Impact of Green Supply Chain Management Practices

Business Question
business question and need guidance to help me learn.
Edit and rewrite parts of the thesis paper according to the feedback of professor. Every
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Green Supply Chain Management and Performance of ISO Certified Companies in the U.S
Table of Contents
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…4
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………...….16
Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………28
Data Analysis and Findings…………………………………………………………………..29
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….59
References……………………………………………………………………………………..62
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………….69
Abstract
Green supply chain management (GSCM) refers to the concept of integrating
sustainable production processes aligned with environmental protection policies into the
traditional supply chain. This research's focus is on the importance and need of GSCM in
manufacturing firms that are utilizing natural resources and exploiting the environment.
The emphasis is placed on how GSCM is better than traditional supply chain management
practices and how it could help a firm to gain a competitive advantage. In addition, the
importance of GSCM for a manufacturing firm in terms of profitability, productivity,
corporate social responsibility and competitive advantage is explained. This research is
conducted by using a cross-sectional survey design appropriate where the overall objective
is to establish whether significant relationships exist among variables at some point. The
study population comprised all ISO 14001-certified manufacturing firms operating in the
U.S.A. A detailed literature review is conducted, which shows the correlation between GSCM
and the operational performance of an organization. This research aims to establish strong
foundations for future researchers to focus on the entirety of the GSCM and its importance
in environmental protection. This research will be able to find a real impact of GSCM
practices in manufacturing firms and motivate firms to adopt it as a necessity because, in
the coming future, firms lacking focus on sustainability and environmental protection

practices will fail to establish a strong market position. The research paper is divided into
different chapters discussing the research question and literature to highlight the
relationship between the implementation of GSCM and operational performance.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background
Supply chains are used by modern enterprises to develop, distribute, and transfer value to
customers in the most feasible manner (Green et al., 2012). The supply chain boosts
corporate success by combining enterprises to give consumers value at the lowest possible
price (Bagher, 2018). Therefore, it is important that business managers create an efficient
supply chain in order to increase consumer happiness, foster competitive advantage, and
increase the wealth of their company (Diabat and Govindan, 2011). However, companies
create externalities to the environment when they create and manage efficient supply
networks; these externalities are typically negative and unsustainable. That is, when supply
chains are managed more carefully by corporations, natural resources are depleted and
carbon dioxide and its components—greenhouse gases—are released more often. This
indicates a great danger to the environment (Dadhich et al., 2015). Accordingly, it is crucial
for enterprises to be environmentally responsible and apply Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM), which aids to ensure that this practice of supply doesn’t harm the
environment. Therefore, companies should match and relate their performance goals with
sustainable performance.
A research has suggested a number of parameters for GSCM practice among firms. These
include eco-design, eco-production, and green buying (Tan et al., 2016; Khan and Qianli,
2017). Businesses are required to conduct their supply chain operations within the
parameters of environmental sustainability by applying these factors. The bulk of the
research acknowledges that GSCM not only improves the environment but also helps
businesses perform. According to Sari (2017) and Youn et al. (2013), green supply chain
initiatives helped firms cut back on their use of energy and logistical expenses, which
improved their performance. Green technology is favored by Seman et al. (2012),
particularly in industrial companies that increase revenues.
The application of GSCM, according to Choi and Hwang (2015), enhances the working
environment and performance of firms involved. According to empirical research by Tan et
al. (2016), green supply chain management increases corporate competitiveness. The
findings from Laari et al. (2016) support the claim that GSCM enhances the environmental
and operational aspects of enterprises. Syakila (2016), on the other hand, emphasizes that
GSCM does not necessarily support business competitiveness. Similarly, Khan and Qianli
(2017) concurred that higher sustainable standards reduce businesses' profitability since
GSCM necessitates significant technological expenditures. This is a different viewpoint that
suggests GSCM might not improve firms' general well-being.
There is no unified viewpoint offered by the many theoretical approaches on the subject.
Tripathi and Bains (2013), for instance, made the case that it is every company duty to
maximize profit for its owners. According to Eccles et al. (2014), enterprises are under
pressure to support environmental sustainability at the expense of investors, which creates
issues between managers and shareholders.

The resource-based approach argues that businesses should use GSCM because it gives
them a competitive edge in an increasingly cutthroat market. Hu and Hsu's (2010) findings,
however, imply that poor green supply chain management practices may work against a
firm's performance. This suggests that the adoption of the GSCM framework by corporate
management is necessary for there to be a positive relationship between GSCM and
business performance.
In academic literature, the topic of environmental concerns and the incorporation of green
practices into the supply chain have gained popularity. The growing concern about the
environment and climate change, as well as the global efforts made by governments and
organizations to lessen their environmental effect, is mirrored by this interest.
Governments, society, and commercial groups have taken a significant interest in
environmental challenges such as air pollution, solid waste management, ozone layer
exhaustion, and global warming (Jemai et al., 2020; Al- Quran et al., 2020). Since businesses
create more emissions than other commercial activities do in order to satisfy consumer
requirements and desires, they are often seen as a source of pollution and environmental
deterioration in developing nations where they are an important part of the economic
structure. As a result, green supply chain management (SCM) strategies became
increasingly important since they may help minimize the harmful consequences of
industrial processes and boost businesses' competitive advantages (Al-Hawary & Al-
Jawazneh, 2011; Shahzad et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).
Manufacturing organizations can use operational analysis, continuous improvement,
measurement, and objectives that El-Baz and Iddik, (2021) stated to lead to green
manufacturing by reducing waste (in all its forms), energy consumption, and resource use
(material usage). It is necessary to create procedures with a supply chain focus. Efforts to
enhance the environmental performance of acquired inputs or of the suppliers that deliver
them are referred to as "green supply" operations (Bowen et al., 2001). This results in a
more environmentally friendly product chain and a focus on supply chain management. The
notion is that a new purchasing skill called "resource management" will be the answer to
the "waste" (environmental) problem. The management of physical resources from their
point of origin through various manufacturing and distribution stages to final consumption,
recycling, or reuse is referred to as "resource management" by Kahn (2021).
Green supply chain management practices have been widely implemented by firms in the
US but their impact has not been fully researched and the various ways that they have been
helpful. Younis and Sundarakani (2019) state that figuring out how to meet product
demand in this expanding global market while producing goods that have beneficial social
and environmental effects along the whole chain. Vermeulen agrees with the World Bank's
observation from 2003 that there has been a shift away from the old "development against
environment" idea and toward a new one in which improved environmental management is
crucial to sustainable development. According to Welford (2003), the present wave of
globalization is forcing businesses to outsource more of their industrial operations. Utilizing
internal management tools is the system. In other words, if new trends are handled in this
manner, environmental problems could be poorly planned. The authors contend that new
initiatives on social responsibility and more equitable trade relations must coexist with a

renewed focus on green supply chain management and extended producer responsibility
practices.
Environmental issues are getting more significant to businesses as a result of stakeholder
demands that they tackle environmental sustainability in their industrial and commercial
activities, including management, consumers, rivals, NGOs, and staff (Carter & Easton, 2011;
Ashraf et al., 2020). The capacity of businesses to manage complicated supplier
relationships will determine their ability to lessen their environmental impact (Darnall et
al., 2008; Le, 2020; Reche et al., 2020). Intending to handle green supply chains, managing
business activities from raw material producers to end customers, and developing
connections between supply chain partners are some ways to lessen the environmental
effects of commercial organizations (Linton et al., 2007; Micheli et al., 2020; Shahzad et al.,
2020).
Research Objective
Risks associated to the business environment have emerged as one of the most pressing
issues facing enterprises today. Such risks cannot be disregarded in any corporate overall
planning, so risk management serves as a gauge of how well an organization can adapt to
the swiftly changing business environment. As a result, organizations should identify the
best ways to ensure their continuity in light of these changes based on their GSCM efforts.
The primary goal of the current study is to ascertain how American companies’
performance is impacted by GSCM procedures and to identify if there is any relationship
between GSCM and performance.
Cost savings: Implementing green practices can help reduce energy and resource
consumption, which can lower costs. Improved brand reputation: Companies that are seen
as environmentally responsible may attract more customers, and can differentiate their
products from those of their competitors. Increased customer loyalty: Customers are
increasingly interested in buying products from environmentally responsible companies.
Compliance with regulations: Green supply chain practices can help companies comply with
environmental regulations and avoid penalties. Risk management: by incorporating green
practices into their supply chain, companies can reduce the risks associated with
environmental incidents and potential liabilities. Innovation and competitiveness:
companies that adopt green practices may be better positioned to develop new, innovative
products and processes, which can help them, maintain a competitive advantage.
Roy et al., (2018) claim that as a result of market globalization, heightened competitiveness,
and the increasing significance of customer centricity, there will be a shift toward more
environmentally friendly supply chains. Specifically cited for instance, to maintain its
competitiveness on a global scale, a company must adhere to international standards like
ISO 14001, and to achieve a competitive edge, businesses must not only be distinctive but
also fulfill client demands. You must have environmental products and a strategy in place.
Supply chain implementation decisions are also influenced by consumer demand,
increasingly strict regulations, and the need to foresee the possibility of a poor public image.
Customers and other stakeholders frequently fail to distinguish between a company's
suppliers and own all supply-related problems. For instance, only large enterprises in the
US are subject to environmental audits, even though pollution comes from a variety of

