How Poliomyelitis Is A Contagious And Aggressive Virus

How Poliomyelitis Is A Contagious And Aggressive Virus
Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious and aggressive virus which attacks motor neurones attached to the spinal chord and brainstem. There is no cure
for Polio however there is a vaccine which contains a mixture of live and weakened strains of the three types of polio; Bulbar polio, spinal polio and
bulbospinal polio. Poliomyelitis is an aggressive virus which is able to pass through the three line of defence. It is passed through the first line by the
faecal/oral route and enters the bloodstream. It invades the T and B cells which are activated in the innate immune system and is fought by the
antibodies in the stage of the Adaptive immune system, where symptoms are already exposed. In order to eradicate Polio more accessible treatment in
developing countries as well as better sanitation is needed.
Poliomyelitis, or Polio is a highly contagious disease caused by the Polio virus, which can affect the spinal cord and brainstem. Although 90 – 95 % of
who are acutely affected by Polio are Asymptomatic, 5 – 10% experience mild symptoms such as a head ache, fever, fatigue, throat pain and stomach
pain and 0.5 % experience muscle symptoms such as muscle weakness, muscle spasming/twitching, loss of muscle tone and complete loss of
movement in muscles. If the virus makes it's way into the brain or spinal cord it can cause paralysis and even death. As mentioned before the disease
spreads very easily between person to person, particularly affecting infants younger than 6 months. There
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Polio Vaccine Research Paper
Vaccine–derived polioviruses: This is a very rare strain of poliovirus that is create by the mutation of the virus in the OPV. The OPV enters the
intestine and multiplies. After it get absorbed into the bloodstream it activates the immune system. When the patient is excreting the virus it can
change and be genetically altered. To get paralysed from this type of poliovirus is very rare. THe paralytic type ofvaccine–associated poliomyelitis
only occurs in 1 of 2.7million. If a community is not fully vaccinated then the viruses will survive longer and will undergo more mutations as long as
it is being spread around. If there is a case of vaccine–derived poliovirus, the oral vaccine will be given to prevent the spread of the disease from the
patient. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood can be tested for antibodies. An analysis of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid can be collected to test for paralytic polio. The fluid will be tested
to observe the cells for consistent changes like those of brain infection.
Vaccine: The only prevention that is available and effective for widespread use is thepolio vaccine. It helps to provide immunity to polio and blocks
transmission of the virus. There are two main types of polio vaccine. The first attempted immunization was made by purifying a specific section of
the blood plasma. This was not ideal or widespread use because the supply of blood plasma was too much.
IVP(Inactivated polio vaccine): This vaccine is made of a dose of an inactivated (dead) poliovirus. It is grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue and
is inactivated. The vaccine provides immunity to the bloodstream through antibodies and stops the progression of the virus into the nervous system. A
more potent version of this vaccine is used in North America. Generally only given to children because they are more at risk and adults are mostly
immune and not exposed to the wild poliovirus. Since it is not a live virus it cannot cause vaccine–associated polio paralysis. It does not protect the
intestines as well as OPV and the virus can still multiply inside the intestines. It five times more expensive than OPV and requires a healthcare
professional and the right

Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by infection with the
poliovirus. The virus spreads by direct person to person contact. For example contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth. Some
symptoms are sore throat, fever, tiredness, nausea, headache, and stomach pain. The virus enters through the mouth and nose. It multiplies in the throat
and intestinal tracts and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing
symptoms of disease can range from 5 – 35 days. Travel to an area that has experienced a polio outbreak is also an easy way to get infected.
Outbreaks can still occur, usually in groups of people who have not been vaccinated. Polio often occurs after someone travels to a region where there
has been an... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first thing he had to do was sort out 125 strains of the virus. He found that they fell into three basic types and knew that a vaccine would have to
include these three types to protect against all polio. One of the hardest things about working with poliovirus was manufacturing enough to experiment
on and to make vaccine production realistic. In 1948, researchers at Harvard, John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman
Robbins, made a breakthrough with the production of the vaccine. They found that the virus could grow on scraps of tissue, without needing an intact
organism. Using formaldehyde, Jonas Salk killed the polio virus but kept it intact enough to trigger the body's response. On July 2, 1952, Salk tried a
prototype vaccine on children who already had polio and recovered. After the vaccination, their antibodies had increased. Then he tried it on volunteers
who had not had polio, including himself, his wife, and his children. The volunteers all produced antibodies, and none got

The Invention Of The Polio Vaccine
Introduction
We all have been exposed, healed, or touched by the cells of a woman whose name we never knew. Her name was Henrietta Lacks. She was an
African–American woman who died of an aggressive form of cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins in 1951. Her cells were taken without her consent nor
the consent of her family members after her death and used for research from the effects of cosmetics to the formation of the polio vaccine. The cells,
tagged as "HeLa" by the scientist who received them at Johns Hopkins where Henrietta had come for treatment, are used even today. They were the
first cell line to be successfully cultured and proliferated beautifully to become the first commercially available immortal cell line. Hudson and Collins
(2013) state "...more than 60 years later, scientists around the world use HeLa cells for research on almost every disease" (p.141)
Reflections
What seemed to be forgotten by the scientist, Dr. George Gey, who received and cultured her cells and distributed them across the world was that
those cells had a face, a family, and a history. One of the most glaring ethical issues that have surrounded the HeLa cells since their inception on the
first petri dish is the lack of informed consent from either Henrietta herself or her family to take part in medical research. When Henrietta found out she
had cervical cancer she underwent the indicated surgical treatment signing a consent form for just that procedure. "No one had told Henrietta that
TeLinde was

Poliomyelitis
POLIO
Poliomyelitis popularly known as polio was first described by Michael Underwood in 1789. It is a highly infectious viral disease which mostly affects
children. The virus is transmitted from person to person via fecal–oral route and less frequent by common vehicle route like contaminated water or
food. Polio is a member of the enteroviruses which are transient inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts and stable at acid pH. The incubation period for
poliomyelitis is 6 to 20 days with a range of 3 to 35 days. The preclinical phase of poliomyelitis varies from asymptomatic to presentation of mild
systemic symptoms ranging from pharyngitis or gastroenteritis thus it can mistake at the initial stage as a minor infection. About 95% ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the suspicion of polio as a differential diagnosis is mostly days after the onset of symptoms. Isolation of the polio virus is principal to
the diagnosis of the disease. The likelihood of polio virus isolation is highest from stool specimen, intermediate from pharyngeal swabs and low
for blood and spinal fluids. Polio virus shedding can be intermediate and does increase the probability of polio virus isolation. At least two stool
specimens and two throat swab should be obtained 24 hours apart from patients as early as it considered as a differential diagnosis. This is ideally
within the first 14 days after the onset of the onset of the disease. It is important to determine whether the polio virus isolated is wild or vaccine
related. Serologic test may be helpful in assisting the diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis and acute serum specimen should be obtained as early in the
course of disease as possible, and a convalescent specimen should be obtained at least three weeks later. Cerebral spinal fluid usually contains
increased number of leucocytes and mildly elevated protein. These findings are non–specific and may result in a variety of infections and
non–infectious conditions. Therefore, the best diagnostic test is a isolation of the polio virus from stool specimen (Wallace and Oberste,

