2. Elements of the Air Transport
System
• There are four particular ‘elements’ of the air transport system, each of
which can be allied to a particular ‘industry’.
• In these, the business-led aspects will be balanced against safety and
operational efficiency, and the customer’s service requirements.
• Airlines
• Airports
• Airspace
• Aircraft
3. The Regulatory Environment
•Each nation has its own desires and interests as a
society and the principles it chooses to uphold are
trusted to its own government.
•With regard to aviation, a government is obliged
to enact international air law, pertaining to
operations and safety, and with regard to
commercial and political interests will negotiate
air service treaties or agreements with other
nations.
4. The Breadth
of Regulation
• There are two major aspects to
regulation economic and technical.
• International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO) looking after
safety orientated regulation
• International Air Transport Association
(IATA) looking after commercially
sensitive regulation.
• The structure and function of each will
be examined separately, but as their
separate responsibilities are shared
over a broad common boundary, the
degree to which individual nations are
free to negotiate their own terms of
reference for legislation, especially
nation-to-nation, need to be
considered.
5. • The breadth of regulation:
• ICAO- International Civil Aviation
Organization
• IATA- International Air Transport Association
(IATA
• DGCA- Directorate General of Civil
Aviation
• and FAA- Federal aviation agencies
6. • The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) is a specialized
agency of the United Nations that coordinates
the principles and techniques of international
air navigation,and fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to
ensure safe and orderly growth.
• ICAO headquarters are located in
the Quartier International of Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.
7. ICAO vs IATA
• The International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) creates regulations for aviation safety, security,
efficiency and regularity and environmental protection.
• Both IATA and ICAO are international organizations that
oversee civil aviation operations.
• However, the IATA generally supports the airline
industry, while the ICAO provides global standards for
air transport operations.
• Furthermore, the IATA uses a different list of airport
codes
8. Three main organization of
ICAO
ICAO structure-Today, the ICAO's
organizational structure consists of a
Secretariat and three main bodies:
the Assembly,
the Council and
the Air Navigation Commission (ANC).
Comprised of all Member States, the
Assembly is the sovereign organ of ICAO
9. • Most combinations of nations have negotiated
and ratified ‘bilateral traffic agreements’.
• These are reviewed periodically, and overall the
rules that emerge from such negotiations will set
limits on points of access, capacity on services
and the actual designation of air service
suppliers.
• Where ‘deregulation’ is being approved, national
authorities are given.
• Freedom to dismantle components of their own
regulatory organisation and procedures, where
they so wish.
10. International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is
an organization that represents the airline industry.
They are responsible for maintaining airline
cooperation to ensure safe and reliable air
transportation.
• Additionally, they provide standards for commercial
air transport services that aim to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of airline operations.
• The IATA members consist of 298 airlines across
120 countries. The organization is currently based
in Montreal, Canada.
11.
12.
13. Three aims of IATA
IATA Objectives-
Promote the development and growth of
international air transportation.
Promote and guarantee collaboration
between the different international air
transport companies.
Strengthen safety within all areas of air
transportation.
14. Benefits of IATA?
• Providing key commercial services &
training
• IATA provides training in major fields such
as passenger, cargo and safety.
• IATA programs help to strengthen the
capabilities of aviation industry
professionals.
• IATA members can receive discounts on a
number of IATA publications.
15. How About the FAA and EASA
• How About the FAA and EASA
• The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and
the European Union Aviation Safety Agency
(EASA) are both aviation authorities that
provide standards and regulations for aircraft
operations within their respective jurisdiction.
• The FAA is in charge of regulating all areas of
civil aviation within the United States.
• On the other hand, the EASA is responsible for
civil aviation safety within the countries that
belongs to the European Union.
16.
17. • What are the IATA regulations?
• The IATA Dangerous Goods
Regulations (DGR) manual is the
global reference for shipping
dangerous goods by air and the only
standard recognised by airlines.
• What is IATA’s responsibility?
