2. The word “osteomyelitis” originates from the
ancient Greek words osteon (bone) and
muelinos (marrow) and means infection of
medullary portion of the bone.
The infection- pus and edema in the
medullary cavity and beneath the periosteum
compromises or obstructs the local blood
supply.
3. Following ischemia, the infected bone
becomes necrotic and leads to sequester
formation, which is considered a classical
sign of osteomyelitis (Topazian 1994, 2002).
True infection of the bone induced by
pyogenic microorganisms (Marx1991).
4. In the preantibiotic era:
an acute onset secondary chronic
process (Wassmund 1935; Axhausen 1934).
After the introduction of antibiotics:
Subacute or chronic forms of osteomyelitis
(Becker 1973; Bünger 1984).
5. Suppurative osteomyelitis(acute & chronic)
Chronic sclerosing non-suppurative
osteomyelitis or Garre’s osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis accompanying systemic disease
such as tuberculosis,actinomycosis & syphillis
6. Reference Classification Classification
criteria
Hudson JW
Osteomyelitis of the jaws: a 50-
year
perspective.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Dec;
51(12):1294-301
I. Acute forms of osteomyelitis
(suppurative
or nonsuppurative)
A. Contagious focus
1. Trauma
2. Surgery
3. Odontogenic Infection
B. Progressive
1. Burns
2. Sinusitis
3. Vascular insufficiency
C. Hematogenous(metastatic)
1. Developing skeleton (children)
II. Chronic forms of osteomyelitis
A. Recurrent multifocal
1. Developing skeleton (children)
2. Escalated osteogenic (activity
< age 25 years)
B. Garre's
1. Unique proliferative
subperiosteal reaction
2. Developing skeleton (children
and young adults)
Classification based on clinical
picture and
radiology.
The two major groups (acute and
chronic osteomyelitis) are
differentiated
by the clinical course of the
disease after onset, relative to
surgical
and antimicrobial therapy. The
arbitrary time limit of 1 month is
used
to differentiate acute from chronic
osteomyelitis (Marx 1991;
Mercuri1991;
Koorbusch1992).
7. C. Suppurative or nonsuppurative
1. Inadequately treated forms
2. Systemically compromised
forms
3. Refractory forms (chronic
recurrent
multifocal osteomyelitis
CROM)
D. Diffuse sclerosing
1. Fastidious microorganisms
2. Compromised host/pathogen
interface
8. Reference Classification Classification
criteria
Topazian RG
Osteomyelitis of the Jaws. In
Topizan RG,
Goldberg MH (eds): Oral and
Maxillofacial
Infections.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders 1994,
Chapter 7, pp 251-88
I. Suppurative osteomyelitis
1. Acute suppurative osteomyelitis
2. Chronic suppurative
osteomyelitis
– Primary chronic suppurative
osteomyelitis
– Secondary chronic suppurative
osteomyelitis
3. Infantile osteomyelitis
II. Nonsuppurative osteomyelitis
1. Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis
– Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis
– Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
2. Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis
3. Actinomycotic osteomyelitis
4. Radiation osteomyelitis and
necrosis
Classification based on clinical
picture,
radiology, and etiology
(specific forms such as syphilitic,
tuberculous, brucellar, viral,
chemical,
Escherichia coli and Salmonella
osteomyelitis not integrated in
classification)
9.
10. Fractures due to trauma and RTA
Gunshot wounds
Radiation damage
Paeget’s disease
Osteoporosis
Systemic disease
:Malnutrition,acute
leukemia,uncontrolled D.M.,Sickle
cell anemia,Chronic alcoholism
11. Wilensky 1932
Hitchin & Naylor(1957)- 4 cases maxillitis of
infancy
Staphylococcus aureus
Injuries through foreign objects
Ramon et al 1977 –infections from infant’s
nose
Haematogenous invasion – streptococci
12. Sudden onset ,acute course
High fever, rapid pulse, vomiting, delirium.
Signs-
Swelling of face,
Edema of eyelids
Subperioteal abscess
Sinus tracts draining pus
13. Minimal bone involment
Long standing case -Sequestra
15. Localised or widespread
Debilitating systemic disease
(a) Close-up view of the socket in the
left mandibular first molar region.
16. Odontogenic infections
Periapical disease
Periodontal disease
Pericororonal infection
Infection from odontogenic cyst or tumor
Infection from extraction wound
o Staphylococcus aureus, rarely albus
17.
18. Panoramic radiograph showing neither
abnormal consolidation nor ill-defined
trabecular bone structure around the
socket and clear running of the inferior
alveolar arteries.
CT scans at 14 days after the initial visit
showing remarkable absorption of the
cortical bone in the left mandibular molar
region. (a) Axial section. (b) Coronal
section.
