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Τόμος 30
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Ιούλιος-Αύγουστος-Σεπτέμβριος 2023
Έκδοση της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Μελέτης Μεταβολισμού των Οστών (ΕΕΜΜΟ)
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(2023) 30 (3): 171-178
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Prekas E. Περιοδικό Οστούν 30(3) 2023 171-178.pdf

  • 1. Τόμος 30 Τεύχος 3 Ιούλιος-Αύγουστος-Σεπτέμβριος 2023 Έκδοση της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Μελέτης Μεταβολισμού των Οστών (ΕΕΜΜΟ)
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  • 9. –¡Á­º±Â 178žÁ½˻ #O,5RQTVU/GF $GEGTTQ FG $GPIQC 8CNNGLQ 4 .QUC +INGUKCU /' 4QFTíIWG 5CP 2TCFQU (TWVQU ,% 5CNXCFQTGU (WGPVGU 2 %JKEJCTTQ ,. 2NCPVCT RTGUUWTGUKPEJKNFTGPYKVJCPFYKVJQWV5GXGTkU FKUGCUG , #O 2QFKCVT /GF #UUQE /E5YGGPG[54GGF.(9GCTKPI5%8GTVKECN ITQWPF TGCEVKQP HQTEGU FWTKPI ICKV KP EJKNFTGP YKVJ CPF YKVJQWV ECNECPGCN CRQRJ[UKVKU )CKV 2QUVWTG $GEGTTQFG$GPIQC8CNNGLQ 4 .QUC+INGUKCU /' 4QFTKIWG5CP 5VCVKE CPF [PCOKE 2NCPVCT2TGUUWTGUKP%JKNFTGP9KVJCPF9KVJQWV 5GXGTKUGCUG#%CUG%QPVTQN5VWF[2J[UKECN 6JGTCR[ 4QFTíIWG5CP $GEGTTQFG$GPIQC8CNNGLQ 4 .óRG.óRG %CNXQ.QDQ % /CTVíPG ,KOÙPG '/ 2GTG$QCN ' .QUC+INGUKCU /' 2CNQOQ.óRG25NQYXGNQEKV[QHVJGEGPVGTQH RTGUUWTGCPFJKIJJGGNRTGUUWTGUOC[KPETGCUG VJGTKUMQH5GXGTkUFKUGCUGCECUGEQPVTQNUVWF[ $/%2GFKCVTKEUFQKQTI U (CTGU /; 5CNJCD *# -JCEJHG ** (CTGU , *CKFCT4/WUJCTTCHKGJ75GXGTkUKUGCUGQH VJG 2GFKCVTKE 2QRWNCVKQP %NKPKECN 2CVJQNQIKE CPF 6JGTCRGWVKE %QPUKFGTCVKQPU %NKPKECN /GFKEKPG4GUGCTEJ ,COGU #/ 9KNNKCOU %/ *CKPGU 62 'HHGEVKXGPGUUQHKPVGTXGPVKQPUKPTGFWEKPIRCKP CPFOCKPVCKPKPIRJ[UKECNCEVKXKV[KPEJKNFTGPCPF CFQNGUEGPVUYKVJECNECPGCNCRQRJ[UKVKU 5GXGTkU FKUGCUG CU[UVGOCVKETGXKGY,(QQV#PMNG4GU FQK %CTEKC %4 /CTVKP 4. *QWEM , 9WMKEJ - #EJKNNGU RCKP UVKHHPGUU CPF OWUENG RQYGT FGHKEKVU #EJKNNGU VGPFQPKVKU , 1TVJQR 5RQTVU 2J[U6JGT ## 1k0GKNN 5 9CVUQP 2, $CTT[ 5 9*; #4' '%%'064+% ':'4%+5'5 '(('%6+8' (14 #%*+..'56'0+012#6*;!+PV,5RQTVU2J[U 6JGT -W[WEW ' )ãNGPØ $ $KØGT * 'TFKN / #UUGUUOGPV QH VJG MKPGUKQVJGTCR[kU GHHKECE[ KP OCNG CVJNGVGU YKVJ ECNECPGCN CRQRJ[UKVKU , 1TVJQR5WTI4GU *WPV)%5VQYGNN6#NPYKEM)/'XCPU5#TEJ VCRKPICUCU[ORVQOCVKEVTGCVOGPVKPRCVKGPVU YKVJ 5GXGTkU FKUGCUG C OWNVKRNG ECUG UGTKGU 6JG(QQV 2GTJCOTG 5 ,CPUQP 5 0QTNKP 4 -N×UUDQ / 5GXGTkUKPLWT[VTGCVOGPVYKVJKPUQNGURTQXKFGU GHHGEVKXG RCKP TGNKGH 5ECPF , /GF 5EK 5RQTVU ’½¬ºÄ·Ã·±ÀÌ¢­ÀÀ±Â›É½Ãı½Ä¯½¿ÂJVVRU MQUVCUTGRRCUITRQPQURVGTPC 5GXGTš±½¿Å±Á¯¿Å ’½¬ºÄ·Ã· ±ÀÌ #OGTKECP #ECFGO[ QH 2GFKCVTKEU 5GXGTkU KUGCUG JVVRUYYY CCRQTIINQDCNCUUGVURWDNKECVKQPUEQ[C 5GXGTUFKUGCUGRFHš±½¿Å±Á¯¿Å