2. LEARNIG AID
A learning aid is a device like a
chart, diagram or notes, intended
to enhance learning and
retention by the student. They
help children to grasp concepts
more easily when they can see
and touch objects.

3. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
“Audio-Visual Aids are those
tools and devices by the use
of which communication of
ideas between persons and
groups in various teaching-training
situations is helped”

4. TYPES OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
1.Visual Aids 2.Audio Aids 3.Audio-Visual
Aids
 Model  Radio  Film Projectors
 Black Board  Tape Recorder  Videocassettes
 Picture  Headphone  Movies on the Web
 Real Objects  Gramophone  DVD’s

5. C02 IS HEAVIER THAN AIR
Two candels, one longer and one
shorter, are fixed to inside bottom of a
small plastic dish 2 inches apart. A
Small amount of lemon salt and a table
spoon of baking soda(SODIUM BI
CARBONATE) are placed in the
container. Now the candles are lighted.
Water is added in the container with
the help of a dropper. Soon the reaction
starts and CO2 is released. The flame
of the shorter candle is put off. But the
longer candle keeps glowing. CO2
prevails at the bottom of the dish
displacing the air at the boyyomas it is
heaveir.So CO2 does not rise to the
level of the longer candle So it keeps
glowing till it is exhausted.

6. THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE
RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
This is a low cost improvised science
teaching learning aid to
demonstrate that resistance of a
conductor depends on some factors
such as the length, cross sectional
area, nature of the material of the
conductor and temperature. An
insulated wire, a copper wire, flat
nichrome wire and a round
nichrome wire of the same length
are taken. An iron spring that
withstands temperature is also
connected to a 6v bulb in the
circuit. The intensity of the glow of
the bulb indicates the variation in
the resistance .

7. IMPROVISED 3–IN-1 CUP
This is a low cost improvised apparatus to
teach and learn three science concepts in
class room teaching. They are:
1)Water Voltameter (electrolysis of water)
2) Conductivity Apparatus
3) Copper Voltameter
(electroplating)
To a polystyrene empty ice cream cup, a
plastic lid of a wide mouthed glass bottle
is arranged as a base. Two holes are made
at the bottom of the cup. two carbon rods
are removed from used up pen size dry
cells and are inserted through holes as
electrodes to which connectors are
attached. With the help of few
attachments this can be used to
demonstrate that water is made up of
Oxygen and Hydrogen, to identify Ionic
solutions and electroplating.

8. Improvisation
Improvisation comes from Latin word
‘improviso’
Means not seen before.
Improvisation is the ability to
take existing pieces and put them
together in a new combination for a
purpose .The pieces could be bits of
information about a problem .Teachers or
students apply tools or methods to these
pieces in a very flexible manner.

9. Improvisation Examples
 Fruits and electrodes can create electro-chemical
cells.
 Teachers can help students learn about air
pressure through oil cans.
 Students can learn about organic molecules using
clay and toothpicks.
 Use crown bottle tops to heat liquids at lower
temperatures instead of crucibles.