sources, including households, small businesses, and industry—the latter of which is large,
if not entirely, to blame.
Every firm is a part of a supply chain or network, according to Carter and Washispack
(2018), and numerous manufacturing, marketing, or procurement choices have an impact
on the supply chain in several ways, including on the environment. Manufacturers and
service providers are increasingly having their products tested for environmental
compatibility. Their goods must not only satisfy the needs of customers in terms of cost and
quality but also take into account societal environmental issues. Carter and Washispack
(2018) also share that a shift in production philosophies was necessary to address the
current condition and trend of environmental degradation (from a regulatory, consumer,
and moral perspective). He continues by stating that although ISO 14000 reflects a shift in
environmental thinking, it mainly focuses on processes and systems and makes no mention
of emission standards, limits, or test procedures. There is a belief that the new problems
that manufacturers and manufacturing firms worldwide are confronting can be solved by
greening the supply chain. The difficulty, according to Beamon, is finding ways for industrial
progress and environmental protection to coexist.
The goal of environmental performance, as claimed by Sanders et al., (2019), is to reduce an
organization's environmental impact by managing those parts of its operations that have an
impact on or have the potential to influence the environment. To address the need for
ecologically friendly products, companies should embrace green supply chain management
(GSCM), which includes green manufacturing, green purchasing, and green marketing. The
Green Purchasing Network (Japan), for instance, is a green purchasing strategy that is
thought to be the most powerful motivator for businesses to support the creation of
environmentally friendly products and services and create green supply chains. This
regulation, which became enforced in Japan in 2001, requires all government departments
and agencies to adopt a green buying policy. This highlights the part that government may
play in encouraging economies and manufacturing firms to embrace GSCM methods.
According to Carter and Washispack (2018), the Chinese government has applied pressure
at both the local and national levels, such as through increasing environmental tax
regulations, due to resource shortages, environmental degradation, and mounting
consumer demand in China. The Chinese government has implemented resource tariffs and
limits for some resources, like water, to prevent overexploitation and excessive usage. The
need to reconsider how we approach the environment was reaffirmed at the World Social
Forum. The Forum made note of the alarming rate of deforestation in developing nations,
the indiscriminate use of natural resources, and the rise in industrial waste production.
They argued that the government should get involved.
Green supply chain management practices have been highlighted to have various impacts
on firms such as cost savings by reducing energy and resource consumption, which can
lower costs, improved brand reputation where companies that are seen as environmentally
responsible may attract more customers, and can differentiate their products from those of
their competitors, increased customer loyalty where customers are increasingly interested
in buying products from environmentally responsible companies, compliance with
regulations as green supply chain practices can help companies comply with environmental

regulations and avoid penalties, risk management by incorporating green practices into
their supply chain, companies can reduce the risks associated with environmental incidents
and potential liabilities. There are also increased innovation and competitiveness as
companies that adopt green practices may be better positioned to develop new, innovative
products and processes, which can help them maintain a competitive advantage.
Manufacturing firms in the U.S
The functions of manufacturing, which is a link in the supply chain, including the creation of
new products, marketing, sales, and customer service. As a result, industrial and supply
chain activities both depend on the environment Sanders et al., (2019). According to the
Economist, there are more than 700,000 manufacturing businesses, which can be classified
into 14 sectors. These industries are divided into groups based on the kinds of raw
materials that businesses import or the goods that they produce.
The manufacturing industry contributed 2.49 trillion dollars to the United States GDP (gross
domestic product) in 2021. Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs), which are
responsible for 32% of the US’s exports and play a role in the supply chain network, are
exempt from the EMCA, according to the 1999 baseline survey report. Some businesses
have certifications from Green supply chain management which enables businesses to
evaluate each channel's and its constituents' contributions to satisfying customer demands
while upholding targeted environmental standards. Therefore, in the US context, a
company's 1S014000 certification or environmental certification is insufficient. Different
environmental sustainability techniques are required. U.S. manufacturing firms that are
part of global corporations may react to environmental challenges differently than their
local competitors. For instance, the multinational General Motors answered a query in the
fourth automotive sector with the following statement: Why should we make the supply
chain green? "We can do considerably more to enhance the environment along with our
suppliers than GM alone could."
A supply chain known as GSCM aims to reduce waste, improve ecosystem quality, boost eco-
efficiency, and accelerate material recycling. In practice, GSCM sought to generate sizable
profits while paying attention to environmental efficiency. It does this by utilizing
technological measures, novel facilities, training, and workforce allocation (Sugandini et
al.,2020). Company executives must adhere to government regulations on potential
pollution while increasing output using the green supply chain management approach.
(Khaksar et al.,2016). Enhancing a company's financial, environmental, operational, and
social performance is the goal of GSCM (Geng et al.,2017). Practically speaking, there is still
a literature gap that needs to be conceptualized with a practical strategy for their unbiased
measuring proxy (Karmaker et al.,2021).
Sustainable Supply Chain Management is one of the most important aspects of fostering
organizational sustainability (SSCM) which has aspects of making it environmentally and
economically conscious. Organizations are increasingly taking sustainability into account
when making both long-term and short-term decisions because it is one of the most crucial
challenges in supply chain management. For present and future organizational growth,
Sánchez-Flores et al., (2020 P. 70) defined her SSCM and concurred on the significance of
combining sustainable development activities with supply chain management (SCM).

Additionally, the authors state that most businesses are implementing sustainable supply
chain processes due to the fast-shifting customer demand patterns, escalating competition,
and pressure from regulators and other stakeholders. The need to comprehend how
businesses might interact with important supply chain (SC) actors to promote sustainability
is also developing Sánchez-Flores et al., (2020 P. 70).
As a result of customer and governmental expectations for environmentally friendly
operations, manufacturers are increasingly using GSCM techniques. To successfully adopt
these principles, supply chain partners from both upstream and downstream must be
integrated as has been well discussed and analyzed by Roy, Schoenherr, and Charan (2018).
Environmental and operational performance is predicted to increase with the adoption of
GSCM methods. There are questions as to whether enhanced operational and
environmental performance will ultimately translate into enhanced business performance
as indicated by a growth in market share and profitability (Tuffnell et al., 2020).
Additionally, it is crucial to consider the institutional forces pushing firms to embrace these
practices to comprehend the link between the use of GSCM methods and organizational
success (Younis and Sundarakani, 2019). In terms of its impact on GDP, employment, and
exports, manufacturing is significant to the world's economy. The environment is under
more stress because of the expansion of this industry in the area. The expansion of this
industry has been linked to rising levels of greenhouse gases, solid waste, wastewater,
particulate matter, toxic gases, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants
(Sanders et al., 2020). More troublingly, there are almost no long-term studies on pollutant
impacts at the local or regional level, and these nations lack effective procedures to monitor
or regulate this deterioration. Companies are working to achieve EMS certifications like
ISO14001 to stop this scenario.
The ISO 14001 accreditation offers a compelling reason to use environmental management
strategies like GSCM strategies (Carter and Washispack, 2018). Whether implementing
GSCM techniques improves corporate performance is an issue that troubles operations and
supply, chain managers. To further understand this connection, numerous investigations
have been carried out. This thesis critique indicates significant knowledge gaps. First,
investigations have produced contradictory findings. There is a strong correlation between
GSCM practice and organizational performance, according to several research (Tseng et al.,
2019). Some revealed no real correlation between the variables. Others pointed to a bad
connection. Others have discovered a mix of the good, bad, and unimportant. Due to the
ongoing disagreement about whether incorporating GSCM methods can increase
organizational performance, practitioners are unsure of the best course of action. To
ascertain whether there is a connection between the adoption of GSCM techniques and
organizational performance, we expand this earlier research to the US context in this study.
Statement of the problem
According to Sanders et al., (2019), it is nearly difficult to open a magazine or newspaper
without reading about the prospective effects of climate change on the world and how
crucial it is for companies to be "green". Due to their waste production, the devastation of
ecosystems, and the depletion of the natural environment, manufacturing and
manufacturing operations are the most frequently regarded opponents of environmental

