4 DiscussionsDiscussion 1 You’re the EditorThe APA Pu.docx

4 Discussions
Discussion 1: You’re the Editor
The APA
Publication Manual
is an essential reference guide for all students and practitioners
in the social and behavioral sciences. The purpose of this
Discussion is to assist you in becoming familiar with and
applying key parts of the manual. For this Discussion, you will
play the role of an editor who must provide feedback to the
writer, identifying and correcting flaws in the writer’s use of
citations, quotes, and references. How would you make the
writer’s work reflect the language of the profession?
To prepare for this Discussion:
View the video
APA Citations Part I: The Methods to the Madness
, and read the Study Notes from the Learning Resources.
Become familiar with the APA
Publication Manual
; review Chapter 6, “Crediting Sources,” and Chapter 7,
“Reference Examples,” and note their contents and the variety
of topics covered.
Review the “Assignment Sheet: Social Change” document
(located in this week’s Learning Resources area) for an excerpt
that includes quotes, paraphrased information, and reference
information without format.

Review the Course Announcement from your Instructor about
the peer-review process, and note the colleagues that you have
been paired with.
With these thoughts in mind:
Complete the following steps by Day 3:
Step 1:
Select one paragraph from the Social Change excerpt to edit.
This document is found in the Learning Resources.
Step 2:
Referring to Chapter 6 of the APA
Publication Manual
, revise the paragraph in correct APA format, rewriting the
citations, quotations, and references as necessary. Use the
references listed for your paragraph number as your citation
sources.
Step 3:
For this Discussion, the references for each paragraph are listed
in the Social Change excerpt. These references are
not
in correct APA format. Using the information from Chapter 7
of the APA
Publication Manual
, put the references for your paragraph in correct APA format.
Step 4:
Post your edited paragraph and references to the Discussion 1
board.
Readings

American Psychological Association. (2010b).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Chapter 6, “Crediting Sources” (pp. 169–192)
Chapter 7, “Reference Examples” (pp. 193–224)
These chapters describe how to credit sources in APA style
Document:
Study Notes: Ten Common APA Points
(PDF)
Study Notes
Ten Common APA Points
From the Walden Writing Center
(http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/17.htm)
Use a 12-point serif font for all text, including what appears on
your cover page and reference list. Walden prefers Times New
Roman. Minimum 8-point type can be used in tables and
figures.
2. Spacing
Double space all text, including the reference list and block

quotes. Per APA, use two spaces after a sentence; however,
Walden will accept the use of one space after a period.
3. Margins, Page Numbers, and Running Head
All margins should be set to 1” on each side of the paper. Page
numbers go in the upper right corner. The running head goes in
the upper left corner and is in all capital letters. The words
“Running head:” appear only on the cover page.
4. Boldface and Underlines
Do not use underlines. APA does not allow boldface except in
tables and figures (in rare instances where you would want to
highlight specific data) and for Level 1, 2, 3, and 4 headings.
5. Punctuation
APA requires the use of the serial (or Oxford) comma in lists
of three or more items
(e.g., Groucho, Harpo, and Zeppo).
Most prefixes are not hyphenated: semistructured,
nondenominational, multimedia, antisocial, posttest, pretest,
and so forth.
6. Capitalization
Do not capitalize job titles unless immediately preceding a
person's name: the superintendent, but Superintendent Williams;
the vice president of the school board,but Vice President
Agnew. Additionally, do not capitalize the names of theories,

models, conditions, or diseases.
7. Lists (Seriation)
Seriation refers to how to list information. Within a paragraph,
list items that must appear in a certain order using (a), (b), and
(c).
If you do not need to imply a particular order, then remove the
letters and/or use bullet points. Use vertical lists when
expressing information that must appear in a certain order (e.g.,
steps in a procedure or itemized conclusions).
8. Numbers and Percentages
Numbers 10 and higher appear as numerals; nine and lower are
written out. There are exceptions: precise elements of time, age,
distance, ratios, and percentages always appear as numerals
unless at the start of a sentence.
9. Latin Abbreviations
Do not use Latin abbreviations (like e.g., i.e., and etc.) within
the text of the sentence; APA only allows these types of
abbreviations within parentheses. In the text of the sentence,
write out the abbreviation’s English translation.
10. Use Respectful, Bias-Free Language
The APA manual outlines important information concerning
avoiding bias with respect to gender, race, disabilities, and so
forth. When discussing different racial groups, make sure that

your terms are parallel. When possible, avoid the generic
pronouns he and she, or he/she by using they.
Document:
Assignment Sheet: Social Change
(Word Document)
Assignment Sheet
Week 4
Social Change
1. Several key individuals and ideas that have shaped the
philosophy of social change. The first of these is Mahatma
Gandhi. According to Kapadia, Gandhi believed that ideas and
ideals had no value if they were not translated into action.
Gandhi talked frequently about social change and service to
others: The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the
service of others. Implementing positive social change can be a
difficult process. Gandhi was asked why people should not just
achieve their goals by any means necessary. He believed that
the means are connected to the end. Gandhi wrote: every
problem lends itself to solution if we are determined to make
the law of truth and nonviolence the law of life. According to
Pal, Gandhi influenced many important social change
movements and leaders. Some leaders who have acknowledged
his influence are: Dr. Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela, the
Dalai Lama, Aung San Suu Kyi and Rigoberta Menchu.
2. Another world leader who spent most of his life fighting for
social change was Nelson Mandela. As described in information
related to a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Frontline special