The Negative Effects Of The Polio Vaccine
Poliomyelitis was a highly infectious disease that spread through many Americans in the early 20th century. As a matter of fact, over 3,000 Americans
died of the disease each year. Families were overwhelmingly desperate for doctors to find a cure. When one suffered from polio, they generally
experienced painful symptoms which included not only fatigue and muscle weakness, but even death. Therefore, when the polio vaccine was introduced
by scientist Jonas Salk in 1953, it greatly contributed to Americans in numerous positive ways. Environmentally, the vaccine saved countless young
American lives affected by the disease thus decreasing American mortality rates. Socially, the polio vaccine convenienced families who were either
directly afflicted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To be specific, because of the fact that polio was feared by the majority of Americans, it resulted in a widespread feeling of paranoia. According to
David M. Ohinsky, someone who lived through the epidemic before the vaccine, it surprisingly got to the point where people "stopped handling paper
money and refused to shake hands" (1). America as a whole feared the disease because both the cause and the cure for polio was undiscovered.
Significantly, Americans "looking for anything that could beat back the horror of polio offered up more than 1.8 million children to serve as test
subjects" (Wilson 1). The desperation of The United States for the vaccine, was viewed negatively to American history as shown through the immense
number of children forced to serve as test subjects by their parents. Even though the parents were harsh on their children by sacrificing them, it
ultimately resulted in a positive outcome. This positive outcome was the successful introduction to the poliomyelitis vaccine, which left America
overjoyed. The United States sacrificed many children in order to save millions more in the future. In an interview, David M. Ohinsky, an author and
history professor, remembers the exact day of the polio vaccine introduction on April 25, 1955 and claimed that "the announcement came from Ann
Arbor, Mich. Church bells tolled, factory whistles blew. People ran into the streets weeping" (1). The euphoria brought about a unification within the
community. Moreover, it immensely filled American families with hope who were desperate for a cure. American parents no longer had to fear that
their children would catch the fatal

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Oral Polio Vaccine
Mythconceptions About Vaccines After years of saving up time and money for a family vacation of a life time at Disneyland in California, you and
your family have decided to cancel it after hearing on the news about a measles outbreak. When your children ask why they can't see Mickey Mouse,
you shamefully admit that they were not vaccinated and might get sick there. You were too afraid of vaccines. The stories of terrible side effect and
bad reactions deterred you from giving your children vaccines. According to the Center for Disease Control, 88% of the people who contacted measles
were either unvaccinated or unsure they were vaccinated. Now you realize the research was misleading and understand the advantage of being
vaccinated outweigh the risks. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One erroneous belief is to wait until the child is older but the flaw in this logic is that when they are young they are the most vulnerable (Howard).
Some parents are still apprehensive because they believe that the child will get the sickness from the vaccine. With the oral polio vaccine, only one in
2.4 million to contract the disease via the immunization (Howard). This is no longer a valid concern as the oral polio vaccine has been discontinued
since 1994 (Howard). A common misconception is that the side effect can be severe, in fact most are no more severe than low fever, redness or minor
swelling at shot site (CDC). Parents can put their anxiety aside as , the severe reactions are atypical. The benefits of receiving vaccinations greatly
outweigh the risks. Researchers continue to study vaccines in order to discredit myths and misconceptions. Though it is a parents choice as to whether
or not they want their child vaccinated, they need to take into account the safety and needs of the community as an outbreak can affect everyone.
Although American health and hygiene has improved, not all the world is as knowledgeable about health and

What Is Poliomyelitis?
WHAT IS POLIO?
Poliomyelitis or polio, is highly contagious viral infection that can lead to abnormal conditions such as paralysis, breathing problems, or even lead to
death. The poliomyelitis is from the word "grey", myelos referencing to the "matter" of the spinal cord, –itis meaning inflammation. So it means the
inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis can be categorize as either asymptomatic or symptomatic. About 95% of all cases of poliomyelitis display no symptoms (asymptomatic
poliomyelitis) but between 4% to 8% of cases of poliomyelitis display symptoms (symptomatic poliomyelitis). Nonparalytic or abortive poliomyelitis
and a severe form of polio called paralytic can occur 0.1% to 2% of cases symptomatic polio. Polio occurs most frequently in the summer and children
under years of age are most vulnerable.
Nonparalytic polio (abortive polio) can lead to flu–like symptoms that last for a few days , weeks, or months, such as sore throat, fever, fatigue,
meningitis, muscles spasms, muscle tenderness, headache, arm and leg stiffness, neck and back pain, and vomiting.
Paralytic polio be classified as:
1.Spinal polio– which attacks motor neurons in the spinal cord and causes paralysis in arms and legs and causes breathing problems too.
2.Bulbar polio– which attacks

The Erradication of Poliomyelitis: Inactivated Polio...
Introduction
Poliomyelitis, commonly known as "Polio", is an acute motor disease caused by the poliovirus that targets the anterior horn cells of the human
spinal cord, and in severe cases results in acute flaccid paralysis (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2011), which can progress to permanent paralysis. It
mainly affects children under the age of five, although individuals of any age may contract it (World Health Organization, 2013 [C]). Historical
outbreaks, most prominently the 1916 and 1952 epidemics in the United States, led to the development of two separate vaccines: Inactivated Polio
Vaccine (IPV), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). Although polio has seen over a 99% decrease in cases since 1988 and has largely been eradicated in the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The grey matter has a butterfly–like shape with two protrusions: the dorsal (or posterior) horn, which contains neurons responsible for sensory
perception, and the ventral (or anterior) horn, which contains neurons responsible for muscle control. There are two types of motor neurons: upper
motor neurons, located in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain, and lower motor neurons, located in the brainstem and spinal cord.
The muscular system, composed of 700 different muscles, makes up approximately half of a person's body weight and is responsible for movement,
posture, balance, and bodily heat generation (Taylor, n.d.). Muscles are divided into three main categories: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal
muscle. Smooth muscle makes up the inner walls of all organs and blood vessels. It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for
involuntary contractions of these structures. Cardiac muscle, an involuntary striated muscle found exclusively in the heart, is controlled by the
sinoatrial node. Contraction of cardiac muscle allows for propulsion of blood throughout the circulatory system, a process responsible for the transport
of oxygen and nutrients to bodily cells. Skeletal muscle, a voluntary striated type of muscle that is composed of all muscle connecting to the skeleton,
is responsible for the majority of the heat generated by the muscular system and

