Involuntary Transfers Essay

Involuntary Transfers Essay
Involuntary transfers of students to alternative educational placements for disciplinary reasons generally do not involve denial of public education, but
they may implicate protected liberty interests. Legal challenges to the use of disciplinary transfers have addressed primarily the adequacy of the
procedures followed. Recognizing that students do not have an inherent right to attend a given school, some courts nonetheless have held that pupils
facing involuntary reassignment are entitled to minimal due process if such transfers are the result of misbehavior or if required by school board
policy. A Pennsylvania federal district court ruled that transfers for disciplinary reasons affected liberty interests of sufficient magnitude to require
procedural due process. Even though such transfers involved comparable schools, the court reasoned that the transfer carried with it a stigma and thus
implicated a protected liberty right. Noting that the transfer of a student "during a school year from a familiar school to a strange and possibly more
distant school would be a terrifying experience," the court concluded that such transfers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many states have banned educators' use of corporal punishment either by law or state regulation. In 1971, only one state prohibited corporal
punishment; as of 2017, twenty–eight states and D.C. proscribed its use. Generally, when state law and school board policy permit corporal
punishment, courts have upheld its reasonable administration and have placed the burden on the aggrieved students to prove otherwise. In evaluating
the reasonableness of a teacher's actions in administering corporal punishment, courts have assessed the child's age, maturity, and past behavior; the
nature of the offense; the instrument used; any evidence of lasting harm to the child; and the motivation of the person inflicting the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Goss V. Lopez (1975)
Due process is the legal requirement of anyone to be treated fairly by others in an authoritative position as stated in the Fourteenth Amendment. This
applies to everything including schools. As a student, I agree that some may feel disrespected by the schools policies and administration. Students
rights issues have evolved over the years with the help of many court cases throughout the late 70's into the early 2000's, but can schools treat
students unfairly according to the law? The first case I studied is Goss v. Lopez (1975). In the Goss v. Lopez case nine Ohio Appellee high school
students were suspended for 10 days. They were suspended for misconduct and suspended without a hearing, which is unconstitutional and against Ohio
state law. Eventually the principle was challenged and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court. They... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wright (1977). In this case a James Ingraham, a junior at a nearby Florida high school, was harshly punished by the principle and assistant principle
after classroom misbehavior. Ingraham was spanked twenty times with a wooden bat and advised by his doctor to stay home and recover from his
injuries, but he knew he had to do something. Himself and another student, who had also been beaten, filled a complaint against the school knowing it
violated their due process rights and the Eight Amendment. The case was eventually brought up to the Supreme Court and voted 5–4. The Justices'
said that Eighth Amendment was intended for people facing a crime and not school students. Justice White says "The disciplinarian need only take a
few minutes to give the student 'notice of the charge against him and, if he denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an
opportunity to present his side of the story" (White). Even though the case did not end in favor of the standouts it can still teach us a lesson that you
have to fight for what you think is right and that everything happens for a

Ethical Responsiveness Of The Criminal Justice System
Explain how the criminal justice system (Cops, Courts, or Corrections) is establishing and maintaining ethical
standards to address unethical behaviors.
The criminal justice system is comprised of three major institutions which process a case from inception,
through trial, to punishment. Though a number of rights derived from the Constitution protect the accused from
abuses and overreaching from law enforcement officer. Much like the law enforcement stage of a case, there are
dozens of restrictions on the court's ability to prosecute a case, including the right to confront one's accusers, the
right against incriminating one's self. If the defendant is convicted and the charges merit jail time, they will be sent to ... Show more content on
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If Prison is the sentence then the felon goes to prison and that is where the Correctional Officer comes in
at.
Correctional Officer: As you know the police officer is with the felon for maybe a hour and they are done.
Correctional Officers are the unknown people to criminal justice. However, barriers to effective problem solving can
develop in almost any situation (Welsh & Harris, 2004). As stated in one of the peer–revised articles, we compared
the punitiveness of two groups following a manipulation in which participants were either able to cheat on a simple
number–matching task, by taking more money than they rightfully earned, or prevented from doing so on the same

task. One of the most persistent factors affecting ethical decision making is our social structures and social norms.
Many of the factors involved with ethical decision making appear to be cues to social interactions–darkness is
considered a measure of anonymity (Zhong, Bohns, & Gino, 2010). Ethics is a code of values which guides our
choices and actions and determines the purpose and course of our lives. Ethics is the demonstration of character.
Ethics in law enforcement include values, norms, morals, conduct, and integrity. Law enforcement is taught