on Mandela, not everyone is able to see the results of their hard-
fought efforts in their lifetimes. Sometimes, they can only lay
the groundwork for the next generation. Mandela was able to
lead and experience this transformation in South Africa which
brought an end to apartheid and now has a constitution that
guarantees the rights of all people. According to Mendoza
Mandela believed in the importance of changing yourself first
and said, one of the most difficult things is not to change
society -- but to change yourself.
3. In our country, Dr. King embraced the tenets of non-violence
in his leadership within the civil rights movement and enduring
philosophy for bringing about social change. He wrote about his
those who inspired his philosophy of nonviolent social change
and Gandhi was a significant influence. According to Pal, King
took a month-long trip to India in 1959 in order to visit the
country of his inspiration. The King Center is dedicated to
preserving his legacy and provide ongoing support for social
change. Based on Dr. King's teachings, The King Center
published, Six Steps of Nonviolent Social Change. These six
steps are: information gathering, education, personal
commitment, negotiation, direct action, and reconciliation.
4. Social change is a founding value and educational goal at
Walden University as expressed in the Mission and Vision
statements, and incorporated in every course curriculum. The
Walden Vision statement reads as follows: Walden University
envisions a distinctively different 21st-century learning
community where knowledge is judged worthy to the degree
that it can be applied by its graduates to the immediate
solutions of critical societal challenges, thereby advancing the
greater global good. While bringing about social change on
either a micro or macro level can be daunting, Mandela was
quoted as saying: It always seems impossible until it's done.
The teachings of Gandhi, Mandela, King and many others
continue to influence new generations of scholars and social

change practitioners.
References for Paragraph 1
Author: A. Pal Date: Jan 24, 2008. Title of article: 60 years
after death, Gandhi is Making world a better Place. Published
in: The Progressive.
Website:http://www.progressive.org/mag_wxap012408
Mahatma Gandhi. 1961. Book title: Non-violent Resistance.
City: New York Publisher: Schocken Books.
S. Kapadia, (n.d.). Article title: A Tribute to Mahatma Gandhi:
His Views on Women and Social Change. Website:
https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/kapadia.htm
Goodreads. No date. Mahatma Gandhi quotes. Website:
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/11416-the-best-way-to-find-
yourself-is-to-lose-yourself
Frontline. Date: May 25, 1999). Title: The Long walk of Nelson
Mandela: Viewers' and Teachers' Guide. Website:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/teach/
Author: Dorris Mendoza Date: December 16, 2013. Article
Title: 9 simple ways to keep Nelson Mandela's Legacy alive.
Website: http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/16/living/keeping-
mandelas-legacy-alive/
Author: A. Pal Date: Jan 24, 2008. Title of article: 60 years
after death, Gandhi is Making world a better Place. Published

in: The Progressive
.
Website:http://www.progressive.org/mag_wxap012408
The King Center. No date. Title: Six steps of nonviolent Social
Change. website: http://www.thekingcenter.org/king-philosophy
Goodreads. No date. Nelson Mandela Quotes. Website:
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/36606-it-always-seems-
impossible-until-it-s-done
This document will be used for your Discussion assignments
this week.
Document:APA Citations Part 1: Methods to the Madness
Program Transcript
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: You have logged into
"APA Citations Part 1." I'm joined tonight by my fellow tutors,
Anne and Rachel. They're going to be answering questions for
you tonight. So thank you to both of them in advance. And our
basic goal for tonight is to clear up some of the confusing parts
of APA references from the reference list and citations in your
paper.
OK, so just a little bit of housekeeping before we get started. As
I said, we have two facilitators, Anne and Rachel, who are
going to be answering questions for you tonight. And if you
have questions throughout the presentation, you can type them
in the questions box that you'll see in your go-to webinar panel.
And you will receive an answer typed in that box as well.

I will stop a couple of different times throughout the
presentation and ask the facilitators to tell me some questions
that have been coming up a lot. So we'll answer some of the
more common questions out loud in the presentation. But if you
do have a burning question that you need to ask right away, or
if you are having trouble or having technical difficulties, feel
free to type in that question box.
Anne is posting some links now. One is to access the captioning
for this recording. So you can find that there in the chat box.
You'll also see the link where you can download the slides from
this presentation so that you can have those as a reference for
later. And we are recording the session tonight. The recording
will be available on our website after, of course, of the
presentation is finished. And you will be able to go back and
download that and access this presentation later. Or if you want
to refer to a friend who wasn't able to make it tonight, they're
welcome to view that as well.
I do also want to mention that we have a hand out, a resource
that goes with this presentation. That's also available on our
website. So I encourage all of you to access that as well. It's a
handy reference, a flow chart that will help you access some of
our referenced resources and make use of some of the things
that we learn tonight.
OK, so here's what we're going to talk about this evening. We're
going to start by just asking this question that you've probably
all asked yourself before, but maybe not out loud. Why do we
use APA? What is the point of APA? We're going to start by
talking about that. Then we're going to look at the different
parts of a reference list entry in APA.
After that, we're going to take a look at citations both the in-
text citations and parenthetical citations-- so the way that you
give credit to sources in your paper.

APA Citations Part 1: Methods to the Madness
1
And then we're going to do some practicing, taking information
out of references and turning it into citations.
And then, as I said, we will have time at the end for some
questions. And I'm going to stop in the middle of the
presentation for questions as well just in case there's anything
that people maybe would forget about before the end of the
presentation.
So here's this question-- what's the point of APA? And, again, I
have a feeling that many of you have asked yourselves this
question, but maybe you haven't felt comfortable asking your
instructor or writing center staff. It's a valid question. Why are
we using all these rules about formatting, about citations, about
references? Why does it matter? And what's it useful for?
We all like to know why rules exist and what the point of those
rules is. So the very first reason that we use as a formatting
style for scholarly work and at Walden is because it helps your
readers focus on your ideas and not formatting errors. So it's
basically a way to get rid of all of that noise that might distract
your reader from the most important thing that you want to
communicate to them, which is your ideas.
You don't want them to be distracted because they're confused.
They can't figure out why you formatted something a certain
way. Or they don't understand where to find certain information.
Instead, you just want to make sure that there is a blanket style,
that it's uniform, so that everybody understands that's how we
do it. We don't have to think about it anymore. And now we can
just focus on the ideas.