• IATA aims to be the force for value
creation and innovation, driving a
safe, secure and profitable air
transport industry that sustainably
connects and enriches the world.
• IATA's mission is to represent, lead,
and serve the airline industry.
18. What are the functions
of an IATA agent?
• Some of the functions of an IATA
agent are:
• Supervise the loading and unloading
of aircraft.
• Issuance of international air
transportation contracts.
• Charge freight.
• Responsible for the management of
procedures between interested
parties
19. Benefits of IATA?
• What are the main IATA membership
benefits for airlines
1. International recognition and lobbying.
2. Targeting key industry priorities.
3. Driving industry change.
4. Reducing costs.
5. Communication campaigns.
6. Training and other services.
20. International recognition
• IATA maintains an international
perspective and provides a unique global
voice on behalf of its members
• With over 60 offices worldwide, IATA
maintains relationships with governments
and other industry stakeholders around
the world, advocating on behalf of its
members on key industry issues
21. IATA Codes
• Finally, we cannot fail to mention the IATA codes.
These are a set of three letters that define and identify
each airport in the world.
• A standardisation model that simplifies and optimises
the management work within air logistics.
Major international airports
The most important international airports and their IATA
code are:
• Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport:
IATA: ATL
• Beijing International Airport: IATA: PEK
• Chicago O’Hare International Airport: IATA: ORD
• London Heathrow Airport: LHR
Major Spanish airports
The most important airports in the country are the
following:
Adolfo Suárez Madrid Airport: IATA: MAD
Bilbao Airport: IATA: BIO
La Coruña Airport: IATA: LCG
Josep Tarradellas Barcelona Airport: IATA: BCN
Valencia Airport: IATA: VLC
•
22. Targeting key industry priorities
• Safety remains the industry's top priority and IATA
assists its members in continuing to meet industry
standards
• IOSA, which is mandatory for IATA membership, is
a critical component of IATA's safety program
• IATA is actively working with ICAO to harmonise
security measures globally and is working to
improve security processes
• IATA is leading the charge on reducing
the environmental impact of aviation and is helping
to drive the industry towards carbon-neutral
growth and, ultimately a carbon-free future
23. • Driving industry change
• Members have the opportunity to help
drive the industry' s priorities on key
initiative such as New Distribution
Capability (NDC).
24. • Protecting airline money & reducing costs
• IATA’s financial settlement systems
(ISS) are the backbone of the global air
transport industry, helping to contain costs,
improve cash flow and maximize efficiency
• IATA is also helping members achieve cost
reductions related to ATC charges, fuel
and taxation
25. • Increasing communication
• Participation in member conferences,
committees and groups offers unprecedented
access to a variety of airline and industry
partners
• The IATA Annual General Meeting and World
Air Transport Summit bring together
representatives from leading international
airlines
• IATA helps members gain influence with the
travel agent community through the IATA
Agency Program
26. Providing key commercial services & training
IATA provides training in major fields such as
passenger, cargo and safety
IATA programs help to strengthen the
capabilities of aviation industry professionals
IATA members can receive discounts on a
number of IATA publications
27. Directorate
General of Civil
Aviation
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA) is the regulatory body in the field
of Civil Aviation, primarily dealing with
safety issues.
It is responsible for regulation of air
transport services to/from/within India
and for enforcement of civil air
regulations, air safety, and airworthiness
standards.
The DGCA also co-ordinates all regulatory
functions with the International Civil
Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
Private operators were allowed to provide
air transport services. However, no foreign
airline could directly or indirectly hold
equity in a domestic airline company.
By 1995, several private airlines had
ventured into the aviation business and
accounted for more than 10 percent of the
domestic air traffic.
28.
29. Today, Indian aviation industry is dominated by private airlines and these include
low cost carriers, who have made air travel affordable. The Government
nationalized nine airline companies vide the Air Corporations Act, 1953.
These government-owned airlines dominated Indian aviation industry till the mid-
1990s.