Criminal Activity and Justice in the American Society...
Title: The Social Problem of Race, Poverty, Punishment
Abstract
Even more than 100 years back, the terrific African American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois stated, "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem
of the color line" (Du Bois, 1999) Racism and racial discrimination, he said, were the main troubles dealing with contemporary society.
Similar can be stated about criminal activity and justice in American society today. Virtually every problem associated with criminal justice problems
includes issues of race and ethnic background, consisting of arrests, sentencing, corrections, participation in criminal offense, and public reliance and
self–confidence in the criminal justice system (Walker, Spohn and Delone, 2012). Some examples of this are included in the paper along with the
recognition of the problem and an alternative solution.
Exactly what is the social problem?
In 2009 the imprisonment ratio for African American men in state and federal jails was 6.7 times more than the ratio for white men (4,749 versus 708,
respectively, per 100,000). The imprisonment rate for Hispanic American men was 2.6 times higher than for white men (1,822 per 100,000). There
were likewise variations in the imprisonment of white and African American females, however not as terrific when it comes to males (BJS, 2010).
A 2010 Arizona law directing regional authorities to examine the migration condition of anybody they presumed to be undocumented developed a
nationwide debate and a

The Tinker Vs. Des Moines Case
United States is one of the few nations that guarantees and protects freedom of expression of its citizens. Freedom of expression is defined as a right
to voice ones beliefs and ideas without any harm. Under the Bill of Rights, the government has no power to restrict these unalienable rights. The First
Amendment is exceedingly important to the liberty and freedom of individuals. It guarantees citizens the ability to express themselves, worship, voice
their opinions, and rally to situations they disapprove of and want to be heard. A great amount of laws and cases pertain to adults and their freedom. It
is often unrealized that adolescents and teenagers endure the same issues in their lives.
The Tinker vs. Des Moines case helped determined and interpret legal rights of young citizens for the first time. A group of students made a decision to
wear black armbands to school to support a peace establishing agreement during the Vietnam War. As a result, the participating students; Mary Beth
Tinker, Christopher Eckhardt, and John Tinker got suspended for their actions (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District).The
school outlawed and attempted to penalize petitioners for a "silent, passive expression of opinion", that didn't cause any commotion (Tinker v. Des
Moines Independent Community School Dist). The parents decided to sue the school for disrespecting the student's constitutional rights of expression.
The court decision was in favor of the students and

Corporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children
Each of the reviews has a different viewpoint on corporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment
in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio–economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of
corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of
corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishment has been looked into by different research
work, there is one common theme every one of them talks about and that is the detrimental effect of corporal punishment on children. Alternative to
corporal punishment is what every one of them recommended.
My perspective on this is that discipline has no gender or color. Childhood development stages are phases every child passes through at one time or
another, almost with the same level of innocent stupidity. Correcting innocent stupidity should not bring any harm to any child. There are other
workable and result oriented alternatives to corporal punishment. With my position as a Mom, I have come to figure out that starting early enough to
apply alternative to corporal punishment yields very positive result. The use of corporal punishment in homes and schools has been widely debated.
Corporal punishment is harmful to children. It could lead to emotional, psychological and physical problems.