The second reason is that APA, as a citation style, is
specifically designed to communicate information about your
field, about the social sciences, to an audience of scholars in
your same field. So there are many different citation styles.
Walden has chosen APA, because the rules are designed
specifically, again, for the social sciences and disciplines
related to the social sciences. So it's actually the most
appropriate style to use for the disciplines that Walden students
are researching.
So some of you might have used other styles in other degree
programs, maybe in undergrad, maybe if you're a doctoral
student, maybe in your master's degree. You may have used a
different style from APA. And this can get really confusing,
because we often see in journals references formatted in
different ways. They're not always all in APA.
So I wanted to show you a couple of other citation styles as well
to contrast with APA. So this first reference, you'll see here, is
in APA format-- proper APA format. But the second one is in
what's called MLA format. A lot of us in the writing center have
degrees in English. This is the style that we used in our English
degrees that a lot of different humanities disciplines use.
2
So you'll see it looks different from the APA citation or the
APA reference. It has some different formatting rules. And then
this bottom one is in what's called Chicago style. This is
another formatting publication style. And it's used often in
journalism-- sometimes in history.
So again, you'll see that it doesn't look the same. It doesn't have

the same formatting rules. There are some different punctuation,
different capitalization, and italics that you don't see in APA.
So don't assume if you see a formatted reference that it's
formatted in APA style.
All right, so we're going to start and just go systematically
through the different portions of journal article reference in
APA. And I will explain the different parts as we go through.
And then we'll do an exercise at the end to practice taking some
information from the journal and putting it into a reference in
APA format.
So you'll see the very first thing that appears in a reference in
APA is the author's name. This is a made-up reference. So don't
go looking for it in the Walden library. But here's the author's
name. Kallman is the surname and B, we have the first initial of
the author's first name as well. And you'll notice that the
surname and the first initial are separated by a comma.
So in your reference list, your references are going to be
alphabetized by author last name. And this is primarily why the
author's last name comes first, because it's the easiest way to
organize references in a reference list. So you are going to start
with A. You're going to go through Z. And you may not have
references that cover every letter in the alphabet. But you do
want to alphabetize your references in your reference list.
Now, you'll notice that in this slide, the last name of the author
is hanging off the left-hand edge of the reference a little bit.
And this is called a hanging indent. In Microsoft Word, when
you format your references, the hanging indent is actually flush
with the left-hand margin. So that author name is going to be
flush with the left-hand margin of your page. Every other line
of the reference is going to be indented half an inch.
Now, the reason for this is basically just to save space. So

instead of having to put a whole bunch of space between each
reference so that your reader knows where one reference and
then the next one begins, we see that the next reference is
starting because the next author's name is hanging off the edge
there a little bit. So that's the purpose of the hanging indent.
All right, so why do we only put the author's last name and first
initial in APA formatted references when some of those other
citation styles might use just the last name or the whole name
when there are so many different ways to do it. Why does AP do
it this way?
3
Well, the first reason is because social scientists are primarily
concerned with examining trends in data rather than following
the work of an individual author. Now, this isn't to say that you
might not find somebody who's doing research that you find
really fascinating or really relevant to your own work. And you
might want to follow their research over time. You definitely
may want to do that.
But there's a little bit of a difference between the way the
author's personal identity is connected to their work in the
social sciences versus, say, a novelist, whose personal identity
is very much attached to their work. And you always say the
name of the novel and an author's name together.
So part of the reason why we only list the author's last name is
because it's primarily a tool to alphabetize. And we're not
linking the work to the author's personal identity. Again, a
social science audience really doesn't need to know the author's
first name because again, the data that they're producing is the
primary thing that a social science audience is interested in.

Finally, it can help avoid bias. So you don't necessarily know
the gender of the author because you don't have the full first
name. You only have a initial. It helps you to view the source in
a more objective way.
So our next component of an APA reference is going to be the
publication year. And you'll see it's bolded here in this sample
reference. So for almost all publications, you're only going to
include the publication year. However, for periodicals such as
magazines and newspapers, you do also include the month,
that's for magazines, inside these parentheses. And for
newspapers, you'll include the day or the date.
And this is because you want to make sure that you are
including information that tells the reader how the source is
categorized, because a periodical is often published more often,
a magazine is published monthly, and it's identified by the name
of the month rather than a volume number, that's why you put
that there. And same with a newspaper.
A newspaper is usually a daily publication. So you want to
include the day and the date in there as well. That's to help the
reader retrieve the original source if they want it.
Now, here's a little trick that you might not know about. If you
can't find the year for a source, some sources may not have a
publication year linked to them. This most often happens with
websites. And if you can't find the year, you can simply put the
letters n.d., as you see here, which stands for No Date inside
those parentheses.
4

So you want them to be lowercase. You want them to be
punctuated by two periods after the two letters. And that's going
to tell the reader there is no date for this reference. Don't go
looking for it.
So why is the publication year so important? Why does it take
such a place of prominence in the reference? The first reason is
because recent studies are so important in the disciplines that
we're working in here at Walden. As you all know in your
courses, recent studies are highly emphasized as an important
part of your research, making sure that the research that you're
basing your own arguments upon is not outdated in any way.
So a study published in 1940 is not equal to a study published in
2011. Now, this isn't to say that you won't necessarily use
studies that were published earlier. There are, of course, many
times when you might want to use a seminal work of somebody
who had a groundbreaking theory that other people then built
upon later on.
But, again, it's important to know if that study is a seminal
study that was conducted many years ago or if it's something
that's more recent. So that's the first reason.
The year of the study can help the reader evaluate its relevance
to their own research. So if somebody is reading your paper,
they can see that the year is right there. And that can help them
decide if this study that you're referencing is also relevant to
their own research based on how current it is.
And, again, in the social sciences, the year of the study was
published is almost more important than the author's personal
identity. It's definitely equally important to the author's
personal identity. So it takes that prominent place in the
reference.

OK, so after the author's name and the publication year, we
have the rest of the reference. Now, the reason I grouped these
all together is because there is less explanation for why these
components are formatted the way that they are, although there
are reasons behind certain parts of them. For instance, you'll see
the next component there is the title of the article, the book, or
the web page. In this case, it's an article. And the title is
"Chocolate as a critical component of effective paper writing."
Now, you'll see that the article title here is in sentence case.
And that means that only the first letter of the first word. And
then you don't see it here. But if you had a colon in this title,
the first word after the colon would have the first letter
capitalized. And any proper nouns are still capitalized. So
names of states or names of people all are still capitalized.
But everything else is lowercase. And this is because social
science article titles are written to be purely informative.
They're written to help the reader understand
5
exactly what the content and focus of that particular article is.
And in sentence case, it's easier for the eye to scan for that
information. Our eye is used to scanning a sentence for
information in a paragraph. So sentence case makes it easy to
scan the article title in the reference.
Then we have the journal title which you'll see is in title case.
So again, this makes sense the journal title is in title case. Title
case means all the important words are capitalized. Only the
small words like "of" and "and" don't get capitalized in title
case.