In April 1990, the Government adopted open-sky policy and allowed air taxi-
operators to operate flights from any airport, both on a charter and a non charter
basis and to decide their own flight schedules, cargo and passenger fares.
As part of its open sky policy in 1994, the Indian Government ended the monopoly
of IA and AI in the air transport services.
30. DGCA
Today, Indian aviation industry is dominated
by private airlines and these include low cost
carriers, who have made air travel
affordable.
• Registration of civil aircraft.
• Formulation of standards of
airworthiness for civil aircraft registered
in India and grant of certificates of
airworthiness to such aircraft.
• Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance
engineers and flight engineers, and
conducting examinations and checks for
that purpose.
• Licensing of air traffic controllers.
31. Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities.
Granting of Air Operator's Certificates to Indian carriers and regulation of air transport
services operating to/from/within/over India by Indian and foreign operators, including
clearance of scheduled and non-scheduled flights of such operators.
Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention
measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management
programmes.
Carrying out amendments to the Aircraft Act, the Aircraft Rules and the Civil Aviation
Requirements for complying with the amendments to ICAO Annexes, and initiating
proposals for amendment to any other Act or for passing a new Act in order to give
effect to an international Convention or amendment to an existing Convention.
32.
33. International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO)
• The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is the
supreme legislative body overseeing technical-based
aspects of international air transport operations.
• ICAO takes responsibility for the framework against which
much of the international air law pertaining to operations
and safety worldwide is drafted.
• ICAO is headquartered in Montreal, Canada, and has
regional offices worldwide.
• All United Nation (UN) States are eligible members, and at
the current time that makes over 200.
• Representatives from all contracting nations (there are few
exceptions from the UN membership) form the ICAO
Assembly, which meets three-yearly, reviews working and
sets future policy.
• At the same meeting a three-yearly budget is also set.
34. • The Air Transport Bureau within ICAO is the
division within which there is perhaps the
greatest overlap with IATA.
• They consider unlawful interference (terrorism
and security threats) in particular, and especially
they have influenced the extension of the
Annexes over the years.
• Alongside the major technical bureaux is the
Legal Committee and such specialist units as
those that administer the Technical Co-
operation Programme.
• Finally, ICAO is the source of a vital set of
agreements that are principally commercial.
35. International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) was
created almost at the same time as ICAO, and also with
worldwide reach and also headquartered in Montreal.
However, this is not an organisation that sets rules for
governments.
• It is a less kindred association of representatives from
privately and publicly owned aircraft operators.
• Those organisations that are members have chosen to
join it, and the 230 airline members as of 2008 (of some
thousand airlines worldwide) were responsible for 95%
of the total passenger-kilometres performed each year.
36. •IATA produce considerable quantities of statistical data
concentrated on routes and financial and other business
information.
•These data tend to be derived from member company records,
as the membership is almost wholly scheduled carriers.
•They are a useful source for forecasters, but IATA does withhold
commercially sensitive information from the public.
•IATA can pick up current technical affairs, but these tend to be
ICAO’s responsibility, and they only take issue where there are
commercial implications.
•An example in the 1980s was the way that IATA addressed issues
with the bias of computerised reservation systems (CRS) and acted
as an authority able to draft and impose a workable set of fair-
trading rules.
•At the present time IATA is active with regard to several issues in
the areas of safety, security, the environment and e-ticketing.
37. • IATA has standing and special committees that
address airlines, airports, cargo and other civil
aviation and travel issues.
• For example, while ICAO has played a leading
role in setting CNS/ATM standards through the
workings of its Future Air Navigation Systems
(FANS) committee, IATA addresses issues
concerned with the financing and investment
requirements that arise when implementing
such systems.
38. National Authorities
• Within each country, the national authority is the
main point of contact with a regulatory body.
• Almost every country in the world has a
Department of Civil Aviation (sometimes called
DCA).
• It can be referred to as the DCA, with the head
called the Director General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA).
• In the USA the specialist team is the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA)
• In Britain the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
