1. Environmental Crisis
Environmental Crisis
"We Have An Environmental Crisis Because We Have A People Crisis– A Crisis of
Population Growth, of Wasteful Consumption of Resources, and A Crisis of Apathy and Inaction."
An environmental crisis is an emergency concerned with the place in which every human lives – the environment. A people crisis is an emergency
with the community that inhabits the world environment. A crisis ofpopulation growth is a turning point where the environment can no longer sustain
the amounts of people which it contains. A crisis of apathy and inaction is one where the human race cannot be motivated to solve the problems with
the environment that they themselves have created.
The claim that we have an environmental crisis because we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exhortations, campaigns, financial and material incentives, and numerous other sanctions were used to implement the policies. All these efforts were,
at first, to redirect young couples to have fewer offspring and, later, to heed the one–child–per–couple, or "minimal reproduction," policy.
The purpose of this call for minimal reproduction was to keep the population from exceeding 1.2 billion by the year 2000. The scheme has proved
problematic inside the country and controversial abroad for practical, political, ethical, and religious reasons.
The massive gain in population in recent decades has intensified old difficulties in the country's effort to raise living standards, and has ignited new
economic, environmental, and social concerns within the nation's borders.
The major issues range from China's population carrying capacity, unemployment and underemployment in the countryside, surging urbanisation, and
spreading air and water pollution to mass illiteracy and education in relation to development.
SDI itself has added such new concerns as the effect of son preference on female infanticide and the sex ratio, the impact of a fast fertility reduction on
population aging, and the implications of exempting the country's 55 minority groups from the nation's fertility control measures.
The global significance of China's demographics is likewise enormous. Whatever the size of China's population is at the dawn of the 21st century it is
certain to account for
3. Gulf Stream Research Paper
The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida and travels along the coast of the eastern most United States before
crossing through the Atlantic Ocean. This powerful current has a strong northward accelerating current that at a point ends up slitting the direction of
the stream into two: a northern stream that crosses to northern Europe and a southern stream that circulates off West Africa. Due to these properties the
Gulf Stream has a major affect on the western coast of Europe and the eastern coast of North America. Prior to understanding the benefits the Gulf
Stream has it is important to first look at the rich history involved within the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream was discovered in 1513 during an... Show
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Looking deeper though, the Gulf Stream has important effects that can be analyzed at a smaller scale. For instance, the effects the Gulf Stream has
on the Florida peninsula. The water that on the eastern coast of Florida is referred to as the Florida current and even in winter months keeps a
temperature of roughly 77 degrees Farenheit. The reason the water is able to do that is due to the winds passing the warm water and taking air that
flows along the current and spreading it along the coastline. This has the ability to keep the temperatures in Florida much milder across the state than
in most places in the Southeast during the winter months. On the flip side of things in the upper most part of the gulf in Europe the warm air from
the currents help raise the temperature on the Western coast of Great Britain and Ireland a few degrees. This also affects Norway where the coasts
never receive ice or snow while the Northern parts are covered year round due to the Arctic zone. These different systems of weather have differences
based on location but are affect from coast to coast by the strong and powerful current and temperature of the Gulf
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4. The Global Collapse Of Fish Species
On November 3, 2006, the New York Times published a front
–page article titled, "Study Sees 'Global Collapse ' of Fish Species." Within the article,
experts cited that if "fishing around the world continues at its present pace, more and more species will vanish, marine ecosystems will unravel and
there will be 'global collapse ' of all species currently fished, possibly as soon as midcentury." (Dean, 2006). The issue of overfishing, which is defined
as "continuously taking more fish than can be replaced by reproduction and growth," (Overfishing: What Everyone Needs to Know, Hilborn 5) has
become prevalent in society today. This is because of the advancements in technology and the pressure made by food industries for fisheries to catch ...