Then we have the volume, issue, and page numbers. And this is
the part where I just don't have a good explanation for why
these are formatted the way that they are. Certainly, they're
formatted to help the eye scan them easily to differentiate
between the different portions. You'll notice that the volume
number, which is that 5 there, is a italicized. Whereas the issue
number is not italicized and is parentheses. So we can easily tell
which is which.
And then after that, the page range, 12 through 16, is separate
from that with a comma and has the dash to show that it's a
range. But other than that, I don't have any real magical
explanations for why APA has chosen to format this information
in this way. This is a part that is probably best just to memorize
and not worry too much about.
The last component is either a DOI or a URL. Now, I get a lot
of questions, and we all do in the writing center, about DOIs.
And they can be confusing at first. But they're actually pretty
simple. DOI is an acronym. It stands for Digital Object
Identifier. And it's basically just a number that has been
assigned to an online article that's permanent.
It's not going to change. It's very stable. And this is to ensure
that even in a few years time if somebody accesses your work,
they can find this article using this DOI, because it's not going
to change. Now, not every online article has been assigned a
DOI. So if you can't find the DOI for a particular source, then
you want to include the URL for the journal home page.
Now, this is for journal articles only-- digital journal articles.
And this is a role that is new for the sixth edition of the APA
manual. So if you were working in the fifth edition, you weren't
using this rule. This is a change. But Walden is using the sixth
edition now. So this is the way that Walden is doing it now.
You're going to have to go to Google and type in the name of

the journal. And just find the home page for that journal.
So here, our journal is a made-up journal. But it's the Journal of
Writing and Dessert. I wish this journal wasn't made up. I think
it sounds brilliant. But it is something that you do need to
search for on the internet. And once you find that
6
homepage, that's what you have fluid at the end of your
reference. And we'll talk about that a little bit more later as
well.
OK, so by now, I hope that you're having a little bit of an aha
moment APA. I hope you're realizing that APA formatting rules
aren't as random as they seem to be at first that they maybe are
a little bit more deliberate that they have a little bit more
purpose behind them.
And then I hope also that you're realizing that following these
rules correctly can help you communicate your specific content
to fellow scholars in your field. So APA really is a tool that you
can use to help you format your references in a way that is
going to communicate your information effectively and
efficiently to your audience rather than just being a bunch of
boring rules that somebody created to give you a headache.
All right, so we're going to do a little practice test now about
moving data from its raw state into an APA reference. This can
be the hardest part sometimes of formatting a reference. You
might say, well, I know exactly what an APA reference is
supposed to look like. But how do I find that information to
plug into the different sections? Right? Where do I find the
DOI? Where do I find the journal title? Where do I find volume

number?
So we're going to look at this sample. This is just taken in from
the JSTOR database, which is a database that Walden has access
to. Now, not every database is going to look the same. So if
you're using JSTOR, you'll see something that looks very
similar to this. But you might be using EBSCO, or Eric, or
another database. There are a lot of databases that you have
access to through Walden. And they vary by discipline. So keep
in mind that there will be citation information on your database.
But it may not look exactly like it does in this slide in a
different database.
OK? So what is that first element of an APA reference? It's the
author last name, right? So we want to look for those author's
names first. And here they are-- Michelle Cox, Christina
Ortmeier-Hooper, and Katherine E. Tirabassi are the authors of
this article. Now, you'll see if this isn't the same as APA format.
Their first names are in there. And their last name not listed
before their first initial. So this is, again, that raw data that
you're going to have to pull out of whatever source you're
looking at. And then you have to manipulate it into APA format.
OK?
So our next element of an APA reference is our publication
year. And you'll see it's down here tucked in with the volume
number. And there's a month in there that we know isn't
supposed to be there in APA. So, again, you're pulling this out
of something that's not an APA. You're finding these different
components that you know the APA reference needs. And you're
pulling them into that proper format.
7

Next, we need the title of the article, because that's the next
element in an APA reference. So you'll see it's here. It's also
over here. And you'll notice that it is in title case, not sentence
case, as it should be in an APA reference. So you're going to
keep all the words, all the letters, all the punctuation. But
you're going to remove those capital letters from the beginnings
of the words that shouldn't have capital letters in sentence case,
again, manipulating the raw data into APA.
Then you need the journal information. So that's over here.
Again, you see the journal part is correct in APA. It's italicized.
It's in title case. But then we've got all this other extra weird
stuff. We have VOL for volume and O for the issue number.
We've got, again, that May-- month in there. We know we don't
need that. And then we have some two Ps for page numbers.
And that isn't something that belongs in an APA reference
either. So don't be swayed by that. Just because it's on our
database homepage doesn't mean that it's proper APA format.
You get to do that yourself.
And finally, I wanted to point out I oftentimes on journal
websites or database websites, you will see a URL like this.
And it even says stable URL here. Now, this is the URL to the
database location for the article. And the reason that APA
doesn't have you include that your URL is just because they
want to make this access as universal as possible. And they
know that not everybody has the same access to the same
databases.
So you at Walden have access to a certain number of databases
through the Walden library. But other universities have
different database descriptions. Or somebody might be looking
at your reference list who isn't currently affiliated with the
university and might not have access, So the idea behind using
the journal home page is to try and make this information as
universally accessible as possible.