protection Younis and Sundarakani (2019). According to the US Economic Survey (2006),
many cities face threats from noise, rivers, water, and air pollution, with planting trees
being the lone accomplishment. U.S Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) major
difficulties include solid waste management and rising environmental health hazards.
Pesticides, municipal and industrial waste, and the usage of hydroelectric power are some
factors that are putting pressure on water resources. Some industries were forced to close
due to high production costs brought on by power rationing and high fuel prices, which in
turn raised the price of their goods. Laws and consumer demands are additional threats to
U.S. manufacturing' capacity to sustain their economic viability. The supply chain and the
environment are referenced in some of the arguments.
If a corporation does not adhere to the environmental requirements set forth by the
company, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) will not lend to such a company.
Designing environmentally friendly goods and services is high on all political, social,
economic, and economic agendas, but connectivity may be a ways off. Green supply chain
management is potentially useful as a strategy to boost competitiveness, economic
performance, and the environment, according to Tuffnell (2019). According to Lawson
(2002), the emergence of operational strategies is the result of changing demand patterns
and conflicting priorities.
Green supply chain management is increasingly being adopted by businesses in China, the
United States, Europe, and Japan as a kind of environmental reaction. For instance, Zhu et al.
(2005) claimed that external GSCM practices has increased in importance as he bases his
argument on the findings of Carter and Washispack (2018) who investigated the meant
managers in UK, Germany, and the USA and discovered important environmental
purchasing criteria as those offering design specifications to vendors who specify
environmental specifications for goods purchased, cooperating with suppliers for
environmental targets, and enforcing environmental laws and regulations. Investment
recovery and eco-design were identified as the two new environmental applications for
China that have notable internal and external influences on GSCM, with the conclusion that
Chinese businesses have increased environmental recognition due to competitive,
regulatory, and marketing pressures and drivers.. As a result, it can be said that eco-design,
green purchasing, and green marketing are all essential components of Chinese businesses'
better environmental performance. In other words, GSCM is an operational strategy that
businesses may use to address environmental problems including resolving the six
environmental concerns of their clients and reducing the environmental effect of their
production and service operations. This could be seen as a move by manufacturers to try to
respond to that query. What does "Product Responsibility" entail? Given the current
circumstances and actual data from other parts of the world, the study is needed to provide
answers to the following questions regarding the necessity for GSCM in the US.
Will GSCM result in better performance of the U.S companies? Is there any kind of
relationship between GSCM practices and business performance?
Literature Review
GSCM Practices and Organizational Performance
The relationship between green supply chain management and organizational

performance is direct and is grounded in stakeholder theory and institutional theory.
According to research, the implementation of GSCM practices would reduce production
costs and improve product value in the market. The use of GSCM also enables a company to
gain a competitive advantage in competitive markets (Porter & Van der Linde, 1995; Hart &
Ahuja, 1996; Madsen & Ulhøi, 2003). Green supply chain management includes reuse and
recycling; thus, it decreases operational costs in the long run. Reduced production costs and
increased sales resulted in improved market position and financial performance. According
to Molina-Azorin, Claver- Cortés, López-Gamero and Tari ́ (2009), the implementation of
GSCM positively affects a firm's marketing performance. In addition, the implementation of
GSCM improves the reputation of a firm, and business relationships flourish positively.
A number of research studies address the direct link between organizational
performance and GSCM practices motivating emerging organizations to adapt to the green
supply chain. Numerous studies establish a positive relationship (Rao & Holt, 2005). Some
other studies reveal that there is not a prominent relationship between organizational
practices and green supply chain management (Pullman et al., 2010). These differences in
consensus about the relationship between GSCM and organizational performance cause a
research gap in the existing literature. This gap arises because different researchers are
looking at different dimensions of GSCM, and they lack focus on the entirety of this concept.
According to research, currently, a number of firms have started implementing
green supply chain strategies within firms to capitalize on profit and improve
organizational performance. Most of the researchers are using the resource-based view
(RBV) to explain the positive impact of GSCM on firms' performance. Hart (1995) has
attempted to explain the scope of RBV by including limitations and opportunities from the
natural environment. Researchers are also focusing on the environmental impact of the
green supply chain in manufacturing firms. Klassen and Whybark (1999) found that the
implementation of GSCM means companies are focusing on pollution prevention strategies
instead of pollution control strategies which are associated with a firm's performance.
Concerns about the environmental impact of GSCM are giving rise to this technique
and urging organizations to adapt it to improve firm performance. Researchers indicate that
the method of GSCM is an effective solution to improve the environment. According to
Hervani, and Helms (2005), every organization, regardless of size and industry, is directly
or indirectly contributing to environmental degradation. Thus, if organizations adopt the
GSCM approach, environmental footprints will be minimized. Implementation of GSCM in
organizations would bring two-fold advantages; one by improving firms' performance and
the second by reducing negative environmental impact. The use and successful
implementation of GSCM is motivated by the limited availability of raw-material, ecological
degradation, and the controlling rising pollution levels (Talha et al., 2022).
Technological Innovation (TI)
Corporations and organizations are relying on environmentally friendly
technologies and sustainable energy resources that will improve a firm's performance and
environmental sustainability. Research on different factors of technological development
and impact on the environment is drawing the attention of industries from across the
world. Organizations regardless of their size are focusing on producing innovative and

creative products at a cheaper cost. Along with the focus on innovation, intentions towards
productivity and sustainability are increasing. Research (Talha et al., 2022) highlights that
to preserve competitive advantage organizations are focusing on innovation, differentiation,
sustainability and successful use of technological solutions. According to research findings,
the adaptation and implementation of GSCM improve economic and environmental
performance, which implies a greater influence on operational performance (Talha et al.,
2022).
Environmental Management
Research reveals that companies that have established a reputation in the market
such as Coca-Cola rushed to implement GSCM within organizations. Such corporations are
showing their concerns towards environmental protection, improving the quality and cost
of products which will help organizations to gain a competitive advantage. From product
development to the management of whole organizational operations, green technology is
evolving. GSCM practices might involve recycling processes, eco-designs, clean production
and the reuse of products with minimal operational cost (Chavez et al., 2016). The literature
on the environment reveals that green operations mean everything from start to end. The
focus on green and renewable resources during production processes will minimize
product damage and lead to the high-performance output.
Moreover, research indicates that the capacity of every organization to carry out its
sustainable operations and environmental practices is highly important for its operations.
Literature analyzes the importance of green production and manufacturing, but the focus of
upstream suppliers and producers is not on products but on performance enhancement.
According to Arshad Ali (2020), GSCM helps in reducing environmental hazards and the
burden put on by manufacturing organizations that are utilizing natural resources and
relying on natural resources (Arshad Ali et al., 2020).
Literature highlights that the focus of consumers is being shifted towards organic foods,
green products, green technology and sustainable energy. Much of the literature available
highlights the reasons behind this shift and why consumer choices are changing (Arshad Ali
et al., 2020). Research highlights that these choices are a win-win approach for consumers
as well as for the planet. It is also observed that consumers are willing to purchase
expensive but organic products. Changing consumer preferences allows the government to
implement eco-friendly policies (Peattie, 2001). Eco-design is defined as a principle
approach which prioritizes the criteria of the protection of the planet and environment
throughout the life-cycle of product protection.
Literature evaluates institutional theory, which is helpful in investigating the forces of the
institutions and their intentions to produce eco-friendly products. Researchers empirically
investigate the effectiveness of GSCM on sustainability performance to reduce the effects of
institutional pressure. Resource base theory also assists in strategic management that has
gained importance in complementary fields like supply chain management (Kuenzi et al.,
2019). According to Barney (2012), the resource-based theory postulates that green supply
chain management possesses characteristics which enable companies to gain long-term
competitive advantage. Some researchers have focused on attributes of the resource-based
theory that align with supply chain management and its effectiveness when green elements

