The document provides steps for drawing Lewis structures: 1) Determine the total valence electrons of each atom in the molecule. For methane (CH4), carbon has 4 valence electrons and each hydrogen has 1, for a total of 8. 2) Draw the skeleton of the molecule and distribute the electrons between atoms as single, double or triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule. 3) Check that the octet rule is satisfied for each atom. If not, electrons may need to be redistributed to form additional bonds. The example provides the Lewis structure for methane and carbon dioxide.

1. Lewis Structure
Drawing a Lewis Structure
Lewis structure is the structure of a molecule in which dots are used to show the electron position
around the atoms that make up the molecule.
In order to produce the Lewis structure of a molecule, there are certain steps one needs to follow
(they are five (5) in number). Basically what I will do is to use the molecule methane (CH4) as
example to show you how to draw the Lewis structure of any molecule.
First Step
In order to produce the Lewis structure of methane, the first step is to count and determine the total
valence electron present in methane (or any molecule of interest). Methane is made up of carbon
and hydrogen atoms (CH4). The valence of carbon is 4 and that of hydrogen is 1. Since we have four
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Checking the octet rule means counting the number of pair electrons around carbon to know if they
are up to eight. If yes, it means that we have our final Lewis structure. If no, it takes is to step five.
Looking at the second figure above, the octet rule is satisfied. This means that the final Lewis
structure of methane is:
Fifth Step
If octet rule is not satisfied, and more electrons remain to be shared, move one electron per bond per
atom to make another bond. An example is given below for CO2 molecule:
(Source: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/lewisdots.html)
Isomer Questions
Isomers in organic chemistry are compounds that have the same molecular formula but with different
structural formulas.
(1) Pentane is isomer. Its molecular formula is: C5H12. Other compounds that have this same
molecular formula are: 2–methylbutane and 2,2–dimethylpropane. These three compounds have
different structural formulas (see below):
(2) 2–methylbutane is an isomer. See above, it is an isomer of Pentane.
(3) 2,3–dimethylbutane is an isomer of hexane. Their molecular formula is: C6H14. Their structural
formulas are shown below:
CH3(CH2)4CH3 for hexane and CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3 for 2,3–dimethylbutane.
(4) 2,2–dimethylpropane is an isomer of pentane. See above.
(5) 1–hexene is also an isomer. For further information consult the following site: http:/
/webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=R97406
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3. Essay on Business Structure
Sole Proprietorship A business with one owner who is responsible for all features of the business.
Everything that happens in the company from the daily operation to the legal obligations are
controlled by one individual. Sole Proprietorship Advantages: Convenience – Usually the least costly
to begin. Sole proprietorships are easy to start up. They entail acquiring the proper licenses and
permits. Regulations very from industry, state, and county. There is no administrative configuration.
Control– Owners are permitted to organize the company in the way they prefer. All choices about
how the business will operate are made by the owner. The owner has the choice of hiring someone to
run the company or doing it themselves. ...show more content...
In some states the partnership can continue if it is provided for in the partnership agreement. An
example would be the other partners buying out the share of the partner leaving. The reason for this
is to protect creditors, and maintain liability for the debts of the establishment Control – Issues with
partners may arise as the resulting from misunderstandings or different goals, putting an end to the
partnership. Burden– Formation and subsequent changes in structure are complex. Limited to a
small number of owners. Each partner is legally responsible for the actions of each partner. Unless
you can prove in a court of law that you did not participate, knowingly or unknowingly, in illegal
activities you could be forced to pay fines, penalties or even serve jail time. Limited partnership Like
a partnership a limited partnership has two or more owners. Unlike a general partnership a
partnership agreement is required. The partnership agreement stipulates which partner has what
responsibility and which ones have what authority. Advantages Liability– Limited partnerships have
both general and limited partners. A limited partner has little accountability for the debts incurred by
the partnership. At most the limited partner can only lose the amount they have invested, and cannot
run the business Income taxes – Partnerships do not having to pay both a personal and a business
tax. The
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