OK, so how would we take the information that we just looked
at on this page and format it into an APA reference for this
source? In a minute, I'm going to switch slides. And we're going
to do a poll. So I'm going to have you vote. So I just want you
to take another quick look at this slide before I move on to the
next one.
So I want you to take a look at these three references and decide
which one is the correct way to format an APA reference for the
source that we just looked at on the previous slide. Based on the
information that we talked about at the beginning of the
presentation, which one looks like it is in the appropriate format
for APA. And after you look at this, memorize which letter, A,
B, or C is the one that you think is correct that you want to vote
for, because this slide is going to go away when I ask Anne to
pull up our poll, which I'm going to do in just a minute.
So take a look, and make your choice, and keep it in your head.
And then I'll have Anne call up the poll. And we will have you
vote. OK, I'll give you a couple
8
more seconds to make your choice. OK, Anne I think that we
are ready for that poll.
Looks like people are voting. This is great. Keep casting your
votes. OK, I'll give you just a few more seconds to vote. All
right, looks like we've slowed down a little bit here. So let's
close it out. And we'll take a look at our results.
All right, excellent. Oops, where did my thing go? 81% chose
B, which is the correct answer. Here is my slide. Good job,

everyone. That's great. And for those of you. It looks like a few
more people chose C than A. And C was much more correct than
A. So don't despair if you chose C. There were a few issues
there that were incorrect. But that was closer to correct than A
was. So nice work everybody.
So let's talk a little bit about why this one is correct. The first
reason is we've got author-- first initials here. So you may have
noticed in the previous slide with the three examples, some of
the examples had full author first names. And that's not what we
want in APA. In APA, we just want author last name-- author
first initial, only. OK?
Now, we didn't talk very much about this. But in your reference
list in APA format when you're listing authors, you always want
to use this little symbol-- twisty symbol called the ampersand,
which means "and." But you don't ever spell out the word and in
a list of authors.
Now, if "and" appears in journal title or in your article title,
feel free to spell it out. You should spell it out. And don't
substitute the ampersand if that's not how it appears in the
journal article. But in your list of authors, always use the
ampersand and not spelling-- don't spell out the word "and."
And you'll notice too-- here we have a list of three author
names. And after the second author name, before the ampersand,
there's a comma there. And that comes after the period that
abbreviates the author's first initial or abbreviates the author's
first name to the first initial. So it looks like a lot of
punctuation all smashed together there.
That is correct. You want to make sure that you're first
abbreviating the name with the period. Then you are separating
the second author's name from the third author's name with a
comma. And then you're adding the ampersand in to say, "and"

so we know that we're at the final author name. OK?
This was another discrepancy between the different options that
you could vote for. You want to make sure that there's no extra
letters when you are listing volume, issue, and page numbers.
You don't want VOL. As an abbreviation for volume. You don't
want NO period as an abbreviation for number. You don't want
any Ps in there trying to show page numbers. It's just the
numerals, and those
9
parentheses, and the punctuation that shows volume issue and
number in the APA format.
And then finally, again, just to stress, we don't want the URL of
the database in our reference. Instead, use the home page of the
journal, which you can find by typing it into Google.
All right, I am going to pause. Just for a moment and ask if
there are any big questions that have been coming up over the
first part of the presentation. Anne or Rachel if you want to
mute and let me know if there is anything burning that people
are wanting to know about that we can answer.
FEMALE SPEAKER: Hi, Brittany. I have had a lot of great
questions come in. And there's one, well, there's several that
would be good to talk about. One in particular, since we're on
this slide 14, is that we've had a couple of people point out that
the authors listed here are alphabetized. So they're wondering
are they supposed to be alphabetized? Or how does that work
when you have multiple authors in a reference entry?
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: That is an excellent

question. The answer is that the authors should appear in the
same order that they appear in their original reference. So here,
they happen to be alphabetized. And I believe that isn't
uncommon for authors to be alphabetized in a study that has
multiple authors. I think that tends to be a way that people
decide how to fairly distribute the authors in a list when they've
all done equal work.
But that's not necessarily always the case. And if a different
author appears first in the original source, that author should
appear first in your reference as well. OK?
FEMALE SPEAKER: Thanks, Brittany. BRITTANY KALLMAN
ARNESON: Yeah, you bet.
FEMALE SPEAKER: A couple of other questions we have here
about some capitalization and punctuation issues. The first one
is wondering about punctuation with the DOI and the colon.
When are there spaces? Are there no spaces? And can DOI ever
be capitalized?
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Great question. Yeah, this
gets confusing. So if you see us reference DOI or in your APA
manual, if you see in a paragraph somebody talking about DOI,
you'll often see that it's all capitalized, because it is an
acronym. However, for the same reason that we use sentence
case for the article title in an APA reference, you want to have
all three of those letters DOI lowercase only in your reference.
That's just, again, to help the eye scan. So it's
10
confusing. If you were saying, I used a DOI in my reference,
and you wrote that sentence out, DOI would be upper case,

because it's an acronym.
But in your reference, it should all be lower case, again, to help
the eye scan. Now, in terms of punctuation, you do always have
a colon after those three lowercase letters, doi:. And then this
feels very weird to people because it's not how you would do it
in a sentence if you were using a colon. But according to APA,
there should not be a space between the colon and the start of
the DOI-- the start of the actual number. So it's just all smashed
together-- the letters doi:, and then the actual DOI number-- all
together, no spaces.
Oh, and let me say one more thing too. You'll see in some other
references that we're going to look at later on sometimes a
reference will end with a period. But with the DOI or URL, you
don't want to put a period at the end of the reference because
that would be construed as being part of that web address or
part of that DOI. And you don't want to confuse the reader and
give them the wrong path to that original article.
So when there's a DOI or a URL at the end of the reference,
don't put a period then after that.
FEMALE SPEAKER: Thanks, Brittany. Talking about colons,
we also had a couple questions pointing to, again, the slide 14
about the capitalized Community that comes after the colon
here. Could you speak to that briefly?
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Absolutely. Yeah, so even
though we're in sentence case here, meaning most of the words
are lowercase. After a colon, even in sentence case, you
capitalize the very first word. And so that can be a little bit
confusing at first because you're so used to trying to make these
words that appear in uppercase in their original source into
lowercase words. But just keep in mind-- think about what
happens after the colon has a new sentence starting over. So