are integrated (Barney, 2012). With the focus on sustainability, firms can strengthen their
market position and develop a positive market image which helps them to improve
marketability and make an immense profit. Over time competition in every industry is
increasing, and firms can differentiate themselves by adopting eco-friendly operations and
integrating GSCM within the existing supply chain of the organization (Hitt et al., 2016).
According to Oliver (1997), the resource-based view helps us to understand the difference
an organization could make by executing environment-friendly procedures and operations
(Oliver, 1997).
Impact of Green Manufacturing on Sustainability Performance
Green supply chain management has drawn the focus of business professionals and
academics because of growing environmental concerns and carbon footprints on the planet.
Integration of green supply chain management into organizational operations reduces
reliance on nonrenewable resources and enables manufacturers to make informed
decisions. According to Gong (2019), green manufacturing means the organization starts
from sustainable planning to sustainable processes. Every step of organizational processes
is sustainable (Gong et al., 2019). For example, sustainable use of raw material and capital
available, which results in reduced use of energy, waste defection and emission of
greenhouse gasses. All these processes reduce dependency on natural resources and enable
firms to prepare their own alternatives.
Literature highlights that manufacturing firms are under intense pressure to
increase productivity and profitability as well as environmental sustainability (Ahmad,
2015). Adopting green energy, waste management, green processes, and minimization of
pollution enables manufacturing firms to earn huge profits along with reducing
environmental impact. The majority of firms have realized the importance of green
manufacturing practices, which would help improve reliability, reduce pollution and
optimize resources (Famiyeh et al., 2018).
Eshikumo (2017) carried out studies on the importance of green manufacturing and
its impact on the operational performance of manufacturing firms. The present literature
states that more research is required to expand knowledge about the effectiveness of green
supply chain management for manufacturing firms and how they can better utilize it. The
initial capital required to start a manufacturing firm is high because manufacturing
equipment is high in cost. Thus, a shift towards a green supply chain would be beneficial for
firms to get higher returns (Eshikumo, 2015).
According to Rao & Holt ( 2005), there should be a collaboration between
manufacturers and suppliers to ensure that raw-material supplies meet the requirements of
the green supply chain. This collaboration helps in evaluating the supply management
process and overseeing whether the supply chain is thoroughly sustainable or not. Along
with manufacturers, the compliance of suppliers with eco-friendly regulations, procedures
and policies is crucial to reduce negative effects on the environment and eliminate
hazardous substances from the manufacturing process ((Rao & Holt, 2005). Implementation
of GSCM in manufacturing processes also minimizes the inventory cost and the usage of
space. GSCM is positively associated with the competitiveness of a firm because those who
show compliance with greening and sustainability are more likely to be preferred by

consumers.
Operational Performance
Operational performance is a dimension by which a company aims to compete in an
industry. Operational performance covers cost, flexibility, quality and speed (Narasimhan &
Das, 2001). Improvement in the operational performance of a firm enhances the
competitive priorities and strategic capabilities of a firm. The implementation of a GSCM
directly influences the operational performance of a firm by reducing production costs,
satisfying consumers, improving productivity and improving the profitability of the
organization. A firm is leading in four dimensions of operational performance which means
they are competing in the market (Sawhney, 2006). Firms use strategies which reduce
dependency on energy sources, employ efficient processes, and reduce inventory levels and
transportation costs successfully gain a competitive advantage in the market (Sawhney,
2006).
Literature indicates that the quality of products can be estimated from the
operations and procedures an organization is using. Performance measures of a firm help to
understand where a firm is standing in the competitive industry (Chen, 2011). firms are
focusing on the quality enhancement of products because poor quality leads to customer
and stakeholder dissatisfaction, product failure in the market, and enormous damage to a
firm's reputation in the market (Zhu, Sarkis & Geng, 2005). Regardless of how and where
the firm is operating, the need of the time is to accept and adopt a sustainable or green
supply chain and green culture for sustainable growth and development.
Consumer needs and preferences are dynamic and directly influence the operational
performance of a firm. Thus, for a firm to remain competitive, it is important to implement
flexible rules, regulations, policies and procedures. This would help the firm to remain
competitive and meet consumer needs all the time. consumers are getting aware of
environmental importance and their individual contributions towards environmental
preservation. Thus, organizations should implement policies and consider updating them
over time (Kazancoglu et al., 2018). By integrating a green supply chain and green products,
a firm can optimize its operations and handle a huge number of customers and their crazy
demands without any difficulty. Focus on teamwork and collaboration, along with
integrating GSCM, is important to meet consumer needs and to gain a competitive
advantage (Chase, Jacobs & Acquillano, 2011).
Researchers highlighted the impact of the implementation of sustainable
manufacturing practices on enhancing social, economic and environmental performance
(Zailani et al., 2019). By adopting favourable environmental practices, firms can improve
their reputation in front of the community. The community is an important stakeholder of
every business organization; thus, their preferences matter, and a business organization
should respect their needs. By utilizing green procedures and sustainable technology,
positive relations could be established. An organization can enhance its social presence by
focusing on its corporate social responsibility. According to Zailani et al. (2019), a firm's
practices, such as sustainable packaging and elimination of waste, positively impact the
social performance of an organization.
According to Saqib and Zhang (2021), sustainable practices of procurement,

manufacturing and distribution are related to a firm's sustainability performance. Habidin
et al. (2016) argued that a firm's environmental performance is positively influenced by
adopting efficient manufacturing practices that aim to manage wastes, carbon dioxide
emissions and pollutants which lead to a reduction in energy. Li et al. (2020) argue that
numerous manufacturing firms have undertaken the responsibility of emission reduction
and energy conservation.
Environmental Protection with GSCM
Literature reported that about 64% of air pollution is generated by manufacturing
SMEs, and only 0.4 of these SMEs' operations are aligned with environmental protection
(Behjati, 2017). Globalization plays a crucial role in advancing business practices and
increasing manufacturing processes, but the majority of firms failed to align their
manufacturing processes with environmental processes resulting in environmental
degradation, pollution, and excessive use of energy and natural resources, threatening the
sustainability of the planet. Industrialization and increasing product demands urge
organizations to adopt sustainable manufacturing practices, generating less waste and
bringing profitability for organizations (Behjati, 2017). The literature further argues that
governments should motivate and economically support firms to take green initiatives and
implement supportive policies which will normalize the use of green technology in
manufacturing procedures. Government, non-government and consumers hold much power
to force SMEs to adopt sustainable manufacturing practices.
Zailani et al. argue that firms should focus on environmental protection as part of
their business strategy because manufacturing practices directly or indirectly influence the
environment and sometimes pose serious challenges. Many countries are focusing on the
United States' 2030 sustainable development goals by imposing relevant policies and
limitations (Zailani et al., 2019). Based on the involvement of SMEs in the community and
their noticeable impact on the environment, they should adopt favourable manufacturing
procedures and processes which adhere to environmental laws and regulations.
Research (Zailani et al., 2019) states that the collective role of corporations of all
sizes could improve environmental outcomes because, directly or indirectly, these
organizations are damaging the environment in many ways. Major corporations like Toyota
and Coca-Cola are investing in environmentally and socially responsible policies and
procedures to gain community support and address environmental footprints on the planet.
Firms are adopting environmentally friendly practices such as packaging in reusable papers
and waste reduction to improve their social reputation. Like these, the rest of the
organizations and emerging companies should understand their responsibility towards the
environment to participate in its preservation (Zailani et al., 2019).
In order to achieve sustainable development and ensure environmental protection,
corporations must redesign manufacturing processes and products and integrate
sustainable technology to carry out procedures (Nidumolu et al., 2009). Firms need to
understand that they can integrate innovation and differentiation within organizational
procedures by sticking to sustainability. For example, BMW has initiated a project in which
they are promising to manufacture 100% recyclable cars. BMW is earning huge profits and
community support because of the eco-friendly idea it introduced. Literature shows that a