Jonas Salk Effective Polio Vaccine
In 1955 medical researcher Jonas Salk introduced an effective polio vaccine. At the time polio was considered the biggest threat to public health, yet
Salk refused to profit by patenting the vaccine because he was more concerned with preventing disease than with personal gain. This is an act of
abnegation because Mr.Salk did not sell this for profit, he made this for the well–being of other people.
In a world where selfish people are easier to find than selfless people, it makes it wonderful to have selfless people around. Being selfless not only
benefits you, but as well as the others around you. As an example, take a moment to ponder the decision of Jonas Salk. He created an effective vaccine
for polio, and was pinned between two choices.

The Polio Vaccine
The CDC, Center for Disease Control, says that polio used to be very common in the United States Before the polio vaccine and that it infected
thousands of people each year with this severe illness. This outbreak stopped with the invention of the polio vaccine in 1955. In this essay we will
discuss what polio is, how effected our world, and how the vaccine stopped the outbreak.
Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and sometimes deadly infectious disease states the CDC. The disease can invade a person's brain and spinal cord.
This can cause paralysis, where a person can't move parts of their body. According to the CDC most people who get infected with poliovirus will not
have any visible symptoms – about 72 out of 100 people. The CDC also states that one out of four people with poliovirus will have flu–like
symptoms. A smaller portion of people could develop more serious symptoms that effect the brain and spinal cord. These symptoms could include:
paresthesia or feeling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The NMAH also, states that a person who gets the polio vaccine is immune to future infection. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin used this knowledge, that
vaccines work by fooling the body's immune system into producing antibodies even when there is no disease, to create two different kinds of polio
vaccines. The vaccine created by Jonas Salk was the leading proponent of the killed, or inactive virus. Albert Sabin was the foremost proponent of
the attenuated, or weakened virus vaccine. Both of these vaccines have been proven to work for years. There was a study done in 1952 that lead to
Salk's Vaccine being named in 1954. During this time Sabin was still creating his live–virus, or weekend, vaccine. NMSH also states that IPV, or Salk's
vaccine is an injected shot used primarily today in the US and in Europe. OPV, or Sabin's vaccine is given orally in drop firm and is used in global
efforts to stop polio

Polio Research Paper
Polio is an infectious disease caused by a special types of viruses. The United States Of America is still at risk of introducing polio. A polio like illness
has recently been discovered in California in children that produces paralysis like in some polio patients. The last case of polio in The United States Of
America was in 1979. Polio is still a very high problem in Africa and Asia. Polio has also been traced back almost 6,000 years ago.
Polio is caused by small viruses, RNA viruses to be exact. The viruses are members enterovirus group of the Picornavirus family. The polio virus is
known to attack the nervous system. There are 3 different types of polio viruses. Type one is responsible for about 85% of all paralytic infections....
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the main symptoms is muscle weakness and/or tiredness. Another symptom would be vomiting. Another symptom is fatigue Also another
symptom can possibly be joint pain. The rest of the symptoms are headaches, nausea, fever, and sore throat.
If you already have polio there is no cure for it. If you take polio prevention vaccines. There are three different types of vaccines. If you take theses
vaccines the viruses could mutate. If the virus mutates to where the vaccine doesn't work polio can possibly kill you even faster. You mainly want to
make sure that your kids and parents are vaccinated because they are most likely to get polio and not survive.
Here are a couple more facts about polio that you might not know. Up to 90% of polio cases don't even have symptoms. One in two–hundred people
get paralysis from this disease. Five to ten percent of paralyzed patients die. The viruses is found in saliva and feces of all of the patients that have
polio. Children five and under makeup for 50% of the polio cases but any age of people can get polio. Polio cases have decreased more than 99% since
1988. Polio went from having three–hundred and fifty thousand to only four hundred and sixteen. The first polio vaccine was made by Jonas Salk in
1952 to try to prevent polio since there is no

A Brief Look at Polio
INTRODUCTION Polio is a viral infectious disease transmitted via the faecal–oral route. It is a dreaded disease especially in children, it results in
infantile paralysis. Polio has no cure causing great concern due to significant morbidity and mortality. Despite global efforts to eradicate Polio, it
is still endemic in parts of the world. This paper discusses the global problems posed by the disease, eradication strategies employed globally and
regionally and the challenges in the way of achieving a world without Polio. HISTORYPolio dates to before the 20th century when first cases of
epidemics were clinically reported. In fact, an Egyptian carving which dates back to around 1400BC depicts a priest with a paralysed leg similar
to Polio victims. In the year 1789, a British doctor, Michael Underwood, described Polio as "debility of the lower extremities"
(www.polioeradication.org). In 1840, a German doctor, Jacob von Heine established the disease may be contagious. In 1894, in USA, the first
significant Polio outbreak in infants was documented. In 1907, a Swedish doctor, Ivar Wickman, identified different types of Polio infection and in
1908; two Austrian physicians Landsteiner and Popper inferred that Polio is a viral infection. Several years later, research actions were launched and
in 1955, the first vaccine against the disease was created by Dr Jonas Salk.

