8. ORIGIN OF CHILLI
Chilli peppers originated in Mexico. After the
Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chilli pepper
spread around the world, used for both food and
traditional medicine.
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10. Floral Biology Of Chilli
• Floral type
• Flower is ebracteate actinomorphic, pedicellate, bisexual and
hypogynous. Calyx is capanulate, sepals usually five gamosepalous,
and is shorter than fruit. Corolla is bell shaped rotate 5 to 6 lobed
twisted in bud.
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11. Floral Biology Of Chilli
• Anthesis period
• Anthesis in chilli occurs between 6.00 and 9.00 hr. Flower remains
open for 2 to 3 days, receptivity of stigma was the highest at the day
of flower anthesis
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12. Floral Biology Of Chilli
• Pollination time
• In order to hand pollinate our pepper plants, until the afternoon
(between noon and 3 p.m.) when the pollen is at its peak. We should
use a tiny artist's paintbrush (or even a cotton swab) to gently
transfer the pollen from flower to flower.
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14. Varieties
In Bangladesh:
Local variety (80.8%)
Upshi, Magura morich, Atowari, Bindu morich, Bagura morich, Dhani, Halda,
Balijuri, Shikarpuri etc are famous in a particular region.
Bari and Bina developed – BARI morich-1, BARI morich-2, BARI morich-3, Binamorich-
1, Binamorich-2 varieties.
Hybrid variety (15.31%) - Hot master, Sonic, Bizlee plus, Premium, Jhilik are most
popular.
There are about 4,000 varieties of chili in the world.
BARI morich-3
15. Worldwide:
•Bird's Eye Chili (Africa)
•Piri Piri Chili (Spain, Portugal)
• Bhut Jolokia Chili (Assam)
•Pepperoni Lombardo(Italy)
•Jalapeno Chili Variety (Mexico)
•Carolina Reaper Chili (USA)
•Kashmiri chili (Kashmir) etc.
Varieties
Bhut Jolokia
Jalapeno Chili
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16. CAROLINA REAPER: HOTTEST
PEPPER IN THE WORLD
Scoville Heat Units: 1,400,000 – 2,200,000 SHU
Cross Between:
Bhut Jolokia (Ghost pepper) X Sweet habanero
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17. Species
• Capsicum annum
• Capsicum campylopodium
• Capsicum baccatum
• Capsicum frutescens
• Capsicum eximium
• Capsicum parvifolium
• Capsicum pubescens
• Capsicum chacoense
• Capsicum chinese
Capsicum annum Capsicum frutescens
Bell pepper 17
23. Area & Production
In Bangladesh the crop is grown in an area of about
• 8 lac 69 thousand 514 acre
Annual production amounts to about
• 2.5 lac ton.
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Source: AIS
26. Breeder's Challenges
• Pungency
• Flavor (In Europe)
• Disease resistance
• Improved quality
• Varieties for a new season
• High yield, Size and Color
(Asian region)
(Specially viral and bacterial wilt disease)
(Based on consumer preference, local demand)
(For example: Summer variety which can
tolerate hot and humid condition)
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28. Breeding Methods
The following are the methods of breeding self-pollinated crops plants.
1. Introduction
2. Selection
a) Mass selection
b) Pure line selection
3. Pedigree Method
4. Bulk Method
5. Single Seed Descent Method.
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30. Mass selection
Specifically, mass selection is a breeding method where the
decision to select a plant as a parent of the next generation is
based on the performance of that plant.
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31. First
year
Second
year
Third to
fifth year
Sixth
year
i. From a variable population, 200-2000 plants with similar
but desirable traits are selected.
ii. The seed from selected plant are composited
i. The composited seed is planted in a preliminary yield trial
along with standard checks
ii. Phenotype of the selected population is clearly evaluated
i. Promising selections are evaluated in cooperated yield
trials at several locations
ii. It out standing raised as a new variety.
Seed multiplication for distribution
Figure: Mass selection in self-pollinated crops for developing new varieties 31
32. RECURRENT SELECTION
Recurrent selection is defined as reselection of
generation after generation,with intermating of
selected plant to produce the population for the
next cycle of selection.
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33. WHY WE USE IT?
This is useful for the characters that can be
measureable on individual and have a high heritability.
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35. PURELINE SELECTION
• Pure-line selection involves selecting and breeding progeny from
superior organisms for a number of generations until a pure line of
organisms with only the desired characteristics has been established.