number of firms are promising to develop a generation of clean technology which will drive
future economic growth. Companies are making heavy investments in solar and other
energy-saving sources to fulfil their energy needs in future. The strength of the current
generation is that they are worried about the degradation of the environment and the
elimination of natural resources (Hart & Milstein, 2003).
Environmental Responsible Designs of the Firm
Literature highlights that regardless of the size and purpose of organizations, they
should align the firm's procedures and processes with environmental procedures and
processes. Firms should be passionate about their role in environmental preservation
(Batten, 2019). A green supply chain (GSC) is an initiative which should be implemented by
every organization to transform manufacturing processes and make more informed
business decisions. A recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) highlights the roles of corporations in transforming and preserving the environment
and natural resources. Research says that to bring change, we should not look at anyone
else, but we should take individual initiatives to make a persistent change. When every firm
realizes its responsibility towards the environment and the current design of the firm, it will
be convenient to address environmental issues and regulate its processes (Batten, 2019).
Environmentally responsible design of the firm means that from planning to
execution of products in the market, every process is energy efficient, waste reducer, and
sustainable. Firms that have accepted and adopted the sustainable production style are
earning double the profit compared to those who are planning to adopt it. Along with
cutting costs of raw-material, environmentally responsible supply chains improves the
productivity and profitability of an organization. Environmentally responsible industries do
not leave their smoke in the atmosphere and waste in oceans (Batten, 2019). They adapt
different waste management techniques to avoid pollution in the environment. Literature
highlights that the collaborative efforts of all firms to adopt such techniques could minimize
carbon footprints and greenhouse gasses from the environment to make it a more peaceful
place to live (Batten, 2019). The implementation of GSCM within manufacturing industries
would reduce reliance on nonrenewable products of the environment. It helps firms to
reorganize their goals and objectives, which aligns with environmental goals and objectives,
which results in sustainable manufacturing and distribution practices. During business
strategy, firms should take responsibility for environmental protection because, being
inhabitants of the planet, they are equally responsible for its preservation (Batten, 2019).
Research studies (Gupta & Wang, 2011) highlight that in the pursuit of green
manufacturing, corporations, governments, and societies must commit to rethinking,
recycling, reusing and redesigning products which minimize the impact on the environment
and enhances the sustainable quality of life. Literature (Rehman & Mathu, 2012) says that
there are two techniques being used to analyze and improve product designs to make them
environmentally friendly: the first is to analyze the effect of design efficiency of a product on
the environment from its production to disposal. And the second is to insert sensors
throughout the product manufacturing process to know whether the procedure adopted
was sustainable or not.
Research studies have confirmed that environmental concerns are growing as a major

global concern these days, and more organizations are paying more attention to the
implementation of sustainable production procedures and ensuring that their production
practices adhere to green standards (Netherlands et al., 2020). Green value chain practices
are being adapted based on future trends and future environmental requirements of the
planet. Manufacturing companies are relying on global natural resources, which damage the
environment for economic development. The process of consumption of natural resources
without a backup plan resulted in pollution which spread across the world through water
and air. This led to heavy climate changes and resulted in disasters experienced by
countries across the world. Since the concept of green supply chain management came into
existence, manufacturers have been required to be responsible for the manufacturing
practices they are utilizing, from production planning to product recovery and distribution
(Unruh, 2010).
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION
Introduction
This chapter presents the descriptive summaries, data analysis presentation and
interpretation. The chapter is presented in the following manner, characteristics of
respondents by their Demographic, green supply management of the firm and the
organizational performance based on green supply management. The results are discussed
below
Research Methodology
The study targeted a sample size of 105 respondents, of which 75 returned, making a
response rate of 71.4%, which is adequate to carry out an investigation and data analysis
for this study; Influence of Green Supply Chain management practices on the performance
of ISO Certified companies in the U.S.A. The study aimed to examine the background
information of respondents in terms of the ownership status of the firm, the Scope of the
market for the Firm, Production type, Years of operation for the firm and length of service
for the employees.
The study employed a cross-sectional survey design appropriate where the overall
objective is to establish whether significant relationships exist among variables at some
point. The study population comprised all ISO 14001-certified manufacturing firms
operating in the U.S.A. A census of all 108 ISO 14001-certified manufacturing firms in the
U.S.A. was conducted. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire.
The respondents were required to respond to scales operationalizing the research variables
from the questionnaire. Therefore, this study sought to extend this previous research into
the U.S.A. context and gather more empirical evidence to establish if there is a link between
the implementation of GSCM practices and organizational performance. This leads to the
hypothesis: H1: Implementation of GSCM practices directly impacts organizational
performance. The senior manager responsible for environmental management from each of
the manufacturing firms in the population was targeted. The survey questionnaire was
administered personally, via mail and email, for most of the firms in the U.S.A.
Data Analysis and Findings
Table 1 Ownership Status of the Firm
Table 1 above shows that most of the respondents' firms were entirely locally owned, with a

frequency of 50 and a cumulative percentage of 66.7%. This frequency indicates that the
locals own most of the ISO Certified organizations. However, foreign investors have also
invested with five based on the data the researcher received from the questionnaire, which
stands at 6.7%. Furthermore, there has been a partnership regarding the ownership of
some ISO Certified companies in the U.S.A., bringing about the aspect of those organizations
that are both foreign and locally owned. Foreign and locally owned organizations have a
frequency of 20 and a good percentage of 28.7% of all the firms that responded to our
questionnaires. According to Min (2012)
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices can enhance the performance of ISO-
certified companies in the U.S.A., particularly when they are locally owned, by improving the
company's sustainability, reducing costs, and increasing competitiveness in the
marketplace. Most of the firms that are locally owned benefit from them being sustainable.
Adopting GSCM practices has been helping local companies reduce their environmental
impact, conserve resources, and promote sustainability. This has helped to improve the
company's reputation and increase customer loyalty, particularly among environmentally
conscious consumers. Implementing GSCM practices, such as reducing waste, improving
energy efficiency, and using sustainable materials, has helped reduce costs and improve the
bottom line. This has been instrumental in helping this organization to become more
competitive in the market by reducing its operational costs.
Furthermore, Companies that have adopted GSCM practices have been able to differentiate
themselves from their competitors and stand out in the marketplace. This has helped
companies attract new customers, retain existing ones, and improve their brand image and
reputation. Finally, overall, implementing GSCM practices has helped locally owned ISO-
certified companies in the U.S.A. improve their sustainability, reduce costs, increase
competitiveness, and enhance their reputation and brand image.
Table 2 Scope of Market for the Firm
Table 2 above shows the Scope of the market for ISO Certified firms in the U.S.A. the Scope
has been subdivided into local, global, and local global. Based on table 2 above, most of the
ISO Certified firms in the U.S.A. have a global market scope, with 55 firms spreading across
the firm standing at 73.3 valid per cent. However, other firms are only locally based, with 15
firms out of those that responded to the researcher's questionnaires at 20%. In addition,
only a few ISO-certified organizations have local and global market scopes. These firms have
been represented by only five firms translating to 6.7%. Diabat and Govindan (2011) show
that implementing green supply chain management practices has resulted in numerous
benefits for ISO-certified companies in the U.S.A., particularly those with a global market
scope, including improved efficiency, enhanced brand image, risk management, innovation,
stakeholder engagement, and competitive advantage. According to
Srivastava (2007) shows that green supply chain management practices have enabled most
firms with global market scope to increase their efficiency in using resources, such as
energy and materials, which can result in cost savings and improved bottom-line
performance. Moreover, it has helped most of these firms enhance their brand image and
reputation, attracting customers who value sustainability and increasing customer loyalty.
Beamon (2016) has shown that Companies that prioritize sustainability and adopt green