How Did Jonas Salk Use The Polio Vaccine
Polio, something that can devastate anyone and everyone so very quickly. In 1953, you didn't know when you could be infected with this life
threatening disease.
Jonas Salk is credited with the creation of a successful Polio vaccine (Find date). He potentially eradicated an outbreak that could've killed millions
of people (Find # of people who died). When he went into law school (Name which school) he was trying to find a vaccine for Influenza when he quit
(Find source). When the Polio outbreak came to America, Jonas Salk was right on its case (Find proof). When a non–effective vaccine was created by
(Add creator), he was strongly determined to help people by making adjustments to it. After it was proven safe by (Add person and date), it was
shipped to countries across the globe. The eradication of Polio in America is a remarkable feat. By Dr. Jonas Salk and after the Jonas Salk Legacy
Foundation was founded in (Date).
When the Polio outbreak was thriving in 1953, Jonas Salk wasn't just lying around. He was tiredly working on the improvement of the Polio vaccine
(Fact Check). The previous vaccine was unreliable and unaffective. It led some patients to be infected with Polio and die ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He hated when he was wrong, especially as when he became a doctor (Find Source). Jonas Salk really wanted to find a cure for the Polio disease.
He was working for days on end (Find amount of time). Some of those days were just relentless checking to make sure everything was correct and
striving for accuracy (Find Proof). When the epidemic was close to his area, he so badly wanted to work before using it on his family to prevent
them from getting the disease. What stressed out him so much was (Find Object). He has a nature of being accurate. (Find quote about accuracy).
With both of his occupations as a lawyer or a doctor, it's hard to believe someone like that wouldn't strive for

Polio Vaccine in America
The Polio Vaccine in America
When my daughter was a baby, and we decided to delay vaccination, a friend of my mother–in–law seemed thrilled with our decision. However, she
advised to look into the polio vaccine because there wasn 't much they could do if someone did contract polio. During my research, I have found that
the polio vaccine is all but completely unnecessary for anyone in the United States. Let 's take a look at some of the most interesting information I have
found.
Taken directly from the CDC website:
Is polio still a disease seen in the United States?
The last cases of naturally occurring paralytic polio in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish in several
Midwestern states. From ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only that, but we are paying them to inject poisons into our children, how sick is that? What does formaldehyde do exactly?
Low to moderate exposure to formaldehyde can irritate the eyes, nose, mouth, throat and skin, and cause headaches. Formaldehyde may be
carcinogenic, and toxic or fatal to humans at high concentrations." In addition, they state that "Formalin waste is toxic due to the presence of
formaldehyde and methanol. When poured down the drain, it kills some of the biological organisms used for sewage treatment.
Carcinogenic, there 's that pesky cancer thing again. Oh, and it kills the good "biological organisms" making the immune system weaker, this stuff just
keeps getting better.
2–phenoxyethanol is another chemical used in the production of this Polio vaccine. It is a hazardous material considered harmful if swallowed, inhaled
or absorbed through the skin, and may cause reproductive defects. This is worthy of note because, like other vaccine package inserts, this one clearly
states that long–term studies on the vaccine 's effect on fertility have never been done.
Additional chemicals present in the Polio vaccine are neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin.
So now we can add possible infertility to the list of reasons to just say no to the polio vaccine. Call me crazy, but I don 't want my child to be a lab rat
for testing vaccination related fertility problems.
I

History Of Dr. Jonas Salk's Polio Vaccine
Salk began to study polio when he became head of the Virus Research Laboratory in 1947 at the University of Pittsburgh. In the late 1940s, the
March of Dimes, a grassroots organization founded with President Roosevelt's help to find a way to defend against polio and enlisted Dr. Jonas Salk.
Salk found that polio had as many as 125 strains of three basic types, and that an effective vaccine needed to combat all three. By growing samples of
the polio virus and then deactivating, or "killing" them by adding a chemical called formalin, Salk developed his vaccine, which was able to immunize
without infecting the patient. Salk's vaccine was made by growing live polio virus on cultures of kidney tissue from Asian rhesus monkeys. The virus
was then

Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine Essay example
Dr. Jonas Salk was an American medical researcher, physician, and virologist who developed the first safe and effective polio vaccine. Before this
vaccine was created, polio vaccines usually contained live, weakened forms of the virus, but Salk developed a vaccine that contained an inactivated,
dead form of polio, the first of its kind. Until the Salk vaccine was introduced on April 12, 1955, polio was considered the most frightening health
problem in the United Sates. Just 3 years before the vaccine was released, almost 58,000 cases were reported, with 3,145 deaths and 21,269
paralyzed. Most of the victims were children, leaving them scarred for the rest of their lives, which, depending on how bad they were affected, wasn't
long. Because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He and a Dr. Thomas Francis Jr. eventually perfected a vaccine that was soon used on army bases. But Salk wanted position where he could direct his
own lab, and he finally found one at the University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine, where he continued to research flu vaccines. It was at this
point that he was approached by the director of research at the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, a project established by FDR to eradicate
polio. The director asked Salk if he wanted to join the project, and he quickly accepted the offer.
Poliomyelitis, or polio, was a viral disease that had researchers baffled for years. It would enter the body orally, establish itself in the intestines, and
affect the nerves, then travelled to the brain, usually leading to partial or full paralysis. It was the most serious public health problem of postwar
America, claiming more victims than any other disease of that time. Yet it did not gain national attention until FDR was diagnosed in 1921. At the age
of 39, older than most diagnosed with the disease, Roosevelt was left with severe paralysis, and spent most of his presidency in a wheelchair.
When Salk first joined the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) in 1948, he was tasked with researching and confirming how many
types of polio there were. To help him, the NFIP paid for additional space, equipment, and researchers in his lab. The NFIP was formed in 1938,

Jonas Salk: A Brief History Of The Polio Vaccine
The polio vaccine is a vaccine administered to the human body in order to give immunity to polio. There are two types of the polio vaccine; one
using dead poliovirus (IPV) and the other using weakened poliovirus taken by mouth (OPV). The first functioning polio vaccine ever was discovered
and developed by Jonas Salk in 1955.
Jonas Salk was born in New York, New York on October 28, 1914. He grew up in a poor family in New York City, where his father worked in the
garment district. Education, to his parents, was highly important and they encouraged him to dedicate himself to his studies. After graduating from
high school, he attended the City College of New York, where he earned a bachelor's degree in science. He then went to earn his medical... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salk became the director of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 1963, a post he held for the rest of his career.
As for how the vaccine affected the world, the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 in 1957 in the United States. By 1961
only 161 cases were reported in the United States. By 1994, polio was entirely eliminated in the Americas. Polio was officially eliminated in 36 other
countries including China and Australia in 2000. In 2002, Europe was declared polio–free. Since 2011, India has reported no more polio cases. As of
2008, polio still remains in Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
As of today, polio vaccines are recommended for U.S. children at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6–18 months, and 4–6 years.
Poliomyelitis
Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is an infectious disease that affects the central nervous system and may cause paralysis. The disease mostly affects
children under 5 years of age. Poliovirus is caused by fecal matter. People that live in areas with limited water often get poliovirus by drinking water
contaminated by human waste that contains the virus. Causes of polio include fatigue, joint and muscle pain, body weakness and even