• Pureline selection has been the most commonly used method of
improvement of self-pollinated crops.
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37. PEDIGREE METHOD
• Pedigree breeding is a method of genetic improvement of self-
pollinated species in which superior genotypes are selected from
segregating generations and proper records of the ancestry of selected
plants are maintained in each generation.
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41. SINGLE SEED DESCENT (SSD)
• A breeding procedure used with segregating
population of self pollinated crops in which plants
are advanced by single seed from one generation
to next is called SSD.
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45. 45
HETEROSIS BREEDING
•Heterosis may be defined as the superiority of an F1 hybrid over both
of its parents in terms of yield or some other character.
47. Use of Heterosis in Chilli Breeding
• Development of hybrid.
• Can be used in seed production
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Effects of Heterosis on Chilli
•Increase yield.
•Increase reproductive ability.
•Better Quality.
•Increase in size and general vigor.
•Earlier Flowering and maturity.
•Greater Adaptability.
•Faster Growth Rate.
•Increase in Number of Plant Parts.
48. WHAT IS MOLECULAR BREEDING
• Refers to the technique of using DNA markers that are tightly linked
to phenotypic traits to assist in a selection scheme for a particular
breeding objectives.
MARKER:
• Its an indicator that associated with a certain trait of an organism.
Genetic Marker:
• It’s a gene or DNA sequence with a known chromosome location
controlling a particular gene or trait.
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49. Why MOLECULAR MARKERS?
• Don’t depends on environment.
• Offers improved selection Strategies in breeding.
• It is easily accessible
• Safe technology breeding method
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50. What is Plant Tissue Culture
• Plant Tissue Culture is a technique growing plant cells, tissues,
organs or seeds or other plant parts in a sterile environment on a
nutrient medium.
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51. Breeding practices based on native and global
perspective
Native variety:
Developed varieties Breeding practice
BARI Morich-1 Introduced (origin- Srilanka)
BARI Morich-2 Selection
Binamorich-1 Introduced
Binamorich-2 Introduced
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52. Breeding practices based on native and global
perspective
Global practices :
Breeding practices Developed varieties
Pureline selection G-1, G-2,G-3, G-4, Seema,
Malkapuri, Patna rod
Pedigree method Punjab lal, Pusa Jawala, K2,
Jawahar 218, Andhra Jyoti
Mutation breeding MDU-1
Mass selection UFPB-1, UFPB-2
Male sterility CH-27,Arka Sweta, Arka Harita
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53. A CHILLI BREEDING ACTIVITY
Heterosis has been widely applied to a large number of crop species for their
improvement to increase yield, quality adaptibility.
A research on this regard has been conductet at Vegetable Research Farm,
Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
India.
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54. A CHILLI BREEDING ACTIVITY
Research Title: IMPROVING FRUIT TRAITS IN CHILLI PEPPER
THROUGH HETEROSIS BREEDING
Experimental Material: 28 hybrid F1, 8 parental lines, 4 checks were
transplanted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Key Findings: the cross combination SD 463 x PP 403 have been identified
as promising hybrid for early and total yield with other fruit traits.
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55. Constraints
• GERMPLASM: Compare to many other countries we are quite lag
behind in germplasm collection and conservation.
• FUNDING: We don’t have sufficient fundings to operate different
breeding programs.
• LACK OF FACILITIES
• LACK OF SKILLED MAN POWER
• TIME CONSUMING
• BREEDERS DISSAPOINTMENT
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56. Recommendations
• More germplasm centers should be established.
• The genetic variability in local species can be utilized.
• Establishment of molecular lab with sufficient fascilities is a must.
• Integration of traditional and molecular techniques could provide good results.
• Fundings should be arranged.
• Heterosis breeding can be applied as an effective tool to improve the important
economic traits of Capsicum.
• Creating more job facilities in this sector can ensure more involvement of
students in plant breeding program.
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57. Opportunities in chilli breeding
• Chilli has insecticidal properties. Capsaicin is applied to plant folliage
to repel insect pests, not kill them.
• Capsaicin is currently use in topical form for postheptic neuralgia.
• Ornamental peppers have had greater prominance and good acceptance by
consumer market.
• If breeders set their objectives taking into account local consumption as well these
uses, we could grab international market in near future.
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