supply chain practices can gain a competitive advantage by differentiating themselves from
competitors and positioning themselves as leaders in their industry, especially those with a
global market scope.
Table 3 Production Type
According to table 3 above on the type of production, the researcher established that most
organizations that are ISO Certified in the U.S.A. produces fertilizer with a frequency of 15
and a valid percentage of 20%, followed by electric and electronics with a frequency of 11
and a good parentage of 14.7%. Moreover, other organizations in that bracket were noticed
to concentrate on chemical allied, metallic and beverage, with all of them having a frequency
of 11 and a valid percentage of 14.7%. Furthermore, other firms have contributed to mining
and paper production with a cumulative frequency of 5 and 10, respectively. Henderson
(2017) shows that Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a set of practices that aim to
make the supply chain more environmentally sustainable. Implementing GSCM practices
has helped ISO-certified companies dealing with fertilizer production in the U.S.A. to
enhance their performance by improving their efficiency, reputation, compliance,
relationships, and innovation, all of which can contribute to enhanced performance.
According to Henderson (2017), by adopting GSCM practices, companies have improved
their resource efficiency, reduced waste, and minimized using raw materials and energy.
This has helped to lower production costs, improve the efficiency of the supply chain, and
increase the bottom line. Moreover, this organization has established a robust
environmental responsibility reputation, which can be a valuable differentiator in a
competitive marketplace. This has helped this organization to attract environmentally
conscious customers and suppliers. Furthermore, Implementing GSCM practices has played
a significant role in encouraging companies to adopt innovative production and waste
management approaches, leading to new products, processes, and business models that are
more environmentally sustainable.
Table 4 Years of Operation for The Firm
Table 4 above shows the number of years ISO Citified firms in the U.S.A. has been in
operation based on the response from the questioners. According to the data in Table 4
above, most organizations have operated for less than 20 years, interpreting 53.3 valid
percentages and a frequency of 40 organizations. Moreover, other firms have been in
operation for about 20-40 years, being the second largest in the category with a good
percentage of 26.7% and a frequency of 20 organizations. Furthermore, other firms have a
span of 40-60 years,60-80 years and above 80 years, all having a frequency of 11, 3 and one,
respectively.
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices refer to the integration of
environmentally sustainable considerations into a company's supply chain operations.
These practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of a company's supply chain
activities, such as reducing energy and resource consumption, minimizing waste, and
promoting sustainable practices among suppliers. According to Nikbakhsh (2019),
companies that adopt GSCM practices generally have better overall performance than those
that do not. This can be attributed to several factors, including improved resource
efficiency, reduced costs, increased competitiveness, and enhanced reputation and brand

image. However, the length of operation of a company may impact the extent to which
GSCM practices enhance its performance. For example, younger companies may have
different resources or established processes than established ones and may need help
implementing GSCM practices. However, adopting GSCM practices early on can help these
younger companies build a foundation for long-term sustainability and competitiveness. In
conclusion, the relationship between GSCM practices and the performance of ISO-certified
companies in the U.S.A. is generally favourable. Still, the length of operation of the company
may impact the extent to which these practices enhance performance.
Table 5 Number of Employees for the Firm
Table 5 above shows the number of employees in most ISO Certified organizations in the
U.S.A. Based on the result above, most respondents indicated that they had employed
utmost 100-200 years, translated by a frequency of 22 respondents holding 29.3%.
Moreover, other respondents indicated that they have several employees ranging from 300
and above employees, less than 100 employees and 200-300 employees with a frequency of
20,17 and 16, respectively. Min (2012)
The relationship between the number of employees and GSCM practices is complex. Still, it
plays a role in enhancing the performance of ISO-certified companies in the U.S.A.
Companies with more significant employees generally have a more complex supply chain
system, making integrating GSCM practices challenging. On the other hand, companies with
fewer employees may need more resources or capacity to implement GSCM practices
effectively. Implementing GSCM practices can further enhance the performance of these
companies by reducing waste, increasing efficiency, and improving the overall sustainability
of their operations.
In conclusion, the relationship between the number of employees and GSCM practices can
enhance the performance of ISO-certified companies in the U.S.A. Companies with more
significant employees may need help to implement GSCM practices. Still, the benefits of
these practices can be significant for both the environment and the company's bottom line.
By integrating GSCM practices into their operations, ISO-certified companies in the U.S.A.
can further improve their performance and sustainability.
.
Green Procurement Services of the Firm
Table 6 Green Procurement Services of the Firm
Table 6 above shows the number of firms that are upholding green procurement services in
terms of cooperating with suppliers in the attainment of environmental objectives and the
purchase of biodegradable packaging or recycling and eco-labelling of products. Of the 75
respondents, 35 have participated in the eco-labelling of products with a frequency of 35,
representing a 46.7% good percentage. Moreover, others cooperate with suppliers in
attaining environmental objectives, which has several 29 organizations in it represented by
38.7% good per cent. Finally, 11 firms participated in purchasing products with
biodegradable packaging or recycling in quest of achieving the environmental objective and
considering the organizations' improved performance.
According to Nikbakhsh (2019), Green procurement involving firms' cooperation with their
suppliers to attain environmental objectives by purchasing environmentally friendly

products such as bio-degradable packaging or eco-labels is the crucial enhancement of
organization performance as well as in conserving the environment. Furthermore, green
supply chain management integrates environmentally friendly practices throughout the
supply chain, from sourcing raw materials to waste disposal. This can include reducing
energy consumption, reducing waste, and improving recycling efforts. Green supply chain
management practices help companies to improve their environmental performance,
increase efficiency, and reduce costs.
The relationship between green procurement services and green supply chain management
practices is crucial for ISO-certified companies in the U.S.A. By implementing green
procurement and supply chain management practices, companies can ensure that they
adhere to sustainable development principles and positively impact the environment. This
not only helps to improve the company's reputation and brand image, but it also helps to
attract environmentally conscious customers.
Table7 Environmental Responsible Designs of the Firm
According to table 7 above on environmental designs of the firm, 28 respondents said that
they enhance designs that promote renewable energy, represented by a good percentage of
37.3% which rank to be the highest. Moreover, other respondents claimed that designing
products with longer useful life tends to be their priority, with them holding a frequency of
28 and 37.3% good percentage. Product design strategies that can help extend a product's
useful life and improve the environment, most companies have a 17.3 % of the total
responses amongst all the 13 respondents. Designing products and structures promoting
renewable energy is critical to building a more sustainable future. This can be achieved
through several design strategies, such as passive solar design, the incorporation of
photovoltaic systems, wind energy, and hydro energy. Most companies adopted solar
energy, providing 37.3 per cent of the total responses. Also, the discussion indicated a
longer useful life of 5.3 %.in addition, multiple companies in the U.S.A. have adopted
recycling methods which have been used to promote the reuse of products such as solar
energy. This has been the global product mainly used, having a percentage of 40.0.
Table 8 Green Manufacturing Practices of the Firm
According to Min and Kim (2012), green manufacturing refers to producing
environmentally friendly and sustainable goods, like reducing waste, using renewable
resources, and minimizing harmful emissions. From the table above, Training employees on
safe production in green manufacturing practices is a crucial aspect of practices within a
firm. From the analysis, a percentage of 33.3 companies trained employees in safe
production. According to Srivastava (2007), nearly 90% of manufacturers in the United
States have some environmental, health, and safety training programs. This suggests that
many companies globally have incorporated employee training into their safe production
and green manufacturing approach.
The use of recycled materials in production has increased in recent years as companies
become more conscious of the environmental impact of their operations and look for ways
to reduce waste and conserve resources. From the data obtained from the different
industries, the use of recycled materials, such as recycled plastics and metals, is becoming
more common to reduce the use of virgin materials and lower the carbon footprint of

production.
The use of recycled materials in the electronics industry is still relatively low. Still, it is
growing as companies seek to reduce their environmental impact and address the problem
of electronic waste. The companies indicated a value of 46.7 % in recycling materials for
production.
According to Diabat and Govindan (2011), using standardized materials can facilitate reuse
and improve the sustainability of production processes. Using standardized materials,
companies simplify the process of disassembling and reusing products, reducing waste and
conserving resources.
From the obtained data, 8.0 per cent of companies use standardized components. This
indicates a very low turn-up of companies adapting standardized components for
production (Beamon,2016). Training employees in safe production and accident prevention
is crucial to implementing green manufacturing practices within a firm. The objective of this
training is to help employees understand the importance of working safely and the steps
they can take to minimize the risk of accidents and environmental incidents such as the use
of training employees in these key areas, and companies can help to minimize the risk of
accidents and environmental incidents, promoting a safer and more sustainable workplace.
From the statistic obtained, 5.3 % of the companies trained their workers in accident
prevention. This indicates a high potential for minimizing accidents at workplaces.
Green et al. (2017) show that the use of controls and filters to reduce harmful discharges
and emissions is a key aspect of implementing green manufacturing practices within a firm.
This can help to minimize the environmental impact of production processes and ensure
that the company complies with environmental regulations; by implementing these types of
controls and filters, companies can help to minimize their environmental impact and
promote sustainable production practices. Additionally, by reducing their discharge and
emissions, companies can help to protect public health and the environment, enhancing
their reputation and competitiveness in the market. 6.7 % of the total companies used
controls to promote the global green supply.
Table 9 Green Packaging Practice(s) of the firm
According to Sarkis (2003), green packaging refers to the design, production, and use of
environmentally friendly and sustainable packaging. This can include using materials that
are recyclable Green packaging practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of
packaging by minimizing the use of hazardous materials and promoting sustainable
alternatives. Replacing hazardous materials with safer alternatives is one of the key
principles of green packaging. By replacing these materials with safer alternatives, the
environmental and health risks associated with them can be reduced 33.3 % of the
industries practised the act of reducing hazardous material in packaging, .thus promoting
the green supply chain.
Biodegradable materials are an important aspect of promoting a green supply chain. A
green supply chain minimizes the environmental impact of products and the processes used
to produce and distribute them. By using biodegradable materials, the environmental
impact of packaging can be reduced. According to Geng et al. (2015), incorporating
biodegradable materials into the green supply chain helps to reduce the demand for non-

