANGCHOW
• MISC
• GREAT MAJORITY STILL USE
BYCYCLES

14. SINO – RUSSIAN
REGION
FROM PAMIR KNOT TO
VLADIVOSTOK ON THE PACIFIC
COAST.
IT INCL :
SINGKIANG AREA.
MONGOLIAN BORDER.
MANCHURIA.

15. •3000 KMs OF BORDER WITH
RUSSIA.
• FRONTIERS WITH INDIA,
SINKIANG
POK, AFGHANISTAN AND
MONGOLIA
•KHUNJERAB PASS - VITAL
FOR MOV FROM SINGKIANG
CHINA
TO POK ALONG KARAKORAM
HIGHWAY.
•KASHGAR - AN IMP COMN
CENTRE.

16. MONGOLIA
SHORTEST ROUTE
FOR RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE.
TRN - OPEN & PARTIALLY
DESERT.

17. MANCHURIA
DIFFERENCES WITH RUSSIA ON
THE ALIGNMENT OF BORDER.
POTENTIAL FOR A BASE TO CUT
OFF EASTERN SEA BD OF RUSSIA.

18. SOCIAL
social CULTURAL
cultural
RAMIFICATION

19. ETHNIC
DIVISIONS
HAN CHINESE SOCIETY
MULTI-ETHNIC OFFICIAL POLICY
REPRESENTATION OF EVERY
MINORITY NATIONALITY IN
NATIONAL PEOPLE’S CONGRESS
5 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS AND 75
AUTONOMOUS COUNTIES
ETHNIC TENSION

20. •RELIGION
•ORGANISATION OF THE SOCIETY
•WORK PLACE--STATE v/s
COLLECTIVES

21. URBAN-RURAL DISTINCTIONS
L
E
G
A
L
D
I
S
T
I
N
C
T
I
O
N

22. CHINESE CULTURE
•TORTUOUS DEVELOPMENT
•LITERATURE
• OPERA & THEATRE
• MUSIC

23. PRESENT DAY
ATMOSPHERE
•LOSS OF IDEALISM
•EASY LIFESTYLE OF THE PEOPLE
•THE FORBIDDEN CITY
•THE LIVING STANDARDS

26. • TAONISM
• LEGALISM
• CONFUCIANISM

27. THE CENTRAL NATIONAL
CONGRESS
ORGANISATION OF
PROVINCES AND
AUTONOMOUS REGION
BASIC LEVEL
ORGANISATION

30. • ONE MAN RULE.
• BUREAUCRATIC
SYSTEM.
• LEGITIMACY.

31. OPENING CHINA TO
WESTERN WORLD
ALLOWING FOREIGN
INVESTORS
CHINESE NATIONALS INTO
WESTERN WORLD
POPULAR POLICIES
CHANGE IN ECONOMIC
POLICIES

33. ECONOMIC P OLICIES
AND
INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL

34. GEN NATUTRE OF
ECONOMY
 AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALIST
ECONOMY SINCE 1949.
 INSTRUMENT OF PRODUCTION HAS BEEN
STATE OWNED.
 GOVT DETERMINED ECONOMIC GOALS
AND CONT PROD PROCESS.
 MOB OF RESOURCES TO INCR NATIONAL
ECONOMIC OUTPUT.

35. MODERNISATION
OF ECONOMY
 BASED ON MODERNISATION
PROGRAM BT ZHOU ENLAI IN
1975.
 STARTED UNDER HUA GUO-FENG
AND DENG XIAOPING.

36. THE FOUR
MODERNIZATION
S

39. AGRICULTURE
PEASANTS ALLOCATED
OWN PLOTS AFTER
1978.
LED TO AN INCR IN
AGRICULTURAL PROD.
FIRST CLEAR SUCCESS.

40. AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
2000 $ 124.55 BILLION
1978
$ 12.34 BILLION

42. INDUSTRY
ALL ROUND GROWTH FROM 1980
ONWARDS.
PROD INCR BY 600%.
ELECTRICITY GEN INCR BY
300%.
STEEL PROD ROSE BY 250%.
COAL PROD UP BY 200%.

43. S NCE AND TE NOL
CIE CH OGY
LOSS OF ONE GENERATION OF
SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS.
PEOPLE EDUCATED FROM WEST
ENCOURAGED TO TEACH IN UNIV.
5000 NEW INSTITUTES WERE
OPENED BY GOVT AND WITH MIL
SP.

