Answer the following discussion questions: 1. Comment on the possibilities of "lying" with or manipulating statistics by using very small, very large, or non-random samples. 2. Do you know of any studies or surveys where you suspect that these tactics have been used? Find an example and share it with the class. 3. If you were opening a new business, what kinds of surveys or studies would you want to conduct before investing your time and money? How would you conduct these studies?  make a substantive reply to the comments of at least two of your classmates.  Please respond to the merits of a student's comments. 1-Statistics seem a field where even accidentally through a poorly designed study, draw inappropriate conclusions based on the data gathered. Other times hiding the methodology of the study is tantamount to lying. If the study creators knowingly compile a very small sample or ask only certain people or people in only a certain place and make sweeping claims about the population, then yes that is most certainly a dishonest manipulation of the data. I don't know of any such surveys personally, but it seems evident especially in an election season all the voluntary call in or text in polls a tv program posits are inherently skewed. Those that watch CNN aren't commonly going to watch Fox News and vice versa so not only is it a voluntary study, it is narrowed to only those watching said program and often will hold considerable bias. I think for a new business survey I would be looking at the population makeup. Does the area contain the age demographic that would most often buy my product or service? How about median income? I wouldn't open a Rolls Royce dealership in a middle class town etc...Are there other competing businesses in close vicinity? I'm no entrepreneur so I'm not sure what kinds of personal questions would be useful. How someone votes or feels about religion etc are probably not that useful if you want to open something general like a coffee shop or something. Most of the data I would think to consider is demographic information the city/county/state can provide. 2-It is very possible to sway the results of a survey by using a small non-varied group of participants.  If you as a researcher are going to theorize the outcome of your study would effect a large population, yet your sample only looks at female college students between the ages of 20-25, then you cannot tangibly apply your results to those outside of that age range or demographic or gender.  For example, in the study “Focusing on Self or Others has Different Consequences for Psychological Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Distinct Interpersonal Goals.”  The researchers hypothesized that having self-image goals were predictive of increases in negative feelings (depression, stress, anxiety), and compassionate goals were predictive of decreases in those same negative feelings.          To determine their results, they utilize.

1. Answer the following discussion questions:
1. Comment on the possibilities of "lying" with or manipulating
statistics by using very small, very large, or non-random
samples.
2. Do you know of any studies or surveys where you suspect
that these tactics have been used? Find an example and share it
with the class.
3. If you were opening a new business, what kinds of surveys or
studies would you want to conduct before investing your time
and money? How would you conduct these studies?
make a substantive reply to the comments of at least two of
your classmates. Please respond to the merits of a student's
comments.
1-Statistics seem a field where even accidentally through a
poorly designed study, draw inappropriate conclusions based on
the data gathered. Other times hiding the methodology of the
study is tantamount to lying. If the study creators knowingly
compile a very small sample or ask only certain people or
people in only a certain place and make sweeping claims about
the population, then yes that is most certainly a dishonest
manipulation of the data.
I don't know of any such surveys personally, but it seems
evident especially in an election season all the voluntary call in
or text in polls a tv program posits are inherently skewed. Those
that watch CNN aren't commonly going to watch Fox News and
vice versa so not only is it a voluntary study, it is narrowed to

2. only those watching said program and often will hold
considerable bias.
I think for a new business survey I would be looking at the
population makeup. Does the area contain the age demographic
that would most often buy my product or service? How about
median income? I wouldn't open a Rolls Royce dealership in a
middle class town etc...Are there other competing businesses in
close vicinity? I'm no entrepreneur so I'm not sure what kinds of
personal questions would be useful. How someone votes or feels
about religion etc are probably not that useful if you want to
open something general like a coffee shop or something. Most
of the data I would think to consider is demographic
information the city/county/state can provide.
2-It is very possible to sway the results of a survey by using a
small non-varied group of participants. If you as a researcher
are going to theorize the outcome of your study would effect a
large population, yet your sample only looks at female college
students between the ages of 20-25, then you cannot tangibly

3. apply your results to those outside of that age range or
demographic or gender. For example, in the study “Focusing on
Self or Others has Different Consequences for Psychological
Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Distinct
Interpersonal Goals.” The researchers hypothesized that having
self-image goals were predictive of increases in negative
feelings (depression, stress, anxiety), and compassionate goals
were predictive of decreases in those same negative feelings.
To determine their results, they utilized an online survey
of questions with a scaled rating (1-5), to be completed every
two weeks for 3 months. The researchers found that
compassionate goals were not associated with depression and
stress, but were correlated with feelings of being connected,
closeness, and positive effects. Whereas, self-image goals were
associated more commonly with depression, anxiety, and stress.
However, the limited variety of respondents is a hindrance to
the validity of the findings. Only 161 university students were
sampled; 95% were female; the average age was 21; and, 98%
were single. The lack of diversity among participants does not
provide a varied scope of results among the average population.
The researchers did account accounted for possible association
between interpersonal goals and residual score of depression,
anxiety, and stress. To further prove their hypothesis, a larger
experiment group with much greater diversity is needed.
If I was opening a business, as a personal organizer, I
would want surveys conducted on the following. 1. If people
felt they would benefit from having someone help them
organize an area of their house or life. 2. How much people
would be willing to spend on organizing services. 3. If there
was a time of year that they would be more likely to want
organizing help (“spring” cleaning for example). To conduct
these surveys I would conduct an online survey to rate the
above listed criteria. The population would be gathered from
shoppers of a national grocery chain store and a local grocery
store chain. As my business would be locally based I would
like to compare data between national results and localized