U7A1 Supreme Court Cases
U7A1 Supreme Court Cases Supreme Court Case #1: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969) Background: 1965 three students
from Des Moines, Iowa (15 year old John Tinker; his sister, 13 year Mary Beth Tinker; and a friend, 16 year old Christopher Eckhardt), opposing
the Vietnam War came up with a plan to wear black arm bands to their respective schools. The arm bands were to serve the purposes of symbolizing
a protest against the Vietnam War. School officials got wind of the children's protest plans and created a policy that if student showed up at school
wearing black bands would be suspended and unable to return to school until they agreed to follow the "no black arm band" policy. All three children
still chose to wear the black arm bands to school and all three were suspended from school. Issue(s): First Amendment (Freedom of Speech), Fourteenth
Amendment (Due Process) Court Decision(s): The Court ruled in favor of the students. In accordance with the First Amendment, their actions were
constitutional. It was not disruptive, nor did it invade other's rights. However, this did not give unlimited freedom of speech to the students. As long as
they continued the "peaceful" protesting without causing distractions, they could continue. Chief Justice: WARREN Legal Impact of the Decision: The
new "no black arm bands" policy at the schools did not prohibit all political symbols, but rather just singled out the black arm bands used to support no
involvement in

Essay on Corporal Punishment
The deciding factor in the future of corporal punishment is seen in the Ingraham v. Wright Supreme Court case. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth
grade student of Drew Junior High School was one of the many beneficiaries of corporal punishment distributed by Willie Wright, the principal of the
high school. The rationality behind Ingraham's punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher instructions. As a result, his teacher sent
him to the principal office where he bent over the table was given twenty licks with a paddle. The paddling was so severe, according to the Ingraham's
doctor, he needed to miss weeks of school due to hematoma on his buttocks. Defined by Merriam–Webster, a hematoma is clotted blood that forms in a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He continues to say, this can develop to be too expensive and time consuming and that the country is split on this issue... yet we can discern no trend
towards the elimination of corporal punishment by making it so costly (Hyman and Wise, 1979, p. 184).
After a losing battle Ingraham faced, both in the U.S. and State Supreme Court, Principal Wright and his colleagues around the country were able to
continue in practicing physical discipline, even with the new added uncertainty surrounding it. This case increased the awareness of corporal
punishment in Florida and around the country, especially extreme where this level of discipline was displayed in schools. As seen in this trial, the
collaborative effort by the justice departments and their want to stay out of state–based issues, sided with the Florida law and educational system
because they believed that the actions toward Ingraham and Andrews were justifiable on the basis that they were in school and because educators
performed the punishment. Questions that I have developed. The first question is why? Why did the teacher not reprimand the student? Why make the
student miss any class time because he did not respond? Why punish a student because you feel that the student is not going to be late for class? Were
we not taught that late is better than never? More specifically,

Corporal Punishment Is The Best Form Of Parenting
Corporal Punishment Many parents argue whether or not corporal punishment is the best form of parenting. All around America, corporal punishment
is and always has been accepted as the correct way to discipline children. More recently, the practice has been challenged, but despite much research,
many Americans are still not convinced that there is a better way. Unlike drinking milk, smoking, and texting while driving,corporal punishment
remains a silenced public health issue. Corporal punishment should be stopped in all American schools and homes. Not much is known about the
history of treatment of children, but from what is known, it does not seem to reflect any of today's values whatsoever. In ancient Sparta, infants that did
not match the standards were often left to die in the wilderness. At the peak of childhood, seven–year–old male children were trained to be warriors and
survivalists. Female children were also put through training, but instead of fighting, they were placed in a training program to be educated and kept
strong. An annual ritual took place where boys' endurance was tested by whipping them, which occasionally resulted in death. In the Middle Ages,
children were regarded as smaller versions of adults and there was no belief in a childhood. Infants were commonly killed and punishments for older
children were often cruel and terrible; although, the intention was to instill righteous behavior. By 18th century England, childhood was regarded as
innocent, but

