course materials

1. Discussion: Punnett square
Discussion: Punnett squareDiscussion: Punnett squarePunnett square is a graphical
representation of genotype odd resulting from the genetic crossing of a particular type. The
chart representation of possible offspring is essential in predicting traits, and this is
achieved by analyzing the composition of the gene. According to R et al. (2018), Although
the Punnett square is a convenient tool for genetic prediction, it has limitations in complex
genetic inheritance. Significantly, the Punnett square is limited when predicting genotype in
the scenario where two traits are inherited together or in the situation where two genes are
linked (Lockhart, 2018). On the other hand, multiple genes can be used to determine a
single trait, and therefore, the punnet square is limited in predicting offspring’s phenotype.
According to R et al. (2018), Hemophilia either occurs due to spontaneous mutation or
inherited. In the case given, the mother has a recessive allele(hemophilia) and a dominant
allele.Odd of female offspring developing hemophiliaWhile mothers without hemophilia can
transmit X chromosome with mutation, the female can receive a normal X chromosome
from the father who is not affected by hemophilia. That being the case, all the daughters will
not have hemophilia although they inherit the X chromosome from the father.Odd of female
offspring being hemophilia carrierJust like the mother, who is, in this case, a hemophilia
carrier, there is a 50% chance that offspring will be a carrier.Odd of male offspring
developing hemophiliaORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPERSIn this
case, the male offspring inherit the Y chromosomes from his father and the mother’s X
chromosomes. That being the case, the son can inherit either mutate or normal
chromosomes, and the probability of developing hemophilia is 50%.Odds of a male son
being hemophilia carrierIn males, the mutated chromosome is enough for the development
of hemophilia, meaning that the male cannot be a carrier of hemophilia in this case.Odd of
offspring developing hemophilia.There is a 25% odd that the son will have hemophilia, a
25% chance that the daughter will be a hemophilia carrier, and a 50% probability that the
two people will have mutated genes.The reason why some offspring developed the
diseaseSignificantly, for hemophilia development, only the offspring that have mutated X
chromosome will develop the disease. In the case of a daughter, it will be impossible for
them to develop hemophilia, for they receive the gene from the father who is unaffected by
hemophilia (R et al., 2018). In the male case, the sons will be having a 50% chance of
receiving their mother’s healthy gene; in this case, she is a carrier. Discussion: Punnett
squareReferenceLockhart, J. (2018). Suspended animation: A transcriptional module
triggers embryo formation in suspensor cells. The Plant Cell, 31(1), 5-6.

2. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.18.00975R, V., P, N., & N, S. (2018). Survey on the genetic
variation among the students. Insights in Biomedicine, 03(01).
https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-5610.10041 Peer 2Describe the Punnett Square and what
it used to predict. What are the limitations of the Punnett Square?The Punnett Square is a
diagram that shows the matting pattern of two individuals with an autosomal dominant
gene. (McCance, 2019) The Punnett square was created by Reginald C. Punnett and was
used to predict the traits of offspring based on the traits of their parents, this diagram is
now the basis of most school teaching of genetics. (Adelman, 2017) The Punnett squares
can be used in complicated situations but there are easier genetic squares that can be used
when it come to a more complexed situation. (Taylor, 2019).Scenario: Mom is a carrier for
hemophilia but does not have the disease.Dad does not have hemophilia..What is the
probability a female offspring developing hemophilia?There is zero probability of the
female offspring developing hemophilia.What is the probability of a female offspring being a
carrier for hemophilia?There is a 25% percent probability that the female offspring will be a
carrier of hemophiliaWhat is the probability of a male offspring developing
hemophilia?There is a 25% chance that the male offspring will develop hemophilia and a
zero percent chance that the male will be a carrier of hemophilia.What is the probability of a
male offspring being a carrier developing hemophilia?There is zero chance that the male
will be a carrier of hemophilia.What is the probability of any offspring developing
hemophilia?If there are two children, the probability of any offspring developing
hemophilia it would be a 25% chanceExplain why only some offspring would develop the
disease?The reason why only some offspring would develop hemophilia is due
Approximately 30% of cases of hemophilia are caused by a spontaneous mutation of the
gene. In some cases, the mother is not a carrier of hemophilia, and the child is affected. This
child may be the first in the family to have hemophilia and to carry the defective factor gene.
In some cases, the genetic mutation occurs in the mother, and she finds out she is a carrier
(through DNA testing) after she has a child with hemophilia.
(www.hemophiliafed.org)Reference:Adelman, J. (2017, June 08). The Punnett Square:
Predicting the traits of offspring based on the traits of their parents. Retrieved December
19, 2020, from https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/the-punnett-square-predicting-
the-traits-of-offspring-based-on-the-traits-of-their-parents-1.3102939McCance, K.L.,
Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children.
St. Louis, MO: ElsevierTaylor, Courtney. (2020, August 26). Probability and Punnett Squares
in Genetics. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/probability-and-punnett-squares-
genetics-4053752https://www.hemophiliafed.org/understanding-bleeding-
disorders/what-is-hemophilia/hemophilia-a/inheritance-pattern/Discussion: Punnett
square