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There is one reason as to how the population of the cod collapsed: overfishing. Before the 1960s, the cod of Newfoundland had sustained a population
where natality and mortality rates (includes natural death, death by predators, and fishing) were balanced. However, when foreign factory ships
migrated towards Newfoundland, the population of the cod began to drastically increase. In the 1960s, over 30% of foreign ships reported catching
over 800,000 tons of cod in a single year. From that point on, the birth and growth rates of the cod began to decrease. As of result, Canada attempted to
take control of the fishery; unfortunately, it was unable to rebuild the population. Due to this,
Canada was unable to meet it 's target catch in 1991. This caused not only a problem in the food industry, but for the economy as a whole. Once
Crosbie closed the cod fishery, about 20,000 people became unemployed. This event depicts how overfishing affects the jobs of those who work in the
industry. According to the United States Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), commercial fishing employs about 44 million people. If fish
populations continue to decline, millions of people will become unemployed as did those in Newfoundland. This will effect the incomes of families,
thus affecting the economic statuses of countries. Along with those who work as fisherman, those who work in the food industry are affected as well.
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5. The Fish Salmon And Tuna
As the world more focus and advance forward on building a better self (as a person), such as healthy diet, people consume a lot of fish in such pursue.
Among all the fish Salmon and Tuna which are rich in protein. Matter of a fact according to "RAINCOAST TRADING" consumers
sustainably–harvested gourmet canned seafood company nutrition fact state, same amount of canned Salmon 55g and Tuna 55g, tuna has cal: 90,
protein: 17g while salmon has cal: 110, and protein: 13g. So, lot of people favor over Salmon and consume more Tuna. But the problem is how a lot
of Seafood Company caught or got the tuna which is harmful fishing practices instead of traditional methods and growing global high demand for
seafood. There are 8 species of tuna: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And when they chasing prey or avoiding predators, its swim speed of 70 – maybe 100 km per hour. No wonder Ancient Greek called (thunnos)
meaning "excellent among fishes for spring and speed" and valued tuna in many forms.
The Greek even have a poem about "one man wasted his inheritance eating tuna and savory sauce as a result he become slave digging rock" by the
sixth–century BCE iambic poet Hipponax of Ephesus. Also, it has provided food and wealth for these civilization in Mediterranean.
Atlantic Bluefin tuna have very slim chance of reaching adulthood like 1 out of 40 million. Due to rampant overfishing only a few survive and expect
to live 15 yrs – 30 yrs but the lucky few reached adulthood from top predators. Most of the time Bluefin is located in Atlantic sea and swimming
between Mediterranean, Brazil to west Newfoundland, west Africa to east Norway, Canada, and to the Gulf of Mexico looking for prey. They're
weight can be 600lbs to max 1400lbs and able to dive to 3200 feet depth of sea. Bluefin's average weight and size are from young one (jumper) 5 years
to 30kg, to 12 years (giants Bluefin) 600KG, also full mature adult size can be 6ft 7in – 8ft 2in of length ranges and max ranges 21 feet. It is heavier
than light riding horses range in height from 56 to 64 inches and 840 to 1210lbs. Back in 1960s, Atlantic Bluefin tuna could only sold as pet food and
waste, until canned and fresh tuna introduces to international market. But this is all change when
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6. Research Paper On Overfishing
Fabian Durazo
Mr. Wendland
Marine Biology
Block 4
29 November, 2014 Overfishing of The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
By Fabian Durazo
Abstract
The main purpose for this research is to explicit what effect humans have had and will have on the blue fin tuna. The Atlantic bluefintuna is one of the
largest, fastest, and most gorgeously colored of all the world's fishes. The blue fin tuna unfortunately however, has been facing a constant and dramatic
decline in their species. With overfishing, their numbers have dropped down to critically low levels. It is said that throughout several years of
overfishing, that the Bluefin Tuna has dropped ninety seven percent. Bluefin tuna is one of nature 's most successful ocean inhabitants. They'e the
biggest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bluefin population has declined at a steady rate for several years and despite some measures being taken to manage the population in the Atlantic,
it still remains to be excessively hunted. The species is prized by both wealthy sushi consumers due to its rich, fatty flesh and by fishermen who can
sell a single catch for tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars. Currently, this combination has brought the species to the brink of extinction, with
environmentalists claiming the species has no chance to recover if existing fishing practices are allowed to continue. The issue of the declining bluefin
population is not simply the dismissal of catch limits, but also the ways in which fish are caught. One of the most wasteful fishing techniques is the use
of surface longlines. These lines reach up to forty miles in length with baited hooks attached along the lines. The lines are deployed in spawning areas
where hundreds of bluefin are caught along with other non–target species every year. Conservationist groups have encouraged the National Marine
Fisheries Service to ban the use of longlines in the Gulf during spawning season to give stocks time to recover. In addition to longlines, purse seining is
another wasteful, yet commonly used, fishing technique. This involves the release of a
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7. Regulating the Bluefin Tuna Fisheries
Scientists are wondered how to remedy the situation of regulating the Bluefin Tuna Fisheries. [Therefore, scientists estimate that Eastern routine of
adult Bluefin has had reduction by 80% since 1970s], _ (European Commission Fisheries http://ec.europa.eu 14/01/2013). In 2006, in International
Commission for the conservation of Atlantic Bluefin tunas has been discussed, and has had a long–term plan so that there will strict rule for catching
the Bluefin Tuna and implement this idea. However, this issue hasn't reached the solution. As a result, it has impact on other sections such as
unemployment, and losing the species of the Bluefin Tuna. This paper states that there must be new rules for the prevention Bluefin Tuna by reporting
different commission's helpful suggestions.