4. results. Using participants from grocery stores nationally and
locally would allow for a diverse group of respondents, from a
variety of socio-economic, racial, age, and gender
demographics. The online survey would consist of questions
with qualitative data (yes/no questions), and quantitative data
(amount willing to spend on organizing services).
References
Duarte, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2015). Focusing on Self or
Others has Different Consequences for Psychological Well-
Being: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Distinct
Interpersonal Goals. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,
809-825.
1
Marks: 1
The value of Kc for the reaction of hydrofloric acid in water to
make the aqueous hydronium ion and aqueous fluoride ion is
0.00001606. The concentration of HF(aq) is 1.2579 M with no
products. What is the equilibrium concentration (in M) of the
hydronium ion?
Answer:
Question
2
Marks: 1
The value of Kc for the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride to
make phosphorus trichloride and chlorine is 1.2632. The
concentration of phosphorus pentachloride 1.44929 M with no
products. What is the equilibrium concentration (in M) of
chlorine?
Answer:

5. Question
3
Marks: 1
The value of KP for the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen to
make nitrogen monoxide is 0.000398. The initial partial
pressure of nitrogen monoxide is 1.337 atm with no nitrogen or
oxygen. What is the equilibrium partial pressure (in atm) of
oxygen?
Answer:
Question
4
Marks: 1
The value of KP for the reaction of dinitrogen tetroxide to make
nitrogen dioxide is 11.5958. The partial pressure of dinitrogen
tetroxide 1.3119 atm with no nitrogen dioxide. What is the
equilibrium partial pressure (in atm) of nitrogen dioxide?
Answer:
Question
5
Marks: 1
What is the value of Kc for the reaction of molecular oxygen to
ozone if the equilibrium concentration of oxygen is 1.0439 M
and of ozone is 0.2904 M?
Answer:
Question
6
Marks: 1
What is the value of KP for the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen
to make dinitrogen monoxide if the equilibrium partial
pressures of nitrogen is 1.2398 atm, the partial pressure of

6. oxygen is 1.0889 atm and the partial pressure of dinitrogen
monoxide is 0.0266 atm?
Answer:
Question
7
Marks: 1
What is the value of Qc for the reaction of nitrogen and
hydrogen to make ammonia if the concentration of nitrogen is
0.0300 M, of hydrogen is 0.0261 M and of ammonia is 1.136 M?
Answer:
Question
8
Marks: 1
What is the value of QP for the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen
to make dinitrogen tetroxide if the partial pressures of nitrogen
is 1.1894 atm, the partial pressure of oxygen is 1.0902 atm and
the partial pressure of dinitrogen tetroxide is 0.026853 atm?
Answer:
Question
9
Marks: 1
If Qc is greater than Kc, then the reaction will
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants

7. c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
Question
10
Marks: 1
If Qc is less than Kc, then the reaction will
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
Question
11
Marks: 1
For the reaction of 2CO(g) + O2(g) --> 2CO2(g), adding a

8. catalyst will cause the reaction to
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not change as adding a catalyst will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
12
Marks: 1
For the reaction of 2CO(g) + O2(g) --> 2CO2(g), if the pressure
of the reaction vessel is increased by adding CO(g), the
equilibrium will be reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the

9. products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not changing as the change in pressure will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
13
Marks: 1
For the reaction of 2CO(g) + O2(g) --> 2CO2(g), if the pressure
of the reaction vessel is increased by adding He(g), the
equilibrium will be reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants

10. c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not changing as the change in pressure will not affect the
equilibrium.
For the reaction of 2CO(g) + O2(g) --> 2CO2(g), increasing the
temperature will cause the reaction to
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not change as the change in temperature will not affect the

11. equilibrium.
Question
15
Marks: 1
For the reaction of 2NO(g) + O2(g) --> 2NO2(g), decreasing the
temperature will cause the reaction to
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not change as the change in temperature will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
16
Marks: 1
For the reaction of C2H4(g) + H2(g) --> C2H6(g), decreasing

12. the temperature will cause the reaction to
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not change as the change in temperature will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
17
Marks: 1
For the reaction of CO2(g) + NO(g) --> NO2(g) + CO(g), if
more CO(g) is added to the reaction vessel, the equilibrium will
be reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the

13. products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
Question
18
Marks: 1
For the reaction of CO2(g) + NO(g) --> NO2(g) + CO(g), if
NO(g) is removed from the reaction vessel, the equilibrium will
be reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.