19. Mandible or maxilla
Presence of unerupted tooth
Conservative treatment (antibiotics)
Condyle or TMJ –Severe deformities (Rowe &
Heslop 1957)
20. A proliferative rather than a lytic bony
response is usually seen due to attenuation
of the causative organisms and the improved
immunological status of children in Britain.
The importance of penicillin-resistant
organisms and anaerobes, early diagnosis by
scintigraphy and the use of hyperbaric
oxygen therapy are highlighted.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987 Jun;25(3):204-17.
Osteomyelitis of the mandible in children--clinical presentations
and review of management.
Ord RA, el-Attar A.
21. Mandible> Maxilla
Sequestation of condyle rare –Linsey 1953
Rbc and hb decreased
Leukocytosis
22. Enlargement of marrow spaces(early)
Cortex involved-sequestra
Larger radiolucent areas –active bone
destruction.
23. Complete bed rest
High protein ,high caloric diet
I.V. solutions
Blood transfusions
Analgesics
Antibiotics –penicillin
24. Immobilization-bartons bandage
Hot moist compresses –localization of
infection
Surgical drainage
Extactions-offending tooth
Edentulous jaws
Incision –along alveolar crest
Window is cut
Rubber dam inserted
26. Continued use of
Antibiotics
External hot moist packs
Analgesics
Hot saline mouth rinses
o Catheter –irrigate area with warm normal
saline
o Further sequestrectomies-acute symptoms
subside
27. Primary or secondary
Radiopaque bone –dead sequestra attracts
calcium
Subperiosteal bone deposition
28. Bone biopsies from the mandibles of 5 patients
with PCO were sampled with an extraoral sterile
approach. Cultivation and polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) were performed.
RESULTS:
Two of the biopsies yielded growth of
Propionebacterium acnes. One biopsy also
demonstrated Staphylococcus capitis. The
biopsies with bacterial growth were also positive
for the same bacteria by PCR analysis.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2009
May;107(5):641-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.01.020.
Primary chronic osteomyelitis of the jaw--a microbial
investigation using cultivation and DNA analysis: a pilot
study.
Frid P,Tornes K, Nielsen Ø, Skaug N
29. Surgical removal of sequestra
Not affected by systemic antibiotics –no
circulation(Khosla 1970)
Sequestrectomy & Sucerization –acute phase
subsided
Saucerization –eliminate dead space
Obwegeser (1960)-decortication of bone-
shortens healing time
30. Preoperative radiographs –site of incision
Maxilla – intraoral incisions
Mandible
1.Alveolar part –intraoral incisions
Involved teeth –removed
Intraoral wounds packed –iodoform gauge
soaked in compound tincture of benzoin or
balsam of peru
31. 2.Inferior body of mandible
Skin incision –below angle of jaw
Masseter muscle detached
Sequestra removed
3. Condyle
Preauricular incision
4. Coronoid
Intraoral –along ramus (anterior border)
5. Mandibular notch
Retromandibular approach –incision at angle of
jaw
32. Sequestrum –surface of bone
Window –sharp currette
Granulation –blunt curette
Closure
Completely with sutures
Sutures with Penrose rubber drain
Indwelling catheter
Smith –Peterson ,Larson (1945)-aqueous
penicillin
33. Large cavity –combined with sequestrectomy
Periosteum –retracted
Sequestrectomy –done
Abditional cortex-saucerize the cavity
Margins –smothened with bone file or round
bur
Suture & drain
Wound packed with iodoform gauge
Systemic antibiotics -10 days to 2 weeks
34. Paresthesia of lip
Frature of weakened bone –air drill with
sharp cutting instruments
Splints and fracture appliance
35. Systemic antibiotics -10 days to 2 weeks
Dehydration –I.V. fluids with added vitamins
Blood transfusion
High protein diet
Immobization of jaw –maxillomandibular
fixation or a Barton bandage –for several
weeks
Rubber catheter-normal saline irrigation
every 3-4 hrs
41. Incision from midline to high
on Ascending ramus
Reflection of buccal and
lingual mucoperiosteal flaps
and sectioning of the
neurovascular bundle at its
exit from mental foramen
42. Use of gigli saw to make
anterior osteotomy
Osteotomies made with a
combination of bur cuts
43. Space left should be closed in
layers to eliminate dead space
A drain is placed for 24 hrs
to 48 hrs to prevent
hematoma formation
44. Incision parallel to and
1cm below the angle of
mandible
Mandilmandible exposed
,neurovascular bundle
cut and tied
,osteotomies are made
with gigli saw ,air drill .
