2. Cell culture
• Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from
an animal or plant and their subsequent
growth in a favorable artificial
environment. The cells may be removed from
the tissue directly and disaggregated by
enzymatic or mechanical means before
cultivation, or they may be derived from a cell
line or cell strain that has already been
established.
3. Morphology of Cells in Culture
• Cells in culture can be divided into three basic
categories based on their shape and
appearance (i.e., morphology).
• Fibroblastic
• Epithelial-like
• Lymphoblast-like
5. Epithelial-like cells are polygonal in shape with
more regular dimensions, and grow attached to
a substrate in discrete patches.
6. Lymphoblast-like cells are spherical in shape
and usually grown in suspension without
attaching to a surface.
7. Applications of cell culture
Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the
manufacture of viral vaccines and other products of
biotechnology. Culture of human stem cells is used to
expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into
various somatic cell types for transplantation.[45] Stem cell
culture is also used to harvest the molecules and exosomes
that the stem cells release for the purposes of therapeutic
development.[46]
Biological products produced by recombinant DNA (rDNA)
technology in animal cell cultures include enzymes,
synthetic hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal
antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer
agents.
8. TISSUE CULTURE
• Tissue culture is in vitro maintenance and
propagation of isolated cells tissues or organs
in an appropriate artificial environment.
Many animal cells can be induced to grow
outside of their organ or tissue of origin under
defined conditions when supplemented with a
medium containing nutrients and growth
factors
9. methods of virus cultivation
Viral culture is a laboratory technique[1] in which samples of a virus
are placed to different cell lines which the virus being tested for its
ability to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic
effects, then the culture is positive.[2]
Traditional viral culture has been generally superseded by shell vial
culture, in which the sample is centrifuged onto a single layer of cells
and viral growth is measured by antigen detection methods. This
greatly reduces the time to detection for slow growing viruses such
as cytomegalovirus, for which the method was developed.[3] In
addition, the centrifugation step in shell vial culture enhances the
sensitivity of this method because after centrifugation, the viral
particles of the sample are in close proximity to the cells.
Human and monkey cells are used in both traditional viral culture
and shell vial culture
10. Cultivation of viruses are broadly
studied under the following
headings viz:-
.Animal inoculation,inoculation
into embryonated egg
11. Animal inoculation
• The injection of serums, microorganisms, or
viral organisms into laboratory animals for the
purpose of immunizing them or of
investigating the effects of the inoculated
material on them.
• How is animal inoculation done?
• The usual routes of commonly employed for the
inoculation of the viruses into experimental
animals are - intravenous, intramuscular,
subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal,
intracerebral and Intranasa
12. Inoculation into embryonated egg
Embryonated chicken eggs are inoculated by
the allantoic route at approximately the
middle of the 21-day embryonation period,
at 8–10 days of embryonation; they are
inoculated by the amniotic route late in the
incubation period, at 14–16 days of
embryonation.
13. virological research methods.
• Virological Methods are the methods of studying
the morphology, structural and functional
characteristics of virus. Purification, cultivation,
transmission of virus and methods for
investigating the suppression or inhibition of viral
growt.
• Techniques involved in order to study the
virological methods are chemical/physical
measures of virus quantification and they
include serologic assays, polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), and hemagglutination assays (HA
14. .Different virological methods are virus isolation
,electron microscopy,complement fixation test
,haemagglutination inhibition test,enzyme
linked immunoassay,single radial
haemolysis,immunofluorescense,neutralization,I
gG antibody avidity,molecular methods.Different
diiagnostic methods are direct examination of
specimen ,indirect examination,serlogy.