44. ECONOMY IN
1990’s
GREATEST PERIOD OF CHINESE
ECONOMY.
STEP UP AGRI PROD ,
STRENGTHEN INDUSTRY AND
ACCELERATE DEVP OF SCI &
TECN AND EDN.
FLY PLG, ENVIRON PROT &
NARROW INCOME GAP.

45. ECONOMY IN
1990’s
ADOPTION OF
“CONSTRUCTION OF
SOCIALIST MKT ECONOMY”.
SOE’s CORPORATISED AND
MADE MORE COMPETITIVE.
TWO THIRD SOE’s TURNED
INTO JT STK COYS.

46. ECONOMY IN 1990’s
LESS PROFITABLE SOE’s
MADE BANKRUPT.
VIGOROUS PUSH OF
COMPETITIVENESS.

47. EXTERNAL CAPITAL INFLOW
$ 19.3 BILLION
1993
$ 2.4 BILLION
1980

48. PROBLEMS
• IDEOLOGICAL
CONTRADICTIONS.
• REGIONAL
IMBALANCES.
• INFLATION.

49. PROBLEMS
BUDGET DISPARITY
AND DEFICIT.
UNEMPLOYMENT.
FISCAL MGMT.

50. PROBLEMS
POOR
PERFORMANCE OF
SOE’s.
INFRASTRUCTURE
BOTTLENECKS.
POLITICAL
PATRONAGE.

51. ECONOMY
CHINA IS CALLED AN
AWAKENED DRAGON
AND A LATE RISER.
LOW CAPITAL, STATE
OWNERSHIP AND CENT CONT
OVER PLG & FIN SYS.

52. ECONOMY
• FAILED TO ENTER THE ERA OF
MODERN ECONOMIC GROWTH
UNTIL 1949.
• INCREASED RAPIDLY AFTER
1949.
• CHANGED OVER TO OPEN MKT
SYS AFTER 1957.

53. ECONOMY
OPEN MKT SYS MIRACLE?
INCR IN AGRICULTURAL PROD.
PERIOD OF THE “THE GREAT
LEAP FORWARD”.

54. ECONOMY
• PVT OWNERSHIP BROUGHT
UNDER STATE CONT.
• GROWTH RATE OF 9%.
• FOREIGN TRADE PROCEDURES
EASED FROM 1957 ONWARDS.

55. ECONOMY
LIVING STDS IMPROVED.
REVIVAL OF EDN SYS.
ADOPTION OF FOREIGN TECH.
DISPERSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
ENTERPRISES.

56. FOUR POINT MODERNISATION
PROGRAMME
• AGRICULTURE.
• INDUSTRY.
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
• ARMED FORCES.

59. CULTURAL CHANGES
•INCREASED INFLUENCE OF
RELIGION.
•VISIBLE IMPACT OF WESTERN
CULTURE.

60. •OPENNESS IN POPULATION.
•BREAK - UP OF FAMILY
BONDS & TENSION IN
CHINESE SOCIETY.

61. POLITICS & DEMOCRACY
• CPC’S ABILITY TO ENFORCE
DECISION IS LIKELY TO DIMINISH.
• DEMOCRACY LIKELY TO GAIN
MORE GRND.
• ONE COUNTRY TWO SYSTEM
CONCEPT

62. ECONOMY
• SEC LARGEST ECONOMIC
POWER IN NEXT 15 YRs.
• PURSUIT OF REFORMS &
OPEN - MARKET POLICY.
• FLOODING OF WORLD
MARKET WITH CHINESE
GOODS.

63. •FULLY DEVP
CORPORATE SECT.
•DOUBLING OF GNP.
•SUSTAINED GROWTH
RATE OF 6 - 8 %.

64. ENERGY AND MINERAL
RESOURCES
• PETROLEUM. TOP THREE
NATIONS IN THE WORLD.
• MINERALS. LARGEST
PRODUCER OF IRON
ORE,URANIUM AND STEEL.

65. FOREIGN POLICY
• MODERATE FOREIGN POLICY.
• BY 2020 IN POSITION FOR GLOBAL
POWER STATUS.
• USE DIPLOMACY PLUS MODERN,
MIGHTY PLA TO STRENGTHEN
CLAIM TO SOUTH CHINA SEA.
• DEVP OF SOUND ECONOMIC BASE.