The Epidemic Of The Polio Virus
With a substantial amount of preventive healthcare advancements behind them, the American medical community turned its attention to the deadly
polio virus plaguing America. From 1937 to 1952, known cases of Americans contracting polio skyrocketed from ten thousand to a staggering figure of
roughly fifty–seven thousand cases. Of those cases within that time period, approximately one thousand five hundred deaths as a result of polio were
recorded. In the year 1953, The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis provided the scientist Dr. Jonas Salk with the tools necessary to research,
and develop a working vaccine to combat the devastating polio disease. After much trial and error, Dr. Salk was finally able to create what he felt was
a successful polio vaccination, and proceeded to conduct a field test. After resounding success, manufacturing instructions for the Salk vaccine were
sent to a series of scientific laboratories for immediate production and administration to American children. The disaster that occurred next will forever
be known through American medical history as the Cutter Incident (named so after one of the labs that administered the polio vaccine). This medical
crisis sent shockwaves throughout America and the medical community, and numerous lawsuits were filed against Cutter Laboratories, resulting in
fewer and fewer labs willing to accept contract work in developing vaccines.
Throughout the years, blame has been thrown at every party involved in the

The Polio Vaccine Through The Eyes Of Its Creator
Academy of Achievement. "The Calling to Find a Cure." Academy of Achievement. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int
–1 (accessed
November 18, 2009)
"The Calling to Find a Cure" provided an informative interview with Jonas Salk. It told the story of the creation of the polio vaccine through the eyes of
its creator. Salk also describes his childhood and the events that lead up to his medical breakthrough.
Latour, Bruno , Steve Woolgar, and Jonas Salk. "Introduction." Laboratory Life. 1986.Reprint. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 11. Print.
It showed the way that Jonas Salk studied polio and how he came to the conclusion that the vaccine was correct. He also taught that it is a life taking
job and that polio vaccine was a difficult task but a successful one.
Salgado, Sebastiao. The End of Polio: A Global Effort to End a Disease. Illustrated edition Ed. New York: Bulfinch, 2003. Print.
This shows pictures of the terrifying times that many went through with polio. It brings in reality by putting a visual image on the subject. After
understanding these photos, it is known that polio was and is completely preventable.
Secondary Sources
"Albert B. Sabin." American History. ABC–CLIO, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2009.
The article "Albert B. Sabin" expands the history of the polio vaccine and provided more information about the man who created the oral, live– virus
vaccine. This is important because without Albert B. Sabin's

Prevention Of The Polio Vaccine
Immunization: During today's visit Max needs 4 immunizations, such as: Dtap, Polio, Hep A, and Varicella. Dtap and Polio is part of Maxe's
primary immunization. First, I would ask mom if she would like her son to receive 4 mentioned above vaccines (consent needed). If mom agreed to
vaccination, I would verify if her son didn't have any of the following symptoms after receiving last Dtap: a brain or nervous system disease within 7
days, non–stop crying for 3h or more, a seizure or collapse, and fever over 105F. For the Poliovaccine I would verify if Max is allergic to the antibiotic
neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B ("Yours child's", 2015). For varicella vaccine, I would verify if Max has an allergy to gelatin or
neomycin antibiotic ("Chickenpox", 2008). With Hepatitis A, Max wouldn't get this vaccine if he was allergic to latex ("Hepatitis A", 2011). Copy
of vaccine information statements, available also on CDC website, would be provided to mom. I would also educate mom that every vaccine, like
medication, has side effects. She can expect to see redness, tenderness or swelling where the shot was given or mild fever. Max can be a little bit
more fussy, tired, has poor appetite, or he can vomit after receiving vaccination. These symptoms are normal after vaccination for 1–2 days ("Yours
child's", 2015). If mom has any questions or concerns related to vaccination, she should call the office.
No diagnostic tests at this time.
Medication: If Max needs Tylenol or

The Discovery Of Polio Vaccine Essay
In the early 1900s, scientists and medical personnel did not have an answer to poliomyelitis, otherwise known as polio. However, a breakthrough was
reached when Jonas Salk managed to developed the first vaccine, which he brought to the public in 1955 after testing the drug on himself, family, and
others. Salk developed a killed–virus vaccine through tissue–culture methods discovered by the scientist John Enders. Unfortunately, Salk's vaccine
was not the cure that the scientific community, and the world, had hoped for, as the results of the vaccine took a critical turn for the worse shortly
after release. According to Naomi Rogers, Cutter Laboratories, one of the original mass producers of Salk's polio vaccine, released many faulty vaccines
which resulted in greatly diminishing Salk's reputation:
"Both Salk's and the Foundation's reputations were briefly tarnished by what became termed the Cutter incident. Within fifteen days of Francis's April
1955 report, the Foundation's worst fears seemed to be realized when cases of paralysis were reported among children who had received the vaccine.
After federal officials from the Communicable Disease Center established that these cases were the result of vaccination from a batch prepared by
Cutter Laboratories of Berkeley, California, Surgeon–General Leonard Scheele halted the vaccination program for a week." (Rogers 180)
The fears brought upon by the Cutter incident led to the rise of alternative research, in particular that of

The Polio Vaccine Essay
The Polio Vaccine
The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer
of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The
highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus. When hygienic conditions were poor polio attacked infants.
The disease was spread by contaminated water and contact with fecal contamination. Many infants died when the conditions were poor. But as
conditions improved the virus spread differently. It was spread more through playmates and family members, the contamination came from the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dean William McEllroy talked Salk into joining the university full–time. Though the school's research budget was a grant from the American Society
for the Study of High Blood Pressure in the amount of $1,800, he saw the opportunity to do two things. One was to continue the work he was
doing on influenza, second was to begin working with the polio virus. A few months after arriving in Pittsburgh, Salk was visited by the director
of research at the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The director asked Salk if he would be willing to participate in a polio typing
program. "I had no experience working with polio, but it provided me with an opportunity. . ." Salk said in an interview. This gave Salk a chance to
get funding, equipment, a laboratory facility, and to hire a staff to work for and with him. Salk's previous work gave him the idea that a killed virus
could in fact work when others thought it couldn't. To type the polio virus Salk infected monkeys with polio by injecting it into them or feeding it to
them. If a monkey survived it built up antibodies to protect against the virus. The monkeys that survived were then given another type of virus to see if
the same antibodies protected against the second type. If it did, it told Salk and his assistants that the two types were related. If it did not, that told Salk
that they were not related. Eventually