For this issue, mostly, European Commission, countries such as Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Italy and France, Gulf of Mexico, the U.S.A
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and also Japan(as a country
for importing Tuna for sushi)are involved in order to tackle this obstacle.
One way to tackle the situation would be [prohibiting the fishing of endangered Bluefin tuna in the eastern Atlanta and Mediterranean for the rest of
the year],_(European Commission Fisheries http://ec.europa.eu 14/01/2013). In the European Commission, this was conversed in order to reach a
compromise for the issue. EU and International rules
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9. Research Paper On Bluefin Tna
Bluefin Tuna: Endangered Species
The common name for "Thunnus thynnus," is bluefin tuna. It includes three of the eight species: the southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii),
northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), also known as the Atlantic bluefin tuna, and the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). The scientific
classification of the Bluefin is: Animaila (Kingdom), Chordata (Phylum), Actinopterygii (Class), Perciformes (Order), Scombridae (Family), and
Thunnus (Genus).
The size of the bluefin tuna is usually three meters in length, but sometimes can reach up to four meters in length. The average weight for a Bluefin
tuna is around 130 kilograms to 680 kilograms, which is 286.6 pounds to 1499.14 pounds. The Bluefin tuna has ... Show more content on
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Bluefin tuna eat other fish such as mollusks, crustaceans, and macro algae. Sharks and giant marine animals prey on the bluefin tuna itself. Up to 72
parasites also host on the bluefin tuna. Farming the bluefin tuna with chemicals can also impact the environment. Removing bluefin before spawning
affects the ratio of offspring. The bluefin tuna reproduces by spawning their eggs. The pacific bluefin tuna lay eggs in the Western Pacific ocean. The
Atlantic bluefin reproduce in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean in the west. After the bluefin tuna lay their eggs, they do not look out for
them. It takes four to eight years for bluefin tuna to become sexually matured. The bluefin tuna can live up to an estimated thirty to forty years, but
many bluefin tuna are captured before they have the chance to mature. The bluefin tuna can produce large amounts of eggs per year. The chance of
survival for each egg, however, is 1 in 40 million. The northern and southern Bluefin tuna are critically endangered. The bluefin tuna has been exploited
since recorded history began. The population is decreasing from the demand for Bluefin tunas in high end sushi markets. It is a prized fish to eat.