that means that you do capitalized just that first word right after
the colon in the title.
FEMALE SPEAKER: Another great segue here, Brittany.
You've been talking about title case and sentence. Could you
explain what that means again?
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Yes. So the easiest way to
remember what these terms mean is to think about the actual
term itself and where the term comes from. So a sentence case
is linked to the way that we use case, meaning upper or lower
case, letters in a sentence. So in a normal sentence that you
would write in your normal paragraph in your paper, you
wouldn't capitalize all the words, right? You would only
capitalize the first word-- the first word after a colon usually
and proper nouns like names of people, names of places, and so
on.
11
And so those are the same rules that apply when you use
sentence case in your article title in your reference. Now, title
case is the less common one in a paragraph. But it's very
common in titles. So in the title of your paper-- in the title of a
journal or a book-- you'll often see that most of the words are
capitalized-- just not the little words like the connecting words
like "and" and "the." Those words often aren't capitalized or
should not be capitalized in title case.
So think about what name of the different cases actually means.
And that can help you remember what sentence case and title
case mean. Does that help?
FEMALE SPEAKER: Yeah , thanks, Brittany. We've got a lot of

other really great questions here. But I know we have more to
cover. So everybody-- Rachel and I will be continuing to answer
your questions in the background while we move ahead with the
presentation. And we should have time at the end to answer
additional questions to have Brittany help us with those
additional questions.
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Yep, absolutely, thank you
so much. All right, thanks guys. Those are all really great
questions. And again, we'll keep answering them throughout the
presentation. We'll leave some time at the end as well.
OK, so we're going to move on now from references to in-text
citations. Now, these are the places inside your actual paper
where you're giving credit to an author, for their ideas. And
we're going to talk about what the purpose of in-text citations
are and what components make up an in-text citation.
There it goes. So the first purpose of an in-text citation is to
give information in the body of your paper that can help your
reader locate that source in your reference list. So you can kind
of think of an in-text citation as a little arrow that points your
reader to the full information for that source in the reference
list.
Now, if we listed all that information from the reference, every
single time we quoted somebody or paraphrase somebody, our
people would get really long. And it would be really hard to
slog through all of that. So that's part of the reason why there
are fewer components to an in-text citation than there are to a
reference.
The second thing that they do is they help you give proper
credit to other sources. So they really do help you with your
academic integrity. They help you not plagiarize. They make
sure that you are giving credit to other people for ideas that

you're using in your paper. So any time you're using ideas that
are published by somebody else, you're using an in-text citation
to show that those ideas came from somebody else.
12
They show that your topic is relevant. Again, they can help you
link whatever ideas you're talking about to a specific time
period to say look, people are talking about this now because
this study was published in 2012. This is really current.
And finally, you'll be glad to hear, in-text citations are much,
much simpler than reference formatting. They have fewer
components, as I said, and the components stay the same across
the source type for the most. So they're easier to remember how
to format.
So here's another sample reference. And you'll see there's just a
lot of information here that we've gone through before-- all
these different components- - all these different numbers, and
letters, and italics, and not italics. But all that you have to pull
out for your in-text citations are these little bits. So just the
author last name, not even the first initial, just last name, the
publication year, and the pages. And that's it.
So to review, we have last names of author authors only, not
first initials, the publication year and the page or paragraph
number. Now, if you have a source that isn't paginated that
doesn't have page numbers, usually this ends up being a
website, you can count the paragraphs, and then you should give
the paragraph number from which your direct quote came.
And a little side note-- the rule in APA is that for direct
quotations, you must include a page or paragraph number in

your in-text citation. However, you're also welcome to include a
page or paragraph number for your paraphrase. It's just not
required.
So if you feel that would be helpful for your reader to be able to
access the specific page or paragraph from which you're
paraphrasing, feel free to also include that information as well.
It's just not required.
So this is where it gets a little sticky. And I want to make sure
to be clear about the way that we use the term in-text citation.
Now, this is kind of a term with a double meaning the first
meaning it just means as opposed to the reference list, an in-text
citation is any citation that happens in the body of your paper.
So anything that's not your reference list but mentions author,
date, and page numbers is called an in-text citation.
Now, it also has a more specific meaning, which means as
opposed to a parenthetical citation. For the purpose of this
slide, I'm calling it parenthetical versus in-sentence citations.
And in-sentence and in-text can be interchangeable. So this will
make more sense in a second.
So first, we have parenthetical citations. These are citations that
happen at the end of a sentence in your paper and where all of
the information is in the parenthesis. And here's an example. So
here's my quote, "When students eat
13
chocolate, their writing improves." and then here, at the end, I
have my paramedical citation.
And I have my three components that never change. I have my

name, just last name, I have my publication year, and because
it's a direct quote, I must have my page number here as well.
And I could also include that if it was a paraphrase if I wanted
to.
So that is a parenthetical citation-- parenthetical because it's in
parentheses. In- sentence or in-text citation are part of your
sentence. That means the author's name appears as the subject
of your sentence or as some portion of your sentence. And the
sentence wouldn't be grammatically correct without it.
Like this-- "Kallman found that when students ate chocolate,
their writing improved." if I took Kallman out, the sentence
wouldn't make sense. But I still have this publication year here
because that has to be linked to the author's name, always again,
to show relevance and to make sure we know that the study is
current.
So if you're including an in-text citation, you always want to
have the publication year directly follow the author's name. And
you'll see that I don't have a page number here because this is a
paraphrase. But if I wanted to have a page number for the
paraphrase, I could include that.
So we're going to talk about just a couple more variations on
references. So we've talked about an article with a DOI. But
we're going to do one more. Then we're going to do a book. And
we're going to do an article. And we're going to look at a couple
of different components in each of the source types. And then
we're going to do some more polls that are going to help you
pull information out of these references and format them into
citations.
So I'm going to start by just highlighting a couple of things
about DOIs here since we're looking at an article with a DOI.
Again, this is a fictional reference. So don't go looking for this

in the Walden library, even though I'm sure it would be a very
fascinating article. So I can't remember if I mentioned this
before. A DOI is preferable to a URL. Again, because the DOI
is stable, you're sure that it's going stay the same.
But, again, a lot of articles don't have DOIs yet. So if you can't
find one, use the URL instead. And, again, that's the URL to the
journal home page. If you don't have a DOI listed directly on
the electronic version of the article, you can look it up at this
website here. And I won't pull that up right now because we're
running low on time.
But this is a really handy website. It's got a bunch of different
fields that you can fill in. So if you just know the article title
and the author, you can fill those in. If
14
you have more information, you can put that in there as well.
And it will generate a search. And then it will either tell you
what article's DOI is. Or it will tell you that there isn't one.
And, again, if there isn't one, then you just use the URL to the
journal home page.
OK, so I want you to take a good look at this reference and
think about how you would format a parenthetical citation as
opposed to an in-sentence or in-text citation for a paraphrase of
this source. So say you're paraphrasing some information from
this source. And then you wanted to cite that information in a
parenthetical citation, how would you do that?
So I'm going to show you some options in the next slide.
"Which of these is the correct way to format a parenthetical
citation for a paraphrase from this source?" I'll give you a