Black Athlete
Legislating the Family: Heterosexist Bias in Social Welfare Policy Frameworks Amy Lind University of Virginia Studies in Women and Gender
Program This article addresses the effects of heterosexist bias in social welfare policy frameworks on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)
individuals and families in the United States. It discusses the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), federal deп¬Ѓnitions of family and household, and stereotypes about LGBT individuals. It argues that poor LGBT
individuals and families lack full citizen rights and access to needed social services as a result of these explicit and implicit biases. Key words: Welfare
reform; family... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jones observe (2002: 15). In these ways, institutionalized heterosexuality is central to some of the key motivation(s) behind and design of public policy
frameworks in the United States. By "institutionalized heterosexuality" I am referring to the set of ideas, institutions and relationships that make the
heterosexual family the societal norm, while rendering homosexual/queer families "abnormal" or "deviant" (Ingraham 1999). My queer analysis of
social welfare involves examining how sexuality and gender can be rethought and reorganized in economic and social policy frameworks, theories and
practices. Throughout the article I examine how heterosexuality is assumed to be the natural basis for deп¬Ѓning the family, and by extension, society,
both explicitly (by excluding LGBT people from the analysis and by stigmatizing certain individuals as "non–family" or "anti–family") and implicitly
(by assuming that all people are heterosexual, that marriage is a given and exists only between a traditionally–deп¬Ѓned man and woman, and that all
people п¬Ѓt more or less into traditional gender roles; see Foucault 1978; Fraser and Gordon 1994; Ingraham 1999; Phelan 2001;

Persuasive Speech : Justice Scalia And Justice Breyer
Third Person: Welcome ladies and gentlemen. I thank you all for being present today for a discussion with Justice Scalia and Justice Breyer.
Welcome Justice Scalia and Justice Breyer. Your honors, it is a great honor. Scalia: We thank you for inviting us. Well, shall we begin the discussion?
Third Person: Of course. Today, I bring a topic of corporal punishment at schools. Breyer: Oh. The topic reminds me of the Ingraham v. Wright case in
1977. It was a case brought by an eighth–grade student named James Ingraham who claimed his principal, Willie J. Wright, had violated his Eighth
Amendment and due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment rights. Scalia: I also remember the case. The majority ruled that corporal
punishment did not violate the Eighth Amendment and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because the Framers of the Constitution
did not write the amendment under consideration of students, and the Florida state law permitted corporal punishment. Although both of us were not at
the United States Supreme Court during the case, I agree with the majority. When I hear the case, I look into the history, purpose, tradition, precedent,
consequence, and text. Among those, history, purpose, and text are the most important factors to consider when ruling the case. The Eighth
Amendment was written to protect criminals from 'cruel and unusual punishment'. Although the word, 'criminal' was not written, the content implied
the subject of the amendment to be

The Problems Of School With Student Discipline
According to Webster ethics is defined as: "pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct
or being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession". For this Critical Research
Paper, I decided to focus on the problems that we are having in school with student discipline. Teachers are confronted with many challenges, from
stimulating halfhearted learners to calming or subduing undisciplined students. We as teachers are working with children whose minds are susceptible
to every thought and whim that they are exposed to, teachers need to remember to review their ethics every day. Although it may be easy to
differentiate unethical behavior, what would you do if the things you believe are unethical were the standard for your campus? What, then, is the right
choice? "Perhaps there is no area of school law of more interest to parents and the general public than student discipline" (Wash, Kemerer and
Maniotis).
"The starting point for any discussion of the law and student discipline is "due process," a term that is frequently misunderstood. The expression comes
from the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S Constitution, both of which require that the state provide "due process" to an individual prior to
taking from that person "life, liberty, or property." There are three key concepts necessary to an understanding of the due process clause in our

The Bill Of Rights In Public Schools
Honors U.S History Mr. Irvine The Bill of Rights in Public Schools Every American citizen's basic rights are protected by The Bill of Rights,
however do these same rights apply to students of public schools? Students attending public schools are not protected by the rights guaranteed by
the bill of rights. Aspects of the first amendment, fourth amendment, and eighth amendment do not apply to public schools. American citizen's
right of freedom of expression is a very import part of The Bill of Rights and is deprived of many students in public schools. There are lots of
different situations where students of a public school are deprived of their right of free expression given in the fourth amendment. One example of
this is the case of Engel vs Vitale. This court case took place in 1962 when a parent of a child sued because of a New York State law that required
students to recite a nondenominational prayer every morning, "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and beg Thy blessings
upon us, our teachers, and our country". This law goes against the Establishment of Religion clause of the fourth amendment. Another violation of The
Bill of Rights is the Tinker v. Des Moines case. This case took place in 1969 when two students, MaryBeth Tinker, and her brother wore black
armbands to protest the Vietnam war. However, the result of this action, according to the article, Supreme Court Landmarks from the United States
Courts, " Fearing a disruption, the

