SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
Source:http://bit.ly/VzYPC2
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
The Digital Divide
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
developed vs developing countries
urban vs rural areas
gender
in classrooms
at home
effective vs non-effective use [Yang & Egbert 2004]
teacher skills [Warschauer 2011]
digital natives/ residents [Prensky 2001 /White 2008]
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
The Digital Divide
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
You need the latest technologies to carry out
‘good’ tech-based lessons or activities.
Technology is too expensive to use in EFL
classes in many contexts.
Using technologies effectively requires a
non-traditional approach to teaching.
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Agree or Disagree?
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
National
Institutional
individual
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
English in Action / BBC Janala [ Bangladesh ]
Learn English SMS [Sudan & Libya]
MILLEE [India]
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
National Projects
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Learn English SMS
[ Sudan & Libya ]
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
MILLEE: Cellphones
[ India ]
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
Tablets in schools [ Brazil ]
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Institutional Projects
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
Source:http://goo.gl/x0Imru
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Tablets in Schools
[ Brazil ]
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
Podcasts for taxi drivers
[Turkey]
Skype interviews
[Egypt]
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Individual Projects
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
Source:http://goo.gl/zNdgDv
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Podcasts forTaxi Drivers
[Turkey ]
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Skype Interviews
[ Egypt ]
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
It’s good to know about other
countries. I hope we can do it
with other countries.
We learnt a lot of things
about Argentina & had a
great deal of fun
It was very interesting but I
blamed myself that I haven’t
shared in that interview
She had a
different language
It’s good to know about other
countries. I hope we can do it with
other countries.
We learnt a lot of things
about Argentina & had a
great deal of fun
It was very interesting but I blamed
myself that I haven’t shared in that
interview
She had a different
language
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
start small (one class) & ask your students
establish why (learning aims)
use simple & appropriate technology
relevant & appropriate content
work within political realities
get training & support
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
What can YOU do?
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
You need the latest technologies to carry out
‘good’ tech-based lessons or activities.
Technology is too expensive to use in EFL
classes in many contexts.
Using technologies effectively requires a non-
traditional approach to teaching.
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Agree or Disagree?
LowTech, NoTech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
www.theconsultants-e.com
Contact:
Resources:
http://traintodo.com/workshops
nicky.hockly@theconsultants-e.com
Low Tech, No Tech?
Technology in Low-Resource Contexts

More Related Content

Similar to No tech, low tech? Teaching and technology in low resource ELT contexts

Supporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through Technology
Supporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through TechnologySupporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through Technology
Supporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through TechnologyAlberta Education
 
UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2
UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2
UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2San Ng
 
February Newsletter
February NewsletterFebruary Newsletter
February NewsletterKaren
 
2015 Future Schools Technology Conference
2015 Future Schools Technology Conference2015 Future Schools Technology Conference
2015 Future Schools Technology ConferenceChris Zakrzewski, Ed.D.
 
Hard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT market
Hard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT marketHard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT market
Hard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT marketDavide Benvegnù
 
Laptop Proposal Slides
Laptop Proposal SlidesLaptop Proposal Slides
Laptop Proposal SlidesEric Castro
 
Use And Integration
Use And IntegrationUse And Integration
Use And Integrationashbell
 
Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6
Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6
Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6Sandra Burns, M.Ed
 
Redwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive Innovation
Redwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive InnovationRedwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive Innovation
Redwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive InnovationMolly B. Zielezinski PhD
 
Justine Ochea Caina
Justine Ochea CainaJustine Ochea Caina
Justine Ochea CainaDianniecuera
 
Intro warm-up-computers-k3-literacy
Intro warm-up-computers-k3-literacyIntro warm-up-computers-k3-literacy
Intro warm-up-computers-k3-literacysallyeverson
 
My sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layout
My sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layoutMy sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layout
My sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layoutShrenik Bhura
 
Geekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy Teacher
Geekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy TeacherGeekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy Teacher
Geekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy Teacherdovemerson
 
The use of technology in the 21st century
The use of technology in the 21st centuryThe use of technology in the 21st century
The use of technology in the 21st centuryShameeka Upshaw
 
Lecture 1 jl
Lecture 1 jlLecture 1 jl
Lecture 1 jlj.lodge
 
ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1
ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1
ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1Miles Berry
 
My portfolio in Educational Technology
My portfolio in Educational TechnologyMy portfolio in Educational Technology
My portfolio in Educational TechnologyCharlynRas
 

Similar to No tech, low tech? Teaching and technology in low resource ELT contexts (20)

SETT Sensavis Lunch Seminar
SETT Sensavis Lunch Seminar SETT Sensavis Lunch Seminar
SETT Sensavis Lunch Seminar
 
Supporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through Technology
Supporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through TechnologySupporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through Technology
Supporting Inclusive Learning Environments Through Technology
 
UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2
UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2
UCB i190 Spring 2014 ICT4D in Practice: Lect 2
 
February Newsletter
February NewsletterFebruary Newsletter
February Newsletter
 
2015 Future Schools Technology Conference
2015 Future Schools Technology Conference2015 Future Schools Technology Conference
2015 Future Schools Technology Conference
 
Hard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT market
Hard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT marketHard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT market
Hard and Soft skills: be successful in the IT market
 
1 1.compressed
1 1.compressed1 1.compressed
1 1.compressed
 
Laptop Proposal Slides
Laptop Proposal SlidesLaptop Proposal Slides
Laptop Proposal Slides
 
Use And Integration
Use And IntegrationUse And Integration
Use And Integration
 
Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6
Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6
Using Technology in the Classroom, Chapter 6
 
Redwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive Innovation
Redwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive InnovationRedwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive Innovation
Redwood City: A Case, A Place, & Time for Disruptive Innovation
 
Justine Ochea Caina
Justine Ochea CainaJustine Ochea Caina
Justine Ochea Caina
 
Intro warm-up-computers-k3-literacy
Intro warm-up-computers-k3-literacyIntro warm-up-computers-k3-literacy
Intro warm-up-computers-k3-literacy
 
My sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layout
My sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layoutMy sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layout
My sCool Server Brochure - Portrait layout
 
Geekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy Teacher
Geekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy TeacherGeekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy Teacher
Geekify Your Classroom: 2 Practical Tools for Becoming a More Tech Savvy Teacher
 
The use of technology in the 21st century
The use of technology in the 21st centuryThe use of technology in the 21st century
The use of technology in the 21st century
 
Lecture 1 jl
Lecture 1 jlLecture 1 jl
Lecture 1 jl
 
ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1
ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1
ICT Reflective Practice Essay - Seminar 1
 
My portfolio in educational technology
My portfolio in educational technologyMy portfolio in educational technology
My portfolio in educational technology
 
My portfolio in Educational Technology
My portfolio in Educational TechnologyMy portfolio in Educational Technology
My portfolio in Educational Technology
 

More from The Consultants-E

Mobile Learning Action research project - Nicky Hockly
Mobile Learning Action research project - Nicky HocklyMobile Learning Action research project - Nicky Hockly
Mobile Learning Action research project - Nicky HocklyThe Consultants-E
 
Mobile learning task design - action research project
Mobile learning task design - action research projectMobile learning task design - action research project
Mobile learning task design - action research projectThe Consultants-E
 
Teaching Online: The key ingredients
Teaching Online: The key ingredientsTeaching Online: The key ingredients
Teaching Online: The key ingredientsThe Consultants-E
 
Digital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-E
Digital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-EDigital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-E
Digital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-EThe Consultants-E
 
Future Present - Nicky Hockly
Future Present - Nicky HocklyFuture Present - Nicky Hockly
Future Present - Nicky HocklyThe Consultants-E
 

More from The Consultants-E (9)

Mobile Learning Action research project - Nicky Hockly
Mobile Learning Action research project - Nicky HocklyMobile Learning Action research project - Nicky Hockly
Mobile Learning Action research project - Nicky Hockly
 
Mobile learning task design - action research project
Mobile learning task design - action research projectMobile learning task design - action research project
Mobile learning task design - action research project
 
Planning for mobile
Planning for mobilePlanning for mobile
Planning for mobile
 
Teaching Online: The key ingredients
Teaching Online: The key ingredientsTeaching Online: The key ingredients
Teaching Online: The key ingredients
 
Digital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-E
Digital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-EDigital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-E
Digital Literacies, by Nicky Hockly, The Consultants-E
 
Future Present - Nicky Hockly
Future Present - Nicky HocklyFuture Present - Nicky Hockly
Future Present - Nicky Hockly
 
Edublogging
EdubloggingEdublogging
Edublogging
 
Digital literacies
Digital literaciesDigital literacies
Digital literacies
 
Synchronous asynchronous
Synchronous asynchronousSynchronous asynchronous
Synchronous asynchronous
 

Recently uploaded

SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentationcamerronhm
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structuredhanjurrannsibayan2
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfNirmal Dwivedi
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxDenish Jangid
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxannathomasp01
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxJisc
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxmarlenawright1
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - Englishneillewis46
 
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxCeline George
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxRamakrishna Reddy Bijjam
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.christianmathematics
 
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxOn_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxJisc
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...ZurliaSoop
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptxMaritesTamaniVerdade
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
 
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.MaryamAhmad92
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
 
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
 
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxOn_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
 

No tech, low tech? Teaching and technology in low resource ELT contexts

Editor's Notes

  1. Video
  2. Video – Carla Arena
  3. Ayat Tawal – reproduced with permission