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Atoms and the Nature of Matter: A Concise History of Atomic Structure and Discovery
- 1. ATOMS AND THE NATURE OF THE MATTER
- 5. ATOM PROTONS: Positively charged particles in the nucleus NEUTRONS: Chargeless Particles in the nucleus ELECTRONS: Negatively charged particles on the certain energy levels around the nucleus
- 14. Size of Nucleus If the nucleus were “ 1 m ” in diameter, the atom would be 1.5 miles in diameter .
- 16. He is a noble gas. C is a solid substance which has relatively different properties than He.
- 17. WHY THEY ARE DIFFERENT ALLTOUGH THEY CONTAIN THE SAME PARTICLES ?
- 28. A Phytochemical in a Matrix The ascorbic acid molecule is exactly the same in Oranges or Violets, but is embedded in very different chemical matrices
- 29. Isobutylamides
Editor's Notes
- Illustrations: L: Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea R: Digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside (cardiac glycosides are derivatives of steroids)
- Illustrations: L: Orange, Citrus sinensis M: Violet, Viola spp. R: Ascorbic acid (reduced form; ascorbic acid is a type of organic acid)
- Illustrations: TL: Echinacea purpurea flower bud TR: Echinacea purpurea , full bloom [NGS/SWSBM] BL: an isobutylamide from Echinacea Spotlight: unusual triple carbon-carbon bonds make a straight region in the molecule BR: A line drawing of the same molecule Echinacea has ~ 12 different alkamides (isobutylamides are one type of alkylamide). High levels of alkamides accumulate in the roots & flowers of E. purpurea & E. angustifolia .
- Illustrations: L: Alliin, a cysteine sulfoxide & precursor of allicin M: Alliinase, the enzyme which transforms alliin into allicin R: Allicin, a thiosulfinate See: www.herbalchem.net (Garlic pages are in the archives) for detailed information on Garlic chemistry.
- Illustrations: L: Red Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata subgroup rubra M: Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium R: Onions, Allium cepa
- Illustrations: L: Pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana ) blossoms R: Betanidin, the magenta pigment molecule in Poke berries Betalains occur only in the order Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanins. Betalains are a group of nitrogenous water-soluble pigments, derived from tyrosine via L-Dopa. Some authors classify them not as alkaloids, but as amino acid derivatives. There are two groups of betalains: the red/purple betacyanins & the yellow betaxanthins. They generally occur as glycosides, & may be complexed with phenylpropanoids. Phytolacca americana is also known as Poke or Pokeweed.
- Illustrations: TR: Hawthorne ( Crataegus spp.) [NGS/SWSBM] BR: Hawthorne berries Hyperin (aka hyperoside; quercetin-3-galactoside) is also found in St. Johnswort ( Hypericum perforatum ). It is a type of flavonol glycoside, which is a type of flavonoid, which is a type of polyphenol.