Hu

1. Modern Engine Technologies
Unit 4: Modern Engines and Hybrid technologies
Teaching Assistant:
Pradeev Elango
PhD scholar
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Course Instructor:
Dr. D. Ganesh
Professor
Anna University
Chennai
Date: 12.10.2023

2. First hybrid car?
• When was the first hybrid car developed?

3. Evolution of hybrid vehicle
• Hybrid = Electric motor + spring energy
• Idea of having two energy source was conceived

4. First hybrid electric car?
• When was the first hybrid electric car
developed?

5. First Petro-Electric car
• Built by Justus B. Entz of Electric Storage battery
company, USA in 1897

6. First wheel hub motor?
• When was the first wheel hub motor
developed?

7. Lohner-Porsche in 1900

8. Lohner-Porsche Semper Vivus
• Series hybrid vehicle with hub motor in 1900
Photo of the replica in Porsche museum, Stuttgart.

9. Hub motor of Porsche in 1900
Porsche museum, Stuttgart

10. First hybrid vehicle in India?
• Which is the first hybrid vehicle in India?

11. First hybrid vehicle in India?

12. Advantages of hybrid electric vehicle
• High power output
• Operate engine at its optimal load-speed
point  high overall efficiency
• Electric only mode when the power
requirement is low
• Regenerative braking
• Diesel locomotives: simple to control electric
motor compared to a transmission unit

13. Challenges of hybrid electric vehicle
• More complex powertrain and control system
• Energy Management System
• Frequent engine start/stop
– More electrical energy
– More fuel consumption
– More emissions
– Engagement of two prime movers seamlessly
• Packaging, weight

14. Classification of hybrid vehicles
• Degree of hybridization
• Topology – Series, parallel, series-parallel

15. Classification of hybrid vehicles
Type Energy source Features
Micro hybrid Fuels ISG – start/stop
Mild hybrid Fuels Small motor for acceleration assistance and
regenerative braking
Full hybrid
(HEV)
Fuels Electric only mode possible
Engine load shifting
Plug-in hybrid
(PHEV)
Fuels +
Electricity
Larger battery, more electric range
PHEV range
extender
Fuels +
Electricity
Small engine to charge the battery
Electric vehicle
(EV/BEV)
Electricity Only battery
Fuel Cell PHEV H2 + Electricity Small Fuel cell to charge the battery
Fuel Cell (FCEV) H2 Very small battery, runs only on hydrogen

16. Degree of hybridization
•
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 +𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

17. Topologies
• Series hybrid powertrain
– Two electrical machines of high capacity
– High cost, packaging challenges
– Used in heavy vehicles

18. Topologies
• Parallel hybrid powertrain

19. Topologies
• Series-parallel / power-split hybrid powertrain

20. Lever diagram for PGT
• ωsS + ωrR = ωc(S+R)
• S & R are radii of sun and ring gears

21. Topologies
• Series-parallel / power-split hybrid powertrain
• First generation Toyota Prius came with single PGT.
Later they have developed with two PGTs.
Sun
Carrier
Ring
Sun
Carrier
Ring
Source: Xiaowu Zhang, Chiao-Ting Li, Dongsuk Kum, & Huei Peng. (2012). Prius and Volt: Configuration Analysis of Power-
Split Hybrid Vehicles With a Single Planetary Gear. In IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (Vol. 61, Issue 8, pp. 3544–
3552). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2012.2208210

22. Topologies
• Series-parallel / power-split hybrid powertrain
Source:
Source:
Source: Zhuang, W., Zhang, X., Ding, Y., Wang, L., & Hu, X. (2016). Comparison of multi-mode hybrid powertrains with
multiple planetary gears. In Applied Energy (Vol. 178, pp. 624–632). Elsevier BV.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.111
16 clutches
696 configs
38 clutches
584193 configs

23. Drive cycle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Vehicle
speed
(kmph)
Time (s)
WMTC

24. Energy share in different topologies
Source: Elango, P., Mathivanan, A., Kakani, R., Das, H. B., & Asvathanarayanan, R. (2023). Numerical Evaluation of Fuel
Consumption and Transient Emissions of Different Hybrid Topologies for Two-Wheeler Application. In SAE International
Journal of Electrified Vehicles (Vol. 12, Issue 3). SAE International. https://doi.org/10.4271/14-12-03-0019

25. Modeling of a HEV
• Forward facing model

26. Modeling of a HEV
• Backward facing model
• The powertrain is assumed to satisfy the speed profile

27. Energy management strategy

28. Energy management strategy

29. Rule based strategy
Vehicle speed > 30 kmph
OR
SOC < 30%
ICE ON cmd
Track ICE state
ON/OFF
Vehicle speed < 20 kmph
AND
ICE ON time > 10 s
Timer: track
ICE ON time
ICE OFF cmd

30. Rule based strategy
• Target torque = f(Throttle position, ref. speed)

31. ECMS
• Equivalent Consumption Minimization
Strategy
• Cost function,
– Cost = Fuel consumption + λ x Electrical power
– λ = Equivalence factor
– λ can be varied to achieve target SOC
– Cost function can have emissions, energy required
for starting, etc.

32. Dynamic Programming
• Control variable: Engine torque
• State variable: SOC
• Constraints: Velocity profile
• Cost function = Fuel consumption

33. Dynamic Programming
• Two dimensional state space

34. HEV modeling
• ADVISOR software module in MATLAB
• Advanced Powertrain Simulation Using a
Combined Backward/Forward Approach
• Developed by National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, USA

35. References
• Wakefield, E. H. (1998). History of the Electric Automobile:
Hybrid electric vehicles. Warrendale: SAE International.
• Guzzella, L., & Sciarretta, A. (2013). Vehicle Propulsion
Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35913-2

36. Thank you

37. Classification if hybrid electric vehicles