Polio: Most Regreted Disease In The Twentieth Century
Polio was deemed one of the most dreaded diseases in the twentieth century. This crippling diseases was mainly impacting children between the ages
of six months to five years. Some theorist believe that it was more common for a infant that was passed the age of six months to develop poliomyelitis
because
Poliomyelitis is a contagious viral disease that is transmitted via person to person contact the mouth and than multiplies in the gastrointestinal tract.
Some of the symptoms were either non existent or could have been as mild as having flu–like symptoms that would include, sore throat, fever, stomach
pain and nausea. Some of the effects in more of the severe cases were mild paralysis, complete paralysis or even death.
Polio was in deed around for centuries and more–so prior to the epidemic however, back in the 1800's polio was a uncommon thing, or because there
were very cases that have very few symptoms that later went away. Some suggest that since many people lived in rural area , small town and cities
and under what some would say unsanitary conditions it was because of that, it led to their polio exposure early on and reduced the likelihood of
developing it and passing it to child, and if the child did develop symptoms their own body possessed the immunity needed to fight the disease. It
was also believed that polio was a disease of filth and for the impoverished however, it was quickly changed to the disease of "cleanliness". This only
impacted the spread of this

The Epidemic Of Polio During The Egyptian Era
From the late Egyptian era to the early 1900's, humans were perplexed about why people were suddenly getting paralyzed without warning. It wasn't
until research skills and technology accessibility improved that scientists were able to grasp the idea that it was all caused by the Poliomyelitis virus.
Polio began ravaging through the world in the twentieth century, crippling children, and, even after the discovery of numerous vaccines, is still
relentless enough that it infects children today. Poliomyelitis, also called "infantile paralysis" (Swanson 1), is a virus that has been around for over 3,000
years, but had troubled scientists right up until the early 1900s when they had the resources to fully research it. This virus is part of the enterovirus
division, meaning it attacks through oral ingestion and gains access to the body along the gastrointestinal tract (the tract that leads from the mouth to
the anus). From the G.I. tract, it then enters the blood, through which it travels to and attacks the nervous system. Once the virus fully destroys a
neuron, the neuron then cannot regenerate and therefore ends the connection between the other neurons around it. This left the infected hosts with
twisted limbs, extreme muscle pain and spasms, and, in extremely severe cases, the inability to perform vital life functions. Polio can be classified into
three different types, depending on which part of the nervous system it decides to attack. Spinal Poliomyelitis was the most

Emergence And Eradication Of Polio
Emergence and Eradication of Polio
Viren Patel
Valparaiso University
I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others ' use of unauthorized aid. Viren Patel
Introduction
The poliomyelitis word is derived from the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus on the spinal cord which leads to paralysis. This virus enters
from the person mouth and multiplication occurs in the area of pharynx and GI tract. Before the onset of illness, this virus present in the throat and the
stool. After the onset it will be less in throat but continuous to excreted more in the stool. By attacking lymphatic tissue this virus enters to the blood
stream and infects the cells of the nervous system. The severity of disease depends on the site of destruction. Respiratory or brainstem involvement
causes highest morbidity and mortality (Ellen, Banks & Skein, 2014).
This purpose of this paper is to discuss about the emergence and eradication. Emergence of the polio includes the sign and symptoms, causes, spread of
the disease, deaths due to the diseases, and countries affected by this disease. Eradication includes the treatment of the disease, WHO guidelines,
invention of the vaccines, good sanitization, and immunization.
Summary
Polio often called poliomyelitis or infectious paralysis which is an acute, infectious, and viral disease. It spreads from person

Polio Synthesis Essay: The Polio Vaccine
After decades of Henrietta being dead the Lackses had learned her cell's were being made by the millions and the people selling them made millions.
As the novel progresses you here the family is asked how they feel about HeLa Research. Their responses all have the same theme in the sense that
Henrietta loved to help people, and they are proud of what their mother has done for modern medicine and science. One of the inventions that came out
of research was the polio vaccine. Sonny tells Rebecca just one of the things his mom has done for science. He mentions how Bill Clinton said "the
polio vaccine is one of the most important things that happened in the twentieth century, and her cells involved with that too"(Skloot162). This impacts
the reader

721 Polio Research Paper
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by wild poliovirus. Among the 721 polio cases was detected during January 2006 – May
2016. This disease invades nervous system, can lead to paralysis within a few hours or even death. The poliovirus enters the human body through
oral water or food contaminated by decal mayor of the infected person. Virus in the intestine in the proliferation of the excreted by the feces of
infected persons, and can be passed to others. The initial symptoms of polio are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiff neck and limb pain. This
disease mainly affects children under 5 years old. There is one case of irreversible paralysis (usually legs) in 200 cases of polio infection. In paralysis,
5–10% of

Polio Viocine : Vaccine, And The Legacy Of Jonas Salk
In the early 1800's, there was an outbreak of polio, a potentially life–threatening disease, in the United States affecting most of the population ("What is
Polio"). The oliovirus invades the brain and spinal cord that causes that dysfunction within the muscles and can eventually cause paralysis. The virus
enters through the mouth and reproduces in the throat and intestines. The virus can be transmitted through person–to–person contact such as coughing
or sneezing or by feces. The most common way that children developed polio was through contamination of feces on toys and on hands which would
then come in contract with the mouth. The very first polio vaccine contained live and weekend forms of the poliovirus which was harmful still too little
children. Later on, Jonas Salk, an American scientist, virologist and medical researcher, developed a safe and effective polio vaccine that killed Polio.
Jonas Salk was born on October 28, 1914, in New York City to Russian–Jewish immigrants Daniel and Dora Salk ("About Jonas Salk"). Jonas has two
younger brothers, Herman and Lee, who followed in Jonas footsteps and went into different medical fields. Salk's parents didn't receive a full
education and wanted to give their kids a better and successful life. At the age 13, Salk was enrolled at Townsend Harris High School, a public school
for highly gifted children, where students would learn a four–year education in three years. As a result, students who graduated usually had the grades