Many chefs, mainly in Japan, buy them for a large amount of money. Also, illegal capturing of the bluefin tuna is a huge issue and illegal fishing has
not been controlled and constrained well. The market for canned tuna after 1960 removed a lot of bluefin tuna from the population. Although there is
not an exact number of bluefin tuna left, there is a very small amount left in the world. According to research, overfishing caused the Pacific bluefin
tuna numbers to drop 96 percent. Fishing fleets from the United States, Mexico, South Korea and Japan are the main countries exploiting the bluefin
tuna
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10. A Short Note On The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
Thunnus Thynnus, or the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, is one of the largest species of tuna, weighing in at over 600 kilograms and four meters in length. It is
known for its speed and takes the shape of a torpedo. In its environment, the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna acts as one of the top predators. It preys on smaller
fish, such as herring, mackerel and eels. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna is separated into two main populations, Eastern and Western. Although located in
different geographical areas they are not isolated and individuals migrate between the two populations allowing gene flow. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna's
population ranges all through the pelagic zone of the Atlantic. The Western Atlantic population spawns in the Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern Atlantic
population spawns in the Mediterranean Sea. In the fishing industry it is highly coveted for sports fishing, especially in the United States and Canada,
and in the sashimi market for high–end sushi. As a result of the high demands for the Tuna it is being heavily overfished causing the population to
decline dramatically. The low supply and high demand for the Tuna has made them extremely valuable; a single fish in Tokyo 's Tsukiji fish market
sold for 1.76 million dollar (Bluefin, 2013). This high value of the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna has resulted in illegal pirate fishing causing more harm to the
population. If the illegal pirate fishing and overfishing of the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna continues, the species will become extinct resulting
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11. The Pros And Cons Of Bluefin Tuna Consumption
Bluefin tuna consumption poses a risk to oceans and people. Despite being an endangered species and the subject of a worldwide agreement to not
over–fish, Bluefin tuna is still served at sushi restaurants around the world. It's beautiful and delicious and sushi eaters are willing to pay a premium for
the fatty, meaty fish. The truth is, many people either don't know about the tuna's status or don't believe it's as bad as many scientists are saying.
Besides the species being highly endangered and over fished despite regulations, Bluefin tuna accumulate toxins like mercury in their bodies, which get
passed along to happy restaurant goers. Because the species lives in almost every ocean and migrates to reach an immense number of countries, Pacific
Bluefin tuna and Atlantic Bluefin tuna (also classified as northern and southern Bluefin tuna) can be caught and eaten around the world. This also
makes them especially hard to monitor: when different nations are competing for one resource in the open ocean where no one has jurisdiction, the
international regulations are near impossible to enforce and it becomes a free for all. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often times before they get the chance to return to Japan to reproduce, further depleting their numbers. Turns out that some of these tuna, which were
born last year in the radioactive waters of Japan after the Fukushima nuclear reactor meltdown, have carried their radioactivity to the United States.
Though most of the Bluefin tuna caught here are shipped right back to Japan, the fish ends up on more and more American plates every year as the
demand for sushi, and this delectable animal, increases. The radioactive chemicals present in the fish do not pose a health risk to people, fortunately,
as they're still below the dangerous levels set by the US
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12. Overfishing Is A Problem For A Long Time
Over fishing has been a worldwide problem for a long time. Overfishing is not only a problem for Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) but with many
other marine animals. The economic effect overfishing has on the cost of fishing and how it affects people is important. Overfishing has a huge
economic effect on fishermen and the cost of fishing. Even though many people believe that overfishing is not that big of a problem, it seems to be
an ongoing problem in the world. Overfishing is a major problem today and seems to be going unnoticed. People need to be aware of the negative
economic effects in order to change their ways.
Ocean overfishing is simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves ... Show more content on
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Illegal fishing and unsustainable harvesting still plague the industry ("Overfishing"). A public grown accustomed to abundant seafood and largely
apathetic about the plight of the ocean complicates efforts to repair the damage we've done ("Overfishing"). Overfishing is and has been a very
important business to those who rely on it. For this to still happen all over the world shows how little people really care about this horrible act.