45. Mainous 1975,Marx 1983
Pure oxygen –greater alveolar
partial pressure
Elevation of oxygen tension
Improved vascular supply
& increased oxygen perfusion
Fibroblast proliferation ,
new capillary (Hunt et al 1975)
Osteogenesis (Maekley et al 1967)
46. Protocol –Hart 1976,Marx 1983
2 ATA -60 sessions (120 hrs)
Mansfield et al 1981-alternating 100% oxygen
with intermittent oxygen followed by air
Marx 1983 – osteoradionecrosis
1.30 initial dives
2.Clinical improvement -60 dives
3.Resection –additional 20 dives 10 weeks after
resection
47. Dry osteomyelitis
Localized or diffuse (Bell 1959 ,Shafer 1957)
Older people ,black women
Sclerotic opacities & lytic areas
Bone –granite hard ,mandible
48. Six patients- particulate cancellous bone and marrow
grafting after saucerization
The partial resection of the mandible is associated
with disadvantages- including loss of mandibular
support, dysfunction, and problems related to
mandibular reconstruction.
Therefore, it would be reasonable to choose
saucerization combined with particulate cancellous
bone and marrow grafting, which is a relatively
conservative surgical treatment for chronic diffuse
sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2001
Apr;91(4):390-4.
Treating chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the
mandible with saucerization and autogenous bone grafting.
Ogawa A Miyate H Nakamura YShimada M Seki S Kudo K
49. “Nonsuppurative process in which there is
peripheral sub-periosteal bone deposition
caused by infection and irritation.”
Carles garre 1893
In mandible –Pell et al (1955)
Children and young adults
Etiology –carious tooth ,soft tissue infection
(Ellis ,Winslow 1977)
50. Radiograph
1.Condensation of cortical bone
2.Overgrowth of osseous tissue beneath
periosteum
Differential Diagnosis –
-Infantile cortical hyperstosis /Caffey’s Disease
young infants ,no of bones,clavicle .
51. Removal of infected tooth
Curettage of socket
Surgical recontouring
Surgery – obvious facial asymmetry -6 month waiting
period
Garre's osteomyelitis in a 10-year-old boy -pulpoperiapical
infection in relation to permanent mandibular right first
molar.
The elimination of periapical infection was achieved by
endodontic therapy and the complete bone remodeling
was seen radiographically after three months follow-up.
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent.2007;25 Suppl:S30-3.
Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis.
Suma R Vinay C, Shashikanth MC, Subba Reddy VV
1.the classical presentation of jawbone osteomyelitis , was ,,,,,usually followed by a later transition to a
2. acute phases were often concealed by these antimicrobial drugs without fully eliminating the infection,,,,,,,,, have therefore become more prominent, lacking an actual acute phase
Constitutional rx,,,,,,,
SUBP AB on alveolar mucosa and palate followed by
Lower resistance ,infants may refuse nourishment
Radiographs are of less use,,,,,,,,
1.2.Pus from sinus tract
1.With extensive sequetration and pathologic fracture,,,,,,,,,,,
2.may predispose
2.Complicated by –
4. Involvement of ,,,,,, may cause during period of skeletal growth
Scintigraphy ("scint," Latin scintilla, spark) is a form of diagnostic test used in nuclear medicine, wherein radioisotopes (here called radiopharmaceuticals) are taken internally, and the emitted radiation is captured by external detectors (gamma cameras) to form two-dimensional[1] images. In contrast, SPECT andpositron emission tomography (PET) form 3-dimensional images, and are therefore classified as separate techniques to scintigraphy, although they also usegamma cameras to detect internal radiation. Scintigraphy is unlike a diagnostic X-ray where external radiation is passed through the body to form an image.
To administer dehydration
Erythromycin ,lincomycin
5o mg /kg upto 2g every 4 hrly
Window –sharp osteotome or air drill for evacuation of pus
Primary –infection from subvirulent organism,,,,,,sec –acute infection not eliminated by treatment
Extraoral fistula and scar formation ,,,,,large exposure of infected bone and sequestra
No specific bacterial etiology was demonstrated. However, the results of bacterial cultivation and PCR analysis were in agreement. Based on these findings, the molecular procedure used in this study can be considered to be suitable for identification of bacterial specimens in mandibular biopsies. Further studies are needed with larger patient populations to confirm these findings.
Removal of seqestrum leaves large cavity and it is desirable to eliminate dead space to avoid extensive areas of clot that may get reinfected…
Iod g –removes necrotic tissue by its fibrinolytic act
Additional cortex should be removed
In blood cultures,,,,,
Lab studies
Posterrior cut at condyle for disarticulation ,ramus anterior cut in premolar region ,,coronoidectomy
with chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible were treated by ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and were retrospectively evaluated.