The Pros And Cons Of Polio Vaccine
Misinformation about polio vaccine and political unrest has been cited as the main challenges holding back the global goal of achieving a polio–free
world, a study has revealed.
In a study published by theconversation.com last week, attack on the healthcare workers distributing the vaccine has is also a contributing factor.
The report also quoted the recent campaign against the immunisation of children in the country by some churches as one of the challenges facing the
global fight against polio.
"Recently, a church in Kenya started misinformation campaign", the report says. The misinformation going round, the report says, is that the polio
vaccine causes sterility or AIDS.
However, the study notes that polio paralysis causes physical suffering,

The Bubonic Plague: The Polio Vaccine
"The single biggest threat to man's continued dominance on the planet is the virus" Nobel Prize winner Joshua Lederberg once said. Throughout
history, this statement has proved to be true. In fourteenth century Europe, the Bubonic Plague killed off almost half of the European population.
During the first interactions between Columbus and the natives, Smallpox eradicated entire Native tribes. And in the time of the Industrial Revolution,
cholera outbreaks have left millions dead. Since their outbreaks, many of these deadly viruses have been met with cures, saving millions of lives to
come. However, for almost 3,500 years, one incurable virus had been attacking humanity: the poliovirus.1P
Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is a disease caused by the contraction of the poliovirus. Like influenza, smallpox and cholera, polio is a viral infection.
This means that it is a disease caused by the spread of a virus. It spreads rapidly, and usually through person–to–person contact. In addition, this virus
can also be distributed through foods or drinks contaminated by infected fecal matter. Although polio is deadly, sometimes, contractors of polio do not
show any symptoms. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1947, the NFIP was looking for someone capable in researching a polio vaccine, and there was no candidate better for this research than Dr. Jonas
Salk.7P Salk was a very experienced researcher; he played a crucial role in the development of influenza vaccines during World War II, and also had a
deep understanding of the immune system and antibodies.8B Additionally, Salk also worked to treat multiple sclerosis, cancer, and HIV.9C Together,
in the 8 years that followed after recruitment, Salk and the NFIP would take a stand against polio by successfully trying to put an end to polio through
the use of

Polio Vaccine History
Imagine living in constant fear of getting a disease that will potentially kill or alter your your life greatly. Imagine worrying that a loved one,
perhaps one of your own children, will fall victim to paralysis and crippling of the spine or legs. Think of how much you look forward to summer
vacation. Now imagine worrying that the warm weather brings with it a greater risk of developing a deadly disease. People living before the
development of the polio vaccination lived with these constant fears. Polio could alter a life forever. During the first part of the twentieth century there
was an epidemic of Polio in the United States and around the world. With such a feared disease causing panic and worry, people were searching for
something to eradicate the problem. Something needed to happen and the sooner the better. The development of the polio vaccine brought hope to the
world and helped to alleviate many fears. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to History of Polio Vaccine written by Anda Baicus the polio epidemic, in the United States, started in the summer of 1916, and by the
1950s the lives of many Americans had been effected. The polio virus mostly affected the lives of children and infants, making it even more
disheartening. The disease was spread by contaminated water and when people are in contact with feces. Polio was spread through family members,
friends, school mates, and even total strangers, making the epidemic even worse (Baicus). Polio was a disease that nobody wanted to come in contact

The Discovery Of The Polio Vaccine
Ashley Anderson
Professor Giunta
CHS 113–01
23 April 2017
In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper thought on why and how it was discovered.
Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease
faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients
paralyzed. The majority of people who are diagnosed with Polio don't get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar to any
other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These other scientists include Thomas Francis, Jr. who Salk worked with for a year in microbiology and resulting in Francis isolating two types of
influenza virus(Allaby). Microbiologist John Enders,virologists Frederick Robbins and Thomas Weller all influenced Salk to find the breakthrough
he so desperately needed. Both virologists grown viruses in tissue taken from a living organism using penicillin to keep the object free from
infection(Allaby). This was a breakthrough for Salk because he copied their procedure and used viruses from the spinal cords of polio patients and
grew them in another object to test on(Allaby). Jonas Silk has always been involved with medical science throughout his entire life. He attends and
graduates in surgery from the City College of New York. In 1938 when Salk works with Thomas Francis he was introduced to finding the influenza
vaccine(Allaby). This is the event that made Salk interested in finding out more about viruses and urges him to want to find a vaccine for a disease.
Salk ended up working on a influenza vaccine at the Virus Research Unit of the University of Michigan School of Public Health(Allaby). From
working on the influenza vaccine Salk had the opportunity to become the head of the virus research laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh in
1947(Allaby). This is where and when Salk decides to begin his work on the polio vaccine. The testing Salk produced with the Polio virus in the spinal
cords, they revealed that there

Polio Vaccine : An Infectious Disease
"A 1916 Polio epidemic in the United States killed 6,000 people and paralyzed 27,000 more" ("Polio Vaccine"). This lead to the creation of the polio
vaccine that has helped to prevent polio for a very long time. The IPV and OPV vaccines played a huge role in all of this. Jonas Salk, who created the
IPV vaccine and Albert Sabin, who created the OPV vaccine saved millions of people all around the world from polio (Petersen, Jennifer B). The IPV
and OPV polio vaccine helped eliminate polio from the United States and helped prevent polio in other parts of the world ("Polio Vaccine"). Polio is
an infectious disease that has killed and paralyzed many people (Birth of Jonas Salk and the death of polio in India). It has taken the lives of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disease has killed and paralyzed many. One of polio's fatal symptoms is paralyzing muscles that help you breathe ("Polio Vaccine").
Jonas salk invented the IPV vaccine. He was born October 28, 1914 to Russian parents. His parents had no education but wanted him to be
successful so they encouraged him to work hard. "In 1939 he received a Medical Degree from New York University College of Medicine. In 1942
he joined one of his professors at the University of Michigan School of Public Health" (Petersen, Jennifer B). Jonas and his professor developed
vaccine for influenza, which was Salk's first invention. Then he traveled to Pittsburgh and became a Professor. There, he also became head of the
virus research lab. He worked on a vaccine there. He used the killed virus to prevent people from contracting it. On July 2, 1952 he vaccinated 42
children who did not have polio and his trials succeeded. On April 12, 1955 Salk vaccinate 1.8 million children and right after he announced that his
trial were effective and that the vaccine works (Petersen, Jennifer B).
The polio vaccine helped to prevent polio all around the world. It was invented in 1955. It eliminated polio in the U.S. and is trying to do the same
in other parts of the world. There are 2 types of vaccine: The IPV and OPV vaccines. The IPV vaccine, created by Jonas Salk, and the OPV vaccine,
created by Albert Sabin. Both of