New Jersey Vs Tlo Case Study
Legal Research According to New Jersey v. T.L.O Supreme Court Case (1999), a teacher at Piscataway High School in Middlesex County, New Jersey
discovered two 14–year–old freshmen smoking in a lavatory on March 7, 1980. Since smoking in the lavatory was a violation of a school rule, the
teacher took the two girls to the Principal's office, where they met with Theodore Choplick, the Assistant Vice Principal. During questioning, one girl
admitted that has had violated the school rule, while the other girl, T.L.O, denied she smoked at all, much less that she had beensmoking in the lavatory.
Becoming suspicious, Mr. Choplick asked T.L.O to come into his office and to see her purse. Upon opening the purse, Mr. Choplick found a pack of
cigarettes. When he went to grab for the cigarettes he noticed a package of cigarette rolling papers. Suspecting evidence of drug use could be found in
the purse, Mr. Choplick proceeded to look through the purse. The searched discovered a small amount of marijuana, a pipe, a number of empty... Show
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T.L.O, (1999), the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Hudson v. Palmer, and Rawlings v. Kentucky examined that a search of a person is an invasion of privacy
especially when searches are conduced on closed items. However, the Fourth Amendment commands that searches and seizures be reasonable, and
what is reasonable depends on the situation in which the search takes place. Regardless of the child's privacy, it is the administrators and teachers jobs
to maintain discipline within schools. Several cases such as, Terry v. Ohio, United States v. Brignoni
–Ponce, Delaware v. Prouse, United States v.
Martinez–Fuerte, and Camara v. Municipal Court, that recognized the legality of searches and seizures based on reasonable suspicion and not
probable cause. Therefore, the Court decided that the legality of a search of a student should depend simply on the reasonableness of the search and
"justified at its inception" ("New Jersey v. T.L.O,"

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The Incident Between Adrian Peterson And His Four Year Old...
This paper seeks to look at the incident between Adrian Peterson and his four–year–old son from the son's perspective. There are no benefits to hitting a
child and causing such undeserved pain and suffering. There is disagreement as to whether the problems with physical punishment are problems with
frequent and/or harsh punishment or whether problem also exist with infrequent and mild level of punishment. This paper will look at the upbringing
of Peterson and the incident and negative effects this incident had on his son. Parents have a wide discretion to administer reasonable punishment of
their children. A parent may spank a child who has misbehaved without being liable for battery, or he may temporarily order the child to stay in his
room as punishment, yet not be held responsible for false imprisonment.
What does Corporal punishment mean? Murray Straus, a sociologist who has written extensively on the topic, defines corporal punishment as "the use
of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not hurt, for the purpose of correction or control of the child's behavior."
Some common forms of corporal punishment are: spanking, slapping, grabbing or shoving a child roughly or hitting with objects like belt, paddle, or
hair brush.
The debate on parenting is a very interesting topic. There are always two sides to a debate. Parents have viewed spanking and discipline as a key if not
the key to ensure a child can survive and adapt to

The Importance Of Corporal Punishment In Education
Corporal punishment has been practiced for many centuries, available throughout many countries. This form of punishment is thought to be an
effective method for obedience. However, corporal punishment is becoming a growing concern throughout the US. Multiple research reveals that the
obedience gained from corporal punishment lasts only for a short amount of time and may cause other issues, both mentally and physically. Each
individual has a set of ethics that differs from every other person. Due to this difference, there have been many controversies in the use of corporal
punishment. This becomes an issue in multiple environments for teachers and parents alike. As said before, each individual's set of ethics differethical
frame differs and thus each teacher must incorporate their own ethics into the educational environment. Since there are no defining lines for the
degrees of physical pain dealt to the students,#there are line 2017 its called abuse it is up to those in charge to see if the physical punishment was fit for
the act of disobedience. In Asian countries, such as India, corporal punishment is often used for academic reasons, howeverbut western countries, such
as the United States, often incorporate corporal punishment to reinforce the compliance of students. Educators need to reexamine the situation and
gauge the student body's voice.
To understand the complex relation between the educators and students, the ethical frames must be known. According to Ashwini