The Bluefin tuna, which has been endangered for several years and has the misfortune to be prized by the Japanese sushi lovers, has suffered a
catastrophic decline in stocks in the Northern Pacific Ocean, of more than 96% ("Overfishing causes Pacific Bluefin tuna numbers to drop 96%",
2013). For a long time, Bluefin tuna have been a worldwide problem. It seems that nobody really wants to stop it, it seems that people put little effort
into a major problem. One Bluefin tuna sold in Japan for more than ВЈ1m, reflecting the rarity of the Bluefin tuna and the continued demand for its
fatty flesh ("Overfishing causes Pacific Bluefin tuna numbers to drop 96%", 2013). An interesting fact from this newspaper was that "more than nine
out of 10 of the species recently caught were too young to have reproduced, meaning they may have been the last generation of the Bluefin tuna"
("Overfishing causes Pacific Bluefin tuna numbers to drop 96%", 2013). Amanda Nickson, of the Pew Environment Group said "There is no logical
way a fishery can have such a
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13. Polar Bear Endangerment
Endangered species can change a habitat due to their role in the environment. The EPA helps protect these endangered species with the help of
National and State Parks in the United States. Each endangered species has different factors of why it is becoming endangered. Endangered species
are sometimes caused by their loss of habitat. Reasons for the endangerment of a species can vary greatly from their loss of habitat to high genetic
vulnerability to invasive species. Rapid climate change contributes to the endangerment of many arctic wildlife. The Endangered Species Act and the
Endangered Protection Agency protects endangered and threatened species.
Polar Bears(Ursus maritimus) are going extinct due to loss of their habitat. Polar Bears live on sea ice in the Atlantic Ocean. Due to warmer
climates, the ice is becoming harder to find for these Polar Bears. Polar Bears were listed as an endangered species in 2008 by the Endangered
Species Act (7). Global warming is the cause of Polar Bear endangerment, and their genetic code is not able to evolve fast enough to cope with the
changing environment. If fossil fuels were not being burned, then the Earth would be cooler (7). Many arctic wildlife is affected by the climate change
such as the tiger (Panthera tigris), the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus), and the Pacific Walrus (Odbenus rosmarus divergens).
Forty–two percent of endangered species are caused by an invasive species (3). Endangered species may be going endangered due to an
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14. The Overfishing Of Our Oceans
Overfishing
The ocean makes up nearly three–quarters of the planet 's surface and contains about eighty percent of the life on earth. Millions of people all over
the world depend on seafood heavily as a primary source of food. Americans alone consumed as much as 15.8 pounds of seafood per person in 2009
(NOAA). This is a lot of fish. In fact, it is so much that many populations of fish are going extinct. At this particular rate according to National
Geographic, scientist predict that the earth is expected to lose all of its current fisheries by the year 2048 (Roach). The overfishing of our oceans leads
to unmanageable practices that will eventually cause many species of fish to become extinct.
According to National Geographic, overfishing dates back to the 1800s when humans killed off massive amounts of whale population to retrieve
blubber for lamp oil (Roach). Similarly, Atlantic cod, herring, and California 's sardines, were also fished to the brink of extinction by the mid–1900s.
Theses cases were extremely harmful to the ecosystems food chain. To counter these losses, the United States passed the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery
Conservation and Management Act (NOAA). This law made it illegal for foreign countries to fish within 200 nautical miles of the United States
shoreline. This would make it easier to manage illegal fishing. Congress also established eight regional councils with representation from the coastal
states and fishery stakeholders. Their jobs were to come up
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15. Atlantic Seal Hunt History
The History of the Atlantic Seal Hunt and the Future of Sustainability Every year in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, three
Canadian seal populations are opened for commercial hunting. Since the 1750s, hooded seals, grey seals and iconic harp seals have been hunted for
their valuable pelts and omega–3 rich oil. After being nearly hunted to extinction in the 1800s and a period of extensive anti–hunt activism in the 1960s
and 70s, the hunt has become strictly regulated. Now, activism has forced the Atlantic Seal Hunt to support and maintain standards of sustainable
resource harvesting and humaneness, and this hunt now has the potential to be a role model in these areas for other similar hunts worldwide. The seal
hunt... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a comprehensive series of studies addressing concerns that seals might be conscious when they were skinned found that, in most cases, they
were not. The issues lies in the fact that when a seal is killed by blunt force trauma, it sometimes continues to move as if it was alive. In a 1999
study, 2 out of every 5 seals were found to experience this for as long as 45 seconds. Postmortem examinations proved that these seals were
certainly dead at the time, as their skulls were completely crushed. In a separate part of the same study, seal skulls were examined to determine
whether the skull was adequately crushed to ensure death. 98.2% of seals were labeled as "certainly dead", with only 1.8% labelled as "possibly
dead or unconscious" based on the level of skull damage. By 2001, the rifle had become a popular seal hunting weapon. Another study was
conducted to ensure the hunt was still humane. It was found that 85% of the time, a sealer would have delivered a blow by club in under a minute
after the seal was shot to ensure death, whether or not it displayed signs of life. All seals examined in this study were found to be dead by the time
they were brought aboard the vessel for bleeding. None exhibited a blinking reflex at that point despite other reflex movement being observed, meaning
their eyes didn't blink when
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16. The Best Purchasing And Practices For Safe Seafood
Purchasing – Storing Seafood
"As of 2008, fish and shellfish were more likely to cause foodborne–illness than any other category of food product says Colorado farm to market."