renewable resources. It can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the production
and disposal of packaging. By using biodegradable materials, companies can demonstrate
their commitment to sustainability and can appeal to consumers who are looking for
environmentally responsible products
according to the data, 46.7% of responses on the companies used bio-degradable materials
in green packaging practices.
A study by Beamon (2018) provides information that the life cycle approach evaluates the
environmental impact of a product or process by considering the entire life cycle, including
the extraction of raw materials, production, transportation, use, and disposal. This allows
for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact rather than just focusing on
one or two life cycle stages. Through this, 8.0% of the total eight responded companies
evaluated the life cycle to evaluate the environmental load to enhance safe production.
Finding new reusable materials for packaging is an important effort in promoting
sustainable packaging practices. Reusable packaging reduces waste and helps to conserve
resources by avoiding the need for disposable packaging. Several materials and approaches
are being researched and developed to increase the use of reusable packagings, such as
using durable material. 6.7% of the companies practice the reuse of renewable materials for
packaging. Efforts to find new reusable materials for packaging and promote sustainable
packaging practices are critical to reducing the environmental impact of packaging and
creating a more sustainable future.
The shape of packaging materials plays a significant role in promoting efficiency in the
green supply chain. An efficient packaging design takes into account factors such as the
number of materials used, the weight of the packaging, and the ability of the packaging to
protect the product during transport and storage 6.7% of the total five respondents help to
control the shape of material of all products produced in conclusion, designing packaging
with an efficient shape can help to reduce the environmental impact of packaging, as well as
reducing costs associated with transportation and storage. It is important to carefully
consider the shape of packaging materials to promote efficiency and sustainability.
Table 10 Green Distribution Practices of the Firm
A study by Sarkis (2016) states that green distribution practices are the environmentally
responsible and sustainable methods and strategies a firm uses in its distribution
operations. These practices aim to reduce the negative impact of distribution activities on
the environment and promote sustainability. by adopting these practices; firms can not only
reduce their environmental impact but also improve their overall efficiency, save costs, and
enhance their reputation among customers who are increasingly concerned about
sustainability
consolidating product deliveries and distributing products together can enhance green
distribution practices of a firm. This is also known as "consolidation" or "pooled delivery
such it helps reduce transportation emissions 38.7% statistic shows that most companies
distribute products together, which helps firms improve their green distribution practices,
reduce their environmental impact, and enhance their reputation among customers.
Delivering products directly to the end user can be an effective way of promoting green
distribution practices. Direct delivery eliminates the need for intermediaries, reducing the

number of steps involved in the distribution process high percentage of 38.7 5% of
companies deliver products directly to the user. However, it's important to note that direct
delivery may not always be feasible, particularly for businesses with a large customer base
or a wide range of products. In such cases, a combination of direct delivery and
consolidation strategies may be the most effective way of promoting green distribution
practices.
Locating near customers can help reduce resources consumed and promote a more
environmentally friendly supply chain 10.7% of the company considers other factors, such
as the availability of suitable real estate, the cost of operating in the area, and the proximity
of suppliers. The best location for a distribution centre will depend on the specific needs
and goals of the firm, and a careful analysis of these factors is necessary to ensure the best
outcome for both the business and the environment.
Selling vehicles that have reached their end-of-life can promote a more environmentally
friendly supply chain 12.0% of entire companies sell and dispose of end-use time. According
to Nikbakhsh (2019), companies also ensure that end-of-life vehicles are handled and
disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner, in compliance with local regulations
and guidelines. This can include proper disposal of hazardous materials, such as batteries
and fluids, and recycling as much of the vehicle as possible. By doing so, companies can
positively promote a greener supply chain.
Table 11 Cash Flow Performance
Green supply chain practices can positively impact a company's cash flow in several ways. A
green supply chain can contribute to lower costs, increased revenue, and improved financial
performance by reducing waste, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing customer
satisfaction. The cash flow performance is high by 85.3%; this is because green chain supply
benefits the companies in multiple ways, such as it helps in waste reduction, recycling, and
efficient resource utilization, which can help companies to lower their costs and improve
their bottom line. By reducing waste, companies can minimize the cost of disposal and the
cost of purchasing new materials. A green supply chain can also help to improve operational
efficiency by reducing the number of resources required for production and distribution, as
well as by reducing the time required for delivery. This can result in lower costs, faster
delivery times, and improved customer satisfaction.
According to Carvalho et al. (2020), a green supply chain can provide companies with a
range of benefits, including reduced costs, improved operational efficiency, enhanced
customer satisfaction, and improved financial performance, contributing to the long-term
success and sustainability of the business.
Henderson (2017) shows that green supply chain practices can improve a company's profit
after tax (PAT) by reducing costs, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing customer
satisfaction. By implementing environmentally responsible practices throughout the supply
chain, companies can reduce their environmental impact, minimize waste, and increase
their bottom line. From the data provided, there was a high return on profit after tax in
most of the companies. A green supply chain can provide companies with a range of benefits
that can result in reduced costs, improved operational efficiency, enhanced customer
satisfaction, and reduced tax liabilities, all of which can contribute to improved profit.

Table 13 Return of Sales
Green supply chain practices can improve a company's Return on sales (R.O.S.) by reducing
costs, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing customer satisfaction. R.O.S.
measures a company's profitability, calculated as the net profit divided by the total sales.
The green supply chain can positively impact a company's R.O.S. by reducing the resources
required for production and distribution. By reducing waste, companies can minimize the
costs associated with resource acquisition, utilization, and disposal. 89.3 % of the
companies indicate high Returns on sales. This can lead to lower operating costs and
improved profitability, use of renewable energy, efficient resource utilization, and waste
reduction, which can help companies to streamline their operations and minimize
inefficiencies. This can result in lower costs, faster delivery times, and improved customer
satisfaction. A green supply chain can also help to enhance customer satisfaction by
providing products that are environmentally friendly and sustainably sourced. This can
result in increased demand for these products, improved customer loyalty, and increased
revenue.
Table 14 Return on Investment
Carvalho et al. (2020) show that green supply chain practices can improve a company's
Return on investment (R.O.I.) by reducing costs, improving operational efficiency, and
enhancing customer satisfaction. R.O.I. is a measure of the profitability of an investment,
calculated as the net gain divided by the total cost of the investment. Here's how a green
supply chain can positively impact a company's Rigby by reducing the resources required
for production and distribution. By reducing waste, companies can minimize the costs
associated with resource acquisition, utilization, and disposal. This can lead to lower
operating costs and improved profitability. For example, companies can reduce energy and
water usage by implementing energy-efficient technologies, leading to lower utility bills.
The data indicate that 81.3 of companies obtained a high investment return. A green supply
chain can provide companies with a range of benefits that can result in reduced costs,
improved operational efficiency, enhanced customer satisfaction, improved brand
reputation, access to new markets, and the attraction of socially responsible investors, all of
which can contribute to improved Return on investment.
Table 15 Reliability Statistics
The reliability statistic of .781, calculated using Cronbach's Alpha, is a measure of internal
consistency, which indicates the extent to which the items in a data set are consistent. A
value of 0.781 falls in the range close to +1 which is considered reasonable because the
items in the data set are strongly related and reliable for the analysis. Moreover, 13
represents the number of items in the data set. This number is significant because more
oversized items can lead to higher levels of internal consistency, even if the individual items
are not perfectly consistent with each other. In the context of the influence of green supply
chain management practices and enhancement of performance in ISO-certified companies
in the U.S.A., the reliability statistic of 0.781 suggests that the data collected is likely to be
trustworthy and provides consistent results, which can be used to draw meaningful
conclusions about the influence of green supply chain management practices on the
performance of ISO certified companies in the U.S.A.

