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Spina bifida ppt
1. SPINA BIFIDA
SUB : PEDIATRIC NURSING
UNIT : V CHILD WITH CONGENITAL
DISORDERS
TOPIC : SPINA BIFIDA
BY
P.THIRUNAGALINGA PANDIYAN
M.Sc.,(Child Health Nursing)
2. Introduction
Spina bifida is a condition that the backbone that
protects the spinal cord does not form and close
properly.
This often results in damage to the spinal cord and
nerves.
Spina bifida might cause physical and intellectual
disabilities that range from mild to severe.
3. Definition
Spina bifida (Latin: "split spine") is a developmental
congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the
embryonic neural tube.
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is
usually apparent at birth.
It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD).
Incidence is 1-5 per 1000 live births
4. Causes
The exact cause is unknown
Risk factors are
Consanguinity marriage
Drugs (valproate)
Folic acid deficiency
Exposure to chemicals and radiation during
antenatal period
5. Pathophysiology
The neural plate folds along its central axis to form a neural
groove lined on each side by a neural fold.
The two neural folds fuse together and pinch off to become
the neural tube.
Fusion of the neural folds begins in the middle of the
embryo and moves cranially and caudally and form neural
tube closure during 3 -5 weeks of gestation
Risk factors like folic acid deficiency ,drugs, radiation causes
genetic mutation which may results in abnormal
development and end in neural tube defects
7. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINA BIFIDA
1. Spina Bifida Occulta
2. Spina Bifida Cystica
a. Meningocoele
b. Myelomeningocele
8. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINA BIFIDA
SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA
Spina bifida occulta is the mildest type of spina bifida.
It is sometimes called “hidden” spina bifida. With it, there
is a small gap in the spine, but no opening or sac on the
back.
The spinal cord and the nerves usually are normal.
10. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINA BIFIDA
Spina Bifida Occulta
Isolated laminar defects are seen
The defects is not visible externally
It occurs most frequently in the lumbosacral area
The spinal cord is usually normal
11. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINA BIFIDA
SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA
Spina bifida cystica classified into two
a . Meningocele
b. Meningomyelocele
12. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINA BIFIDA
A.MENINGOCOELE
It is condition that the meninges herniates through
the gap in the spine.
This creates a sac filled with fluid (called a
Meningocoele) on the baby’s back.
There’s usually little or no nerve damage
The sac containing meninges and CSF
14. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINA BIFIDA
B.MYELOMENINGOCELE
It is condition that the meninges herniates
through the gap in the spine with nerves.
There’s usually with nerve damage
The sac containing meninges and CSF and
nerves
18. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Spina Bifida Occulta
Frequently no observable manifestations
May be associated with one or more cutaneous
manifestations
Skin depression, port wine angiomatous nevi,dark tufts
of hair ,soft subcutaneous lyphoma
Foot weakness
Bowel and bladder sphincter disturbances
19. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Spina Bifida Cystica
Sensory disturbances
Flaccid (weakness)
Partial paralysis of lower extremities
Overflow incontinence with constant dribbling of
urine
Hydrocephalus, lack of bowel control
20. Diagnosis
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) test.
a sample of the mother's blood is drawn and tested for alpha-
fetoprotein abnormally high levels of AFP suggest that the baby has a
neural tube defect.
Ultrasound
Fetal ultrasound is the most accurate method to diagnose spina bifida
Investigations such as X-ray, MRI, or CT, to get a clearer view of the
baby’s spine and the bones in the back.
21. MANAGEMENT
Surgical correction
The spinal cord and its nerve roots are put back
inside the spine and covered with meninges.
• Management is complicated and should involve a
multidisciplinary team
• Team should include pediatrician, orthopaedic
surgeon, neurologist, physiotherapist etc
23. PREVENTION
Folic acid supplementation
Dietary supplementation with folic acid has been
shown to be helpful in preventing spina bifida .
Sources of folic acid include whole grains, fortified
breakfast cereals, dried beans, leaf vegetables and
fruits.
24. NURSING MANAGEMENT
PREOPERATIVE CARE
Kept flat on his abdomen with a single layer of sterile gauze.
The genitalia and buttocks must be kept clean.
The ankles to be supported with foam rubber pads
Antibiotics must be given as order if infection is suspected.
25. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Emptying the infant’s bladder every 2 hours during the day
and once at night
If evidence of urinary infection occurs culture should be done
to determine the antibiotics.
The infant to be feeding properly .
Records the activity of the legs and the degree of continence
All the vital signs should be taken and recorded.
26. NURSING MANAGEMENT
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
The nurse is responsible for observing Temperature,
Pulse, Respiration, symptoms of shock, abdominal
distention.
Head circumference of the infant must be measured
frequently.
Surgical dressing should be kept clean.
Fluid and electrolyte management
27. NURSING DIAGNOSES
Impaired physical mobility related to neuromuscular impairment
Bowel incontinence related to neuromuscular impairment
Impaired urinary elimination related to neuromuscular impairment
Body image disturbances related to biophysical factors of child
Altered family process related to situational crisis of long term condition
of child
Impaired skin integrity related to skeletal prominence