couple seconds to take a look. And then, again, you want to
keep your letter answer in your mind because this slide will go
away when that poll comes up, OK?
All right, does everyone have your answer? OK, and I think we
can go ahead and pull that poll up, the second one. OK, got
some good voting going on here.
All right, it look like it's trickling off a little bit so you can go
ahead and close. Excellent. All right, so we've got 47% who
chose choice B and 39% who chose choice D, and a few
sprinklings in the other ones. But those were the primary ones
that got the most votes. And this was a little bit of a trick
question. So I apologize for that.
B and D are both correct. And as I said before, you don't need
to include page numbers for a paraphrase. That's why I do have
B as the correct answer here. But you are welcome to do that.
So D would be appropriate as well. So again, we have all of our
information for a parenthetical citation inside the parentheses,
not outside as part of the sentence.
All of the components are separated by commas. So we've got
our author component first, then a comma, and then the
publication year. We don't have any author first initials at all.
So in any in-m text citation, you never want author first initial
or first names-- just last names. And finally, just like in the
reference list, in you r parenthetical citation only, you're going
to use the ampersand again.
Now, this is not the same as in-text citations where you are
actually going to spell out the word "and" if the list of authors
appears as part of your sentence, as a grammatical part of your
sentence. But inside parentheses, you always use the ampersand
again. OK?

Here is a sample reference for a book. Now, you'll notice this
looks a little bit different than an article reference. It has less
information. That's because there is no journal with any volume
number, issue number, page numbers to include
15
information for. So we just have the author's last name, and first
initial, and the publication here. Those are the same.
And then you'll notice that the book title is still in sentence
case. But it's italicized unlike a journal article would be. This is
because this is the only title of anything that happens in this
reference. There is nothing that's bigger that this is included as
a part of. It's just all by itself. So it's italicized. Book titles are
always italicized. But, again, they are in sentence case.
We've got a publication city, Minneapolis. We've got a comma.
We've got the state abbreviation-- MN for Minnesota-- then a
colon, and then Pachyderm Press is a made up publisher name.
So this is the only information that you need for a book
reference. You don't need any page numbers. You don't need
any chapter numbers. Even if you only cite off of one page of a
book, if the book is by only one author, you can just include a
reference like this without any more specific information.
All right, so we're going to do another poll. I want you to take a
look at this reference and decide how you would format an in-
text citation for a paraphrase of this source-- in-text citation or
in-sentence citation. And here are your options. So which of
these is appropriate for an in-text or in-sentence citation for this
source. Pick your letter that you think is right. And I think we'll
have Anne open up the next poll.

OK, we've got some good votes trickling in here. All right, I'm
going to have close it, Anne, just because we're running low on
time here. So sorry for those of you who didn't get a chance to
vote. But I am proud to say that we have primarily correct
answers. Most people voted for B.
So if you voted for D, that was a properly formatted source. But
it was a parenthetical citation instead of an in-text citation. So,
again, an in-text citation has the author's name as part of the
sentence-- "Babar reviewed how to wear a beret." Again, the
publication year always follows directly from the author name.
And well, that's a little redundant, isn't it?
Again, the in-text citation means the author's name as part of
the sentence. So our next example is of a scholarly website. And
I think I'm going to skip the poll on this one, because we're
going to have just a couple minutes for questions here at the
end. And I want to make sure we have time for that. But I do
want to highlight a couple of things about how to cite a
scholarly website.
So oftentimes, a scholarly website will have an organization as
an author such as this one. And that's fine. An organization can
author a source. So here, the author is the Centers for Disease
Control. You'll see that I put nd for No Date, because the source
is made up to show that if this was a real source, there maybe
would be no date available for this web resource.
16
You also want to keep in mind that even if you're citing
multiple web pages from the same website, each web page
should have its own reference entry. Unlike for journal articles,
you want to use the exact URL to the web page. So you're not

going to just use the home page of that website. You want to
lead the reader directly to the web page that you are citing. And
web page titles are not italicized- - no, they are in sentence
case, I'm sorry. But they're not italicized. So they look a little
bit different than the book titles do we'll see here. So that's
what a scholarly website reference looks like.
So I'm going to skip through the next couple slides because I
want to give us some time for questions. And we've talked about
most of that stuff already. So let's open it back up again. I know
we just have a couple minutes left here. But Anne and Rachel--
was there anything else that seemed like it was coming up a
lot?
OK, oh great. And it looks like Anne might have some time to
stay afterwards to answer more questions. And I have time as
well. So if people want to stay on the line after eight o'clock
and ask further questions, we'll be happy to do that.
FEMALE SPEAKER: Hey, Brittany, we have a lot of questions
about the DOI and where to find it. So we'll be staying a few
more minutes. you could show that cross reference resource.
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Absolutely. Yeah, I will. I
am going to go back to that slide here here. It's easier. Where is
it? Here we go.
So this is what it looks like. It's called Free DOI Lookup. And
you'll see there are all of these fields here that you can fill in.
And you may or may not have this information. This search on
article title can be easier if you just have a very little bit of
information. So you can just put the surname and the article
title there and press Search.
If you have more information like the journal title, the volume
issue, or the page numbers, the publication year, you can use