According to Diabat and Govindan (2011), analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of
statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means and their associated
procedure (such as "variations" among and between groups), developed by statisticians and
evolutionary biologist Fisher. In the context of Green Supply Chain management practices'
influence in enhancing the performance of ISO Certified companies in the U.S.A., ANOVA is
used to analyze the effect of these practices on the performance of these companies. The
table above shows the results of an ANOVA analysis, which breaks down the sum of squares
(S.S.) into different components to evaluate the variation in the data.
The "Between People" component represents the variation between the means of different
ISO Certified companies in the U.S.A. The "df" column stands for degrees of freedom, which
measures the amount of independent information in the data, and the "Mean Square"
column shows the mean square value for each component. The "Within People" component
represents the variation within each ISO Certified company in the U.S.A., and "Between
Items" is the variation between different Green Supply Chain management practices. The
"Residual" component represents the random variation that the other components cannot
explain, and the "Total" component represents the total variation in the data. Finally, the "F"
column shows the F-statistic, which is used to evaluate the significance of the differences
between the means, and the "Sig" column represents the significance level, which shows the
probability that the differences between the means are due to chance. A significance level of
.000 means that the differences between the means are highly significant and unlikely to be
due to chance. The findings ANOVA test produced an f- the value of 184.199, which was
significant at a p-value of 0.000. This illustrates that the regression model is significant at
95% confidence. That is, it has less than a 5% probability of misinterpretation.
Table 17 above on Correlations shows correlation results comprising demographic,
environmental design, and organisational performance factors. The results were; (x1) is 1,
Demographic factor of the firm (x2) is 0.765, Environmental Responsible Designs of the
Firm (x3) is 0.660, and Organization performance. It means that all indicators are valid.
Moreover, the results show that the study results are statistically significant at 99.9% with a
rate of 0.1 rate of misinterpretation. By conducting two-tailed tests for this data, the
researcher determines that it obeys normal distribution and that all factors favour the null
hypothesis. This implies that Green Supply Chain management practices enhance the
performance of ISO Certified companies in the U.S.A.
Table 19 Regression Coefficients
The regression equation has determined that organizational performance based on green
supply management is 0.055 units, with other factors held constant at zero. The results
show that a unit increase in the Ownership Status of the Firm in one unit would improve
organizational performance by 0.073 units. A unit decrease in the Scope of the Market for
the firm would lead to a decrease in organization performance by 0.032 units. A unit change
in the type of production would lead to a decrease in organization performance by 0.047
units. Moreover, a decrease in the Length of Service for the Employees by one unit will
decrease organization performance by 0.008 units.
Furthermore, a unit increase in Green Procurement Services of the Firm would lead to a unit
increase in organization performance by 0.452 units. In addition, a unit increase in

Environmental Responsible Designs of the Firm by one unit translates to a .011 unit
improvement in organizational performance. A unit increase in the Green Packaging
Practice(s) of the firm will improve organizational performance by .016 units. In addition,
the regression model suggests that a unit decrease in Green Distribution Practices of the
Firm by one unit will decrease the organization's performance by 0.261 units. A unit
increase in Return on Sales will lead to an improvement in organizational performance by
0.351 units. Finally, a unit increase in Return on Investment will translate to a 0.470 unit
improvement in the firm's organizational performance.
Conclusion
To conclude, green manufacturing refers to producing environmentally friendly and
sustainable goods, like reducing waste, using renewable resources, and minimizing harmful
emissions. The research study is conducted by a sample size of 105 respondents, of which
75 returned, making a response rate of 71.4%, which is adequate to carry out an
investigation and data analysis for this study; Influence of Green Supply Chain management
practices on the performance of ISO Certified companies in the U.S.A. The study aimed to
examine the background information of respondents in terms of the ownership status of the
firm, the scope of the market for the firm, production type, years of operation for the firm
and length of service for the employees. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the
applications of GSCM and how firms can earn huge benefits from it.
Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire which shows a positive
relationship between the implementation of GSCM and the operational performance of a
firm. Data analysis of collected responses proves that GSCM has become the need of every
firm to contribute to social responsibility and environmental protection. Data analysis
further says that training employees on safe production in green manufacturing practices
are a crucial aspect of practices within a firm. In addition, data analysis and literature
emphasize the importance of the environmentally friendly design of the firm, which
includes sustainable planning and distribution of products without compromising on
natural resources.
A detailed literature review of journals and books is conducted, which proves that GSCM is
an effective approach firms should consider and integrate into manufacturing processes to
eliminate carbon footprints from the planet. Research literature shows that the integration
of GSCM within organizational procedures and manufacturing processes improves the
operational performance of a firm, enhances market reputation, improves the profitability
of the firm, and enables it to gain a competitive advantage. There is a direct relationship
between GSCM implementation and improvement in the operational performance of the
firm. According to research, currently, a number of firms have started implementing green
supply chain strategies within firms to capitalize on profit and improve organizational
performance.
Analysis of the literature highlights that numerous companies have established positions in
the market such as BMW, Coca-Cola, and Toyota, and are integrating GSCM in
manufacturing processes to align business practices with environmental and legal
implications aimed at protecting the environment. Most countries are using the United
States' sustainable development goals of 2030 to direct their focus towards the

environment and to put efforts into environmental protection. The research shows how
firms are operating today, and if they do not change their manufacturing practices in the
coming future, they will pose a serious threat to the environment and people. Available
literature about GSCM directs the attention of firms regardless of their size and industry, to
adopt GSCM practices and integrate these practices from product planning to product
execution.
Firms that are focusing on eco-friendly business practices and delivering sustainable
business services and products are more likely to be approached by consumers. Consumer
choices and preferences are changing over time, and today, customers are ready to
purchase expensive but organic products. These changes in customer preferences pose
challenges for firms that have not adopted green technology and green procedures yet. In
the coming few years, firms that are exploiting natural resources and the environment will
not gain the expected profit because customers will not prefer them.
Different researchers are studying the importance and implications of GSCM from different
dimensions, but they lack focus on the entirety of this concept which causes a research gap
in the existing literature. Another gap exists when some researchers say there is a link
between GSCM and the operational performance of a firm while others say there is no such
link. These different claims affect the perception of readers and firms about the
effectiveness of GSCM on organizational performance. This study serves as guidance for
future researchers to study a different dimension of GSCM and its impact on the
environment, people, and resources.
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APPENDICES: Questionnaire
Demographic Characteristics of the firms
a) What is the ownership status of your firm?
Fully locally owned
Fully Foreign-owned
Foreign and locally owned
b) What is the Scope of the Market by your firm?
i) Local
ii) National

iii) Global
c)What does your firm manufacture?
i)Mining
ii)Chemical
iii) Electrical and electronics
iv) Metal
v) Beverage
vi) Papers
vii) Fertilizers
d) How many years has your firm operating?
Less than 20 years
20-40 years
40-60 years
60-80 years
80 and above years
e) How many full-time employees are in your company?
i) Less than 100
ii) 100 to 200 employees
iii) 200 to 300 employees
iv) 300 and above employees
2. Green Supply Management of the Firm
a) What is the green procurement service(s) of your firm?
i) Corporate with suppliers to attain the environmental objective
ii) Co-labeling of products
iii) Purchase products with bio-degradable packaging or recycling
iv) Purchase Energy-saving Equipment
v) Share knowledge on clean production technologies
b) What are the environmentally responsible design practices of your firm?
Design products that have a longer useful life
ii)Design products to promote the reuse of products
iii)Design products that promote renewable energy
c) What are the green manufacturing practices of your organization?
i)Training employees in safe production
ii) Use of recycled materials for production
iii) Use of standardized components to facilitate reuse
iv)Training employees for accident prevention
v)Use of controls and filters for harmful discharge and emissions
d) What is the green packaging practice(s) of your organization
i) Reduce the use of hazardous materials in packaging
ii) Use of biodegradable materials
iii)Use of life to evaluate environmental load
iv) Make efforts to find new reusable materials for packaging
v Ensure shape and material promote efficiency

e) What is the green distribution practice(s) for your organization?
i) Distribute products together
ii) Deliver products direct to the user
iii) Locate near customers to reduce the resource consumed
iv)Sell vehicles that have reached end-use time
f) What is your organizational performance?
i)Cash flow performance
ii)Profit after tax
iii)Return of sales
iv)Returns of investment

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