Tinker Vs Moines Case Study
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District John and Mary Beth Tinker and their friend Chris Eckhardt wore black armbands to school in Des
Moines, Iowa, to protest the war in Vietnam. The student refused to take off armbands and then were suspended. Parent sued the school and said it
was a violation of their First Amendment. On the ruling the Supreme Court sided with the students said As long as an act of expression doesn't
disrupt class work or school activities or invade the rights of others, it's acceptable. Engel v. Vitale In New York they started off with a prayer in the
beginning of school. People didn't like that . The law allowed students to absent themselves from this activity if they found it objectionable. Whether
school–sponsored

Consequences Of PBL Corporal Punishment
PBL Corporal Punishment April 19, 2017, will mark the fortieth anniversary of the historic Ingraham v. Wright ruling. Although perhaps not as
well–known as other Supreme Court cases such, as Marbury v. Madison (which will forever be tattooed on any U.S. History student's brain), it is still
a milestone in America's past, one whose repercussions echo to this day.Ingraham v. Wrightconcluded that corporal punishment in schools was not a
violation of a student's constitutional rights, as James Ingraham, a student whose severe punishment necessitated medical attention, had proposed
(Oluwole). In the end, the judge adhered to this American tradition by defending it as reasonable, not excessive, and by allowing it to continue with
only a few regulations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wright case. Forty years since the United States, the same country whose constitution protects its citizen from cruel and unusual punishment, defended
physical aggression against children. It's been forty years, and many things have changed: the Iron Curtain fell, Britney Spears had her iconic mental
breakdown, and (thankfully) parachute pants went out of style. However, corporal punishment has continued to be practiced in thousands of schools,
despite innumerable case studies, experiments, and testimonies that deny its validity. Corporal punishment should stop being practiced in schools
because it does not fix behavioral issues and because it leaves lasting physical and emotional scars on a child. It is a relic of a different era, a method
that has been tried and that has failed. Why our society continues to implement this unqualified method astonishes not only American citizens, but
nations across the world. America, you laud yourself on your equality, your fairness, your haven for the oppressed and beaten down. However, both
allow and defend unconstitutional, cruel punishment in you schools, where your children spend their days. It is time to end this practice, if not for the
morality of the situation, but for the cost it places on your forward

Massucco 2. Mary Massucco. Professor Derosa. Pos4603 вЂ“
Massucco 2 Mary Massucco Professor Derosa POS4603 – Final Paper 02 May 2017 Hamilton 's #78 The Federalist Papers are an insight into the
federal court system of the United States through the interpretation of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Through their understanding
of the federal court system, we are aided in making our own connections and analysis ' to better understand how the system works. More specifically,
in Hamilton 's essay #78, he essentially claims that the federal judiciary isn 't given enough authority to properly do their job. He also makes note that
the Supreme Court of the United States should have a substantial amount of power over the US Congress, but only in times when Congress has
threatened the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The case held that congress can create a bank and such laws if they deem them as necessary to the public. The case also saw the understanding that
state laws cannot impede federal laws which have been provided by the Constitution. Furthermore, while states hold the power to tax, they do not
surpass the laws created and allocated in the Constitution. These support Hamilton 's prediction because it concluded that Congress may enact laws
when the laws have a purpose and prove to be a proper solution to an issue. However, though the federal government has ultimate authority, states
are also granted their own powers to carry out within reason. State rights are owned by each separate state instead of by the federal government.
However, in some cases, the federal government must intercede in the state 's affairs. In the case, Strauder v West Virginia a law was in place that
allowed only whites to be placed on jury service. The case required federal intervention which held it as unconstitutional to bar someone from
participating in societal duties merely on the basis of race. However, in Plessy v Ferguson, a man was arrested for refusing to move from the "white
train car" to a "black train car". This case was found constitutional and in the rights of the states. This is due to the state 's demonstrating that the
segregation mentioned in the case was abiding by the "separate but equal" clause, because both cars contained equal accommodations. Therefore,

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