14. d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
Question
19
Marks: 1
For the reaction of CO2(g) + NO(g) --> NO2(g) + CO(g), if the
pressure of the reaction vessel is increased by adding CO(g), the
equilibrium will be reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not changing as the change in pressure will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question

15. 20
Marks: 1
For the reaction of CO2(g) + NO(g) --> NO2(g) + CO(g), if the
pressure of the reaction vessel is increased by adding He(g), the
equilibrium will be reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not changing as the change in pressure will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
21
Marks: 1
For the reaction of CO2(g) + NO(g) --> NO2(g) + CO(g), if the
volume of the reaction vessel is reduced, the equilibrium will be
reestablished by the reaction
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow

16. should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.
b. shifting to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shifting to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not changing as the change in volume will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
22
Marks: 1
For the reaction of N2(g) + O2(g) --> 2NO(g), increasing the
temperature will cause the reaction to
(Note: For all equilibrium problems, the single direction arrow
should be a double arrow representing an equilibrium.)
Choose one answer.
a. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
products.

17. b. shift to the right by increasing the concentration of the
reactants
c. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
products.
d. shift to the left by increasing the concentration of the
reactants.
e. not change as the change in temperature will not affect the
equilibrium.
Question
23
Marks: 1
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?
Choose one answer.
a. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in
water.
b. A substance that increases the hydroxide ion concentration in
water.
c. A substance that accepts proton.
d. A substance that donates proton.

18. Question
24
Marks: 1
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?
Choose one answer.
a. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in
water.
b. A substance that increases the hydroxide ion concentration in
water.
c. A substance that accepts proton.
d. A substance that donates proton.
Question
25
Marks: 1
What is the conjugate acid of water?
Choose one answer.
a. H+
b. H2
c. OH-
d. O2-

19. Question
26
Marks: 1
Which set is a conjugate acid/base pair?
Choose one answer.
a. HNO3 / NO2-
b. HNO2 / NO3-
c. HSO3- / SO42-
d. HSO3- / SO32-
Question
27
Marks: 1
What is the concentration of the hydrogen ion in water when the
hydroxide ion concentration is 1.0x10-5 M?
Choose one answer.
a. 1x10-5M
b. 1x10-7M
c. 1x10-9M

20. d. 1x10-11M
Question
28
Marks: 1
What is the equilibrium expression for the ion-product constant,
Kw?
Choose one answer.
a. Kw = [H+] [H2O]
b. Kw = [H+] [OH-]
c. Kw = 1 / [H+] [H2O]
d. Kw = 1 / [H+] [OH-]
Question
29
Marks: 1
What is the hydrogen ion concentration in 0.0009397 M aqueous
hydrochloric acid?
Answer:
Question
30
Marks: 1
What is the hydroxide ion concentration in 0.412 M aqueous
barium hydroxide?
Answer:

21. Question
31
Marks: 1
The pH of milk is given in your textbook as 6.5, what is the
concentration of the hydroxide ion in this solution?
Choose one answer.
a. [OH-] < 10-7 M
b. [OH-] = 10-7 M
c. [OH-] > 10-7 M
d. Cannot be determined
Question
32
Marks: 1
The pH of tears is given in your textbook as 7.4, what is the
concentration of the hydrogen ion in this solution?
Choose one answer.
a. [H+] < 10-7 M
b. [H+] = 10-7 M
c. [H+] > 10-7 M

22. d. Cannot be determined
Question
33
Marks: 1
The pH of water exposed to air is given in your textbook as 5.5,
what is the pOH of this solution?
Choose one answer.
a. pOH < 7
b. pOH = 7
c. pOH > 7
d. Cannot be determined
What is the pH of a 1x10-5 M aqueous solution of nitric acid?
Choose one answer.
a. pH < 7
b. pH = 7
c. pH > 7
d. Cannot be determined

23. Question
35
Marks: 1
What is the pH of a 1x10-5 M aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide acid?
Choose one answer.
a. pH < 7
b. pH = 7
c. pH > 7
d. Cannot be determined
Question
36
Marks: 1
What is the pH of a 0.482 M aqueous solution of barium
hydroxide?
Answer:
Question
37
Marks: 1
What is the pOH of a 0.397 M aqueous solution of hydrobromic
acid?
Answer:

24. Question
38
Marks: 1
What is the strongest acid in water?
Choose one answer.
a. HCl
b. HCN
c. H3O+
d. HF
Question
39
Marks: 1
What is the strongest base in water?
Choose one answer.
a. HCOO-
b. NO2-
c. OH-
d. SO42-

25. Question
40
Marks: 1
Which acid will have the highest concentration of the hydrogen
ion in water? All concentrations are equal.
Choose one answer.
a. HCl
b. HCN
c. H3O+
d. HF
Question
41
Marks: 1
Which acid will have the lowest concentration of the hydrogen
ion in water? All concentrations are equal.
Choose one answer.
a. H2O
b. HNO2
c. HSO4-

26. d. HCOOH
Question
42
Marks: 1
Which base will have the highest concentration of the hydroxide
ion in water? All concentrations are equal.
Choose one answer.
a. Cl-
b. CN-
c. F-
d. H2O
Question
43
Marks: 1
Which base will have the lowest pH in water? All
concentrations are equal.
Choose one answer.
a. HCOO-
b. NO2-
c. OH-

27. d. SO42-