Pakistan's Polio Vaccine Campaign
Seven police officers in Pakistan were shot while guarding a polio vaccine campaign, a clinic that vaccinated 2.2 million children for polio. The
police officers were shot during two surprise attacks in the suburbs of Pakistan on Wednesday. Officials are investigating the attacks to see if they had
any connection to the immunization campaign. The only known characteristics of the suspects are that there were eight gunmen who rode of four
motorcycles to carry out the killings. In the first attack, three officers were hit and in the second attacks the other four were hit. The Taliban terrorist
group often targets these campaigns because they are convinced the health officials are spies. Because of the large presence of the Taliban, Pakistan
remains one of the leading countries for polio since there is no education or vaccines provided there. Since there was such a large police presence at the
vaccination campaign, no health officials were shot. Police officials has placed a 47,000 dollar reward for any information regarding the shooters as
well as a 19,000 dollar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think the author was extremely effective in getting his purpose across. I think the use of background information on the Taliban and their
prominence during these events really helped put into perspective how dangerous these events are. I also thought the use of numbers when talking
about how many children would have benefited from this campaign and how much money would be compensated to loved ones was effective in
letting the reader know how many lives this could've saved and how city officials are trying to help out. I think the organization style of this article
was good because it helped the reader easily follow along with what was happening in Pakistan. This was such a terrible tragedy for the officers
involved because they were only trying to help. I hope their families are doing well and they are receiving the support they need in order to cope with
these

Taking a Look at Poliomyelitis
Polio which may also be called poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can be spread or transmitted from individual to individual mainly through the
fecal–oral route. The word polio is of Greek origin "polios" meaning grey and "myelos" meaning marrow which refers to the grey particle of the
spinal cord. It is noted that about 90% of polio infections are asymptomatic but affected patients can show an amount of if the virus enters their
blood circulation. In rare cases, the virus can enter the central nervous system which could lead to the destruction of some motor neurons which
automatically causes muscle weakness and possible flaccid paralysis. Polio may occur in three different forms: Spinal polio: this is the most
commonly noted form of polio characterized by paralysis most often involves the lower limbs (legs). Bulbar polio: this kind of polio could be
very severe and can lead to muscle weakness (muscles innervated by the cranial nerves). Bulbospinal polio: this is the combination of spinal and
bulbar paralysis. HISTORY Polio was first discovered as a coition by Jakob Heine in 1840. The virus known to cause this disease or infection is the
POLIOVIRUS which was first noticed in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Major polio epidemics started to appear in the late 19th century in Europe. Polio
soon became one of the most occurring childhood diseases in the 20th century. Proper hygiene and sanitation decreased the prevalence of this disease in
young children which are likely to

Polio Vaccines
The Poliovirus, one of America's most deadly epidemics in the US history. This deadly virus had wiped out millions of children from 1920–1950.
Most of the Polio epidemics had happen during the summer. The first cause of Polio in the United States happen in Brooklyn, New York in 1916
when according to Heaven Emerson the public health commissioner said "90 italian immigrants under the age of 10 had moved to Brooklyn where the
outbreak appeared, and that immigrants were the first to get it because they were dirtier and poorer." From that summer in 1916, Polio had scared the
entire population in New York. Parents were taking extreme measures to ensure their kid would not get Polio. Polio affected children the most.
Children were put in quarantine,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jonas Salk's discovery was ground breaking. It was a rare moment in the medical world what Jonas Salk did. He unlocked a new door in the
medical for the next generation of doctors to find the next great vaccine. One of example of Salk's lasting impression is Albert Sabin who used
Salk's original vaccine to create a better, newer, and more effective vaccine. Other people had tried to find a polio vaccine but Salk's was the first
effective one. Even after Salk found the Polio vaccine he was not done doing research. In 1963 he founded the Salk institute for Biological
Studies. From there Salk did research for a HIV vaccine until his death in 1995. Salk's ideas are still being used today for HIV research. Some
countries to this day still use the vaccine he created in 1955. His Institute today is still one the most important biomedical research labs in the
world. In 1986 Jonas Salk created The Jonas Salk foundation a non profit organization that is committed to the advancement and creations of
vaccines, to end diseases and illnesses the cause harm to people, and overall to improve and promote the general well being of the human race. In
2014 which was the 100th anniversary of his death. Salk was celebrated worldwide for what he did in the medical and for what he did to the people.
Jonas Salk was selfless man, he did not create the vaccine for money or the

The Epidemic Of The Polio Vaccine
Max is overall healthy 2 years old boy, which is in 90th percentile for his height and weight. His BMI is 16.8.
Immunization: During today's visit Max needs 4 immunizations, such as: Dtap, Polio, Hep A, and Varicella. Dtap and Polio are part of Maxe's
primary immunization. First, I would ask mom if she would like her son to receive 4 mentioned above vaccines (consent needed). If mom agreed to
vaccination, I would verify if her son didn't have any of the following symptoms after receiving last Dtap: a brain or nervous system disease within 7
days, non–stop crying for 3h or more, a seizure or collapse, and fever over 105F. For the Poliovaccine, I would verify if Max is allergic to the
antibiotic neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B ("Yours child's", 2015). For varicella vaccine, I would verify if Max has an allergy to gelatin
or neomycin antibiotic ("Chickenpox", 2008). With Hepatitis A, Max wouldn't get this vaccine if he was allergic to latex ("Hepatitis A", 2011).
Copy of vaccine information statements, available also on the CDC website, would be provided to mom before leaving the clinic. I would also
educate mom that every vaccine, like medication, has side effects. She can expect to see: redness, tenderness or swelling where the shot was given,
mild fever. Max can be a little bit fussier, tired, have a poor appetite, or he can vomit after receiving vaccination. These symptoms are normal after
vaccination for 1–2 days ("Yours child's", 2015). If mom has

Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis or Polio is an infectious viral disease that attacks the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis.
Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move due to poison, injury or illness. In 1789 English physician Michael Underwood referred to polio as "a
debility of the lower extremities." However, the disease later became known as infantile paralysis because of its propensity to affect children. Polio
mainly affects children five years of age and younger. The first Polio epidemic took place in the 1900's. It began showing up in Europe and the United
States. During the first half of the 20th century the disease quickly spread through Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. By 1952 the
polio outbreak

How Poliomyelitis Is A Contagious And Aggressive Virus

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