this more advanced form to try and find an article DOI. Now, if
I had been thinking, I would have come up with an example to
search for in here and show you I don't have one off the top of
my head. But honestly, this is a very user-friendly site. And it's
very possible that it might pop up and say, no results found, or
no DOIs found. And if that's the case, you can just assume that
this article doesn't have a DOI.
Again, not every electronic article has been assigned a DOI yet.
So it's very possible that whatever article you're working with
doesn't have one. But it's really important to check first,
because again, that really is the most preferable retrieval
information to include for your online journal articles because
it's so stable. And you can ensure that your reader can find the
article based on that number a little
17
bit more easily than they could if they had to go to the journal
home page and click through and search for it there. OK? I hope
that's helpful.
FEMALE SPEAKER: It is. Thank you Brittany. We've also have
had some students wondering about where they can find an
example reference list. So maybe you could take us to the
templates page and tell them about that.
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: I certainly can. Yeah, this
is great, actually, because we can see how the spacing and the
hanging indent works as well. So I'm going to take us to our
writing center home page. It's writingcenter.waldenu.edu. This
is what it looks like. And you'll see over here on the far right on
this little tab, that's called APA style. There's information on
everything that we talked about tonight. There's information on

in-text citations. There's information on the reference list.
There's some other APA style issues.
And down here at the bottom, there is a link called Templates
for Writing. If you click on that, it takes you to this page. And
you'll see there are paper templates for all sorts of different
documents that you might work on over the course of your time
at Walden. Now, not everybody is going to work on everything
here because it's all discipline specific or program specific.
But no matter what your program is, your formatting for your
reference list is going to stay uniform across programs at
Walden. So you can use the course paper template, even if
you're working on your dissertation and you want to see a
sample reference list, this would be helpful. I'll click on the one
with advice.
And it's going to download for me a template that's pre-
formatted in Walden and APA style-- like this. So you'll see--
these aren't things that we are going to cover in this webinar--
some other information that you need to use when your
formatting documents at Walden. And if you scroll all the way
down to the bottom of your first course paper template, you'll
see a sample reference page.
So you can see exactly how references are meant to be
formatted in APA style. You'll see here the hanging indent. So
you see the authors names all sticking out to the left. And they
are flush here with the left-hand margin.
Here's another little trick. You'll see that these sliders up here
on the ruler are moved so that this top one that's pointing down
is over here flesh with the left- hand one-inch margin. But these
other two little ones, the little box and the little arrow that's
pointing up, are pointing at the half-inch mark. So they're
moved in half an inch.

If you set up your sliders like that on your ruler, your
references are automatically going to format with a hanging
indent. So I'll show you how this works. So if I put my cursor
right here, and then I press Enter or Return, my cursor is
automatically going to go back to the left-hand margin of my
document. But if I start typing, I'll
18
just type gibberish here so that I can show you how it works,
and I don't press Return, it indents half an inch. And it just
jumped down like that because there weren't any spaces.
So if you just type your reference in, it will automatically jump
in a half an inch on the second line. Then if you press Enter at
the end of your reference, it goes back out again. OK? So that's
really handy. Then you don't have to go through and tab in all
of your references-- all the second, third, and fourth lines of
your references. All right, other questions?
FEMALE SPEAKER: Especially for the students who may have
to drop off, could you explain how they can email us with
questions?
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Certainly, yep, I'll go back
to that final slide. We have some really great resources for any
questions that you might still have after this webinar. The first
one is, again, our website that I just showed you. There is tons
of information there. Play around. Use the search box. That's
really helpful.
If you have specific writing-related questions that are shorter
questions, not a whole paper, you can e-mail us at

[email protected]
And we'll respond to your question within 24 hours. This is a
really great resource if you just have a shorter question and you
don't need your whole paper reviewed.
And then, finally, if you have questions about future webinars--
if you have suggestions for webinars that you would like to see
in the future or you want to know what the women offerings
are-- most of the webinar offerings are listed on our website.
But if you do have questions, you can email this
[email protected]
address as well. And our wonderful Beth, who's in charge of
webinars, will respond to you.
That's all I have for my presentations. So, yeah, if we want to
take five minutes of questions, I'm totally fine with that if there
are more that would be helpful to answer out loud.
FEMALE SPEAKER: Brittany, I think there is one thing that
would be helpful to go over together and that would be our
common reference list example page on the website. We've had
a lot of questions about individual different types of sources.
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Yep, I actually meant to
do that. So thank you for reminding me. I want to show you all
quickly this is the handout that you can download at the link
that we provided at the beginning of the presentation. It's linked
there at the same place where you can get the slides and where
you will be able to get the recording as soon as we finish here.
19
And this actually helps you navigate our list of common
references on our website. So it's going to help you use that to

sort of guide you through formatting a reference. Here is what
our common reference list examples looks like. Actually, I
should show the path for how to get there. So, again, we're at
this APA style tab. And I'm just going to click on it.
And I'm going to go down here on the left. And I'm going to
click on this box here- - this link common reference list
examples. And that's how I got here to this common reference
list examples. It's also linked in the handout that I just showed
you that you can find by the slides. So you'll see here we have
all sorts of common references that you might find in your
research-- an article with the DOI, an article with the URL, a
book, a chapter in and edited book.
And it gets really specific. Now, we have another webinar in a
couple of weeks' time that my coworker, Sarah, will be
presenting that is all about the weirder, more unusual source
types and how the format references and in-text citations for
those. So you can find information about that on our website.
That's going to be a really good and helpful webinar that will
build on the information that you learned tonight. But, again,
you can find information about those more unusual sources here
on our website as well.
Something that's really handy on this common reference list
examples page is this View Detail button. A lot of people don't
notice this as they're looking at our web page. But if you click
on that, this new little window will pop up. And it annotates all
the different sections of the reference that we talked about
tonight. So it shows you what each part is. So here we have last
names and first initials of authors. We have publication year.
Everything that we talked about tonight is differentiated for you
here. And you can use this as a helpful template. So if you
decide what source type you have first, then you find it in this
list. And then you click detail. Then you know exactly what to

pull out your raw data and what to put in. And then you can use
this as a guide for how to format your references as well.
So this is a really, really helpful resource. I highly recommend
that everybody use that as they're formatting their reference list.
Other questions?
FEMALE SPEAKER: Thanks, Brittany, we are just going
through the question box. We may have one or two lingering
questions here. But again, everyone remember that you can feel
free to email us at writing support with your questions if they
come up after the webinar.
BRITTANY KALLMAN ARNESON: Yeah, that's exactly right.
Well, if there's nothing else that we need to answer out loud, I
just want to thank you all so much for coming tonight. It was a
pleasure presenting to you. And thanks for
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