There's a vast world of food borne illness when it comes to seafood being both causes of and types of illness. That being, I find it important to further
research the proper purchasing and practices for safe seafood. Throughout this paper I'll discuss the best purchasing and handling for seafood to
minimize risks.
Seafood Purchasing Process
As a buyer you want to have knowledge available on seafood such as different choices of fish or average pricing. There are many places to obtain
helpful information over the internet such as seafood.com, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cut is with no bones and is the entire side cut of meat from the fish
–Steak. This cut is similar to fillet but smaller
Also taking into mind grading factors which change from whole fish to fillet cut
Whole fish, Dressed fish, Salmon SteaksFillet or other Fish Products
Grade A (best grade possible all standards are at best possible state)Grade A ( best grade possible all standards are at best possible state)
Grade B (lower quality, but flavor and feel is acceptable for fish species)Grade B (lower quality, but flavor and feel is acceptable for fish species)
Substandard (failed to meet grade B and flavor and feel have fallen)Grade C ( same as grade B except the flavor and feel is less recognizable to the fish
species, should not be fishy smelling) Substandard (product does not have good taste or smell)
Occasionally a statement of quality is provided to the suppliers noting to send them fish ever meeting a certain quality requested, often asking for a
specific weight of fish, form of fish or fish coming from a specific region. When ordering processed fish the buyer should include specific product
specifications to ensure they receive what they are asking for. Product specification for fish usually include, intended use, exact name, U.S. grade,
PUFI seal, packer's brand, product size, product yield, size of container, type of package material, packaging procedure,
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17. Bluefin Trevaly Research Paper
The Bluefin Trevally is a species of large marine fish. The bluefin trevally can be found throughout the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific
Oceans. They grow to max length of 117 cm and a weight of 43.5 kg. The bluefin trevally can be found in both inshore environments such as bays,
lagoons, and shallow reefs. As well as deeper offshore reefs, atolls and bomboras. They mainly eat fish but also eat cephalopods (mainly octopus and
squid) and crustaceans like shrimp, stomatopods, and crabs. The butterfly fish is a saltwater fish. They reach an adult size of 6 inches, and live mostly
in coral reefs. Butterfly fish are omnivores and eat algae, zooplankton, seaweed, worms, and small crustaceans. They are eaten by many things, such as
such
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18. Dna Barcoding And Its Effects On The Malaysian Market
There is very little customers can do to ensure that they are purchasing the fish they are paying for. Producers and restaurants owners have a tendency
to mislabel their products for their own reasons. The main reason is yet to be determined but there are researchers who have made it their goal to
resolve this dispute and show customers what they are truly buying. Too Chin Chin et al. attempt to utilize theDNA barcoding in the fish segment, to
assess the frequency of fish mislabeling on the Malaysian market (2015). DNA barcoding tries to standardize scientific classification by using short,
single DNA sequence, for example, part of the mitochondrial gene COI to distinguish between species (Larson, 2007). The process begins with
extracting DNA and using primers to amplify COI regions from the DNA extracts via PCR. The sequences attained are compared to the available
sequences in Bold and GenBank databases to find the mislabeled products. Similarly, a character–based key can also be constructed to review the
reference sequences for variable nucleotides that can serve as diagnostics for the species you wish to study (Loweinstein, 2009). Along with Too Chin
Chin et al., there are other researchers who based their study on the same concept to find mislabeled seafood products in certain parts of the world.
Dana Miller et al. examined seafood fraud in two types of Whitefish in Europe. Although, the motivation for these works are to find mislabeling in
products using the standard
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