2. 18
F F F ˂ F F F F
18.1 F ˂ F F
FF
1. F ˂ (∆E) F F (∆B)
2. F F (∆B) F ˂ (∆E)
3. ˂ F
4. F ˂ F F ˂ F F
ˈ F ˂
ሬറ
E
Y
c
റ
ሬറ
E
ሬറ
B ሬറ
E
Z
ሬറ
B c
റ
F ˂
c
റ X
ሬറ
B
F ˂ F ሬറ
E ሬറ
B F ˂
- F ˂ ˈ F
- F ˂ F F F F
- F ˂ F (3 x 108 m/s)
18.2 F
R
S
A B G D
F ˂ F
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 1
3. F F F F F F
F A F F B F ʽ ʽ F ˈ
F ˂ ʽ ʽ F F
F F ˂
B B F A F F G
F F F ˂ ˂ F F G spark ˈ
F ˂ F F ˂ F F G
F ˂ F F D F F D F F ˂
ˈ spark F F D
F G
18.3 F F ˂
i
ሬറ
E
AC v
ሬറ
B
ሬറ
v
F F ˂ F F ˂
F F F F ˂
F F F
- ˂ ሬറ
E F ሬറ
B ˈ ˆ F F F
18.3 F ˂
F ˂ F ˂ F F ˈ F F
F F F F F F
F 3.0 x 108 m/s F F
F F
F
(Hz)
0 10 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023
F ˂
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 2
4. 18.3.1
ˈ F ˂ F F 106 109 F F F
F ˈ F (modulate) F2
AM ( Amplitude Modulation)
F
F AM F F (
F ) F F
F
- F AM F F
- AM F 530 - 1600 F F F F
F F
- ˂ ˂ F F ˂ F AM
FM ( Frequency Modulation)
F
F FM ˈ F F
- F FM F
- FM F 88 - 108 F
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 3
5. ʾ F
˂
F AM F2
˂ F FM F F F FM F
ʾ F F F F F FM F F F ˈ
18.3.2 F
F ˈ F ˂ 108 F F F FM F
F ʾ F F F F F F
F ˈ F 80 F
F F F F F
F F F
F F
F F ˈ F F
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 4
6. 18.3.3
ˈ F ˂ F F 109 1011 F
F F F F F F ˈ F F
F F F ˈ F
18.3.4
ˈ F ˂ F F 1011 1014 F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F ˈ
F F F ˈ F
18.3.5
ˈ F ˂ 4 x 1014 8 x 1014 F
400 700 F F F F F
F F ˂ F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F ˈ F F F F F ˆ
F F ˈ F F F F F F F
18.3.6 F( LASER)
F ˈ F ˂ F F F F
F F F F F
1. F F F F F , DVD
2. F F F F
3. F (holography)
4.
5. F F
6. F
7.
8.
9.
10. F ʽ
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 5
7. 18.6.7 ( F )
ˈ F ˂ F F F 1015 1018 F F F
F F F ʾ F
F F F
F F F F F F F
F ˈ F
18.6.8 F
ˈ F ˂ F F 1017 1021 F F F
F F F F F F
F ˄ F F F F
F F FF
18.6.9
ˈ F ˂ F F ˈ F F
F F
18.7 F ˂
F F ˂ F F F ˂
F ˂
F ˂ ˈ F F F F ˂
˂ F ˈ F
Y
ሬറ
E
E
Z
ሬറ
B
X E
F ˂ F ˂ ሬറ
E
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 6
8. 18.7.1
Y
ሬറ
E
ሬറ
E
ሬറ
E
Z
. ˂ F . ˂ F F Y
Z F F
F ˈ F ˂ F F ˂
˂ F
F ˂ F F .
F F F FF F ˈ F
F F F ˈ F (Polarization)
1. F F F
ሬറ
E ሬറ
E
F F
ሬറ
E
ሬറ
E
. F FF F F F F . F F F F F F F
F
. F F FF F F1 F F F
˂ F F ˂ F
F ˈ F
2. F
F F F F F F ˈ F
ˈ F F
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 7
9. θB α
90°
θ2 F
F ˈ F
F F F F F ˂
˂ F F F ˂ F
F F F θB F F 90°
F F F F ˈ F ˂ F F
F (polarizing angle) F
F F ˈ n ˈ 1
F n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 ( )
θ1 = θB , θ2 = 90 α = 90 θB , α = θB ( = F )
F F 1 sin θB = n sin (90 θB)
sin θB = n cos θB
tan θB = n
θB = tan-1 n
F F F θB = tan-1 n F ˈ F
F 1
F F 100.0 F
F ˂ F
F ˂ F 3x 10 8 m/s
v = fλ
୴ ଷ୶ଵఴ
λ = = ଵ୶ଵల
λ = 3.0 m Ans
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 8
10. F 2
F F F 48° F F ˈ
F ˈ F
n1 = 1
48° 48°
42° n2 = ?
F F n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
1 sin 48 = n2 sin 42
ୱ୧୬ ସ଼
ୱ୧୬ ସଶ
= n2
n2 = ୱ୧୬ ସ଼ = tan 48 = 1.11 Ans
ୡ୭ୱ ସ଼
F F F F
F 3
F F F 37°
n1 = 1
θc = 48°
n2 = ?
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
n1 sin θc = n2 sin 90
1 sin 37 = n2 (1.0)
ଷ
n2 = sin 37 = ହ = 0.6
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 9
11. F
n1 = 1
θB = ?
θB θB
90 - θB n2 = 0.6
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
n1 sin θB = n2 sin (90 - θB)
1 sin θB = n2 cos θB
n2 = tan θB
0.6 = tan θB
θB = tan-1 0.6 = 30.96° Ans
“
1
....
”
F ˆ F www.schoolDD.com 10
