This PPTX describes anatomy of female reproductive system, menstrual cycle, pregnancy and fertility control.

2. Female reproductive system
BY Dr. AHK HAIDAR
Institute of health sciences Khwaja freed UEIT, Rahimyar
khan Punjab Pakistan
• Female reproductive system
• Menstrual cycle
• Pregnancy
• Fertility control

3. Female reproductive system
• The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex
organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring.
Parts
1. External sex organs
2. Internal sex organs
• The female reproductive tract is all located within the pelvis.

4. Functions of Female reproductive system
• Producing gametes (called eggs or ova),
• certain sex hormones, and
• maintaining fertilized eggs as they develop into mature
fetuses and become ready for delivery.
Ovary
• A pair of a ovaries is present in the pelvic region of
female
• Produce and store your eggs (also called ovum) and
make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and
pregnancy

5. Functions of Female reproductive system
Fallopian tube
• A pair of a ovaries is present in between ovary and
uterus
• Its 10-13cm long
• Transfers egg from ovary to uterus
Uterus
• 8 cm long, 5 cm across, and 4 cm thick
• Its wall is thick and has three layers

6. Functions of Female reproductive system
Function
• the egg can be fertilized and implant here
• nourish the developing fetus prior to birth
• The endometrium is the inner layer that lines the
uterus. It is made up of glandular cells that make
secretions.
• The myometrium is the middle and thickest layer of the
uterus wall. It is made up mostly of smooth muscle.
• The perimetrium is the outer serous layer of the
uterus.

7. Menstrual cycle
• The menstrual cycle is a natural process. It is a complex cycle
controlled by female hormones that cause regular bleeding (periods).
• Menstrual bleeding lasts 4 to 8 days
• .The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 to 29 days
• First period is called menarche.(average 12-13 year )
• Last period is called menopause (average 51-51year )
• The menstrual cycle has four phases: menstruation, the follicular
phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.

8. Menstrual cycle
• The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones.
• Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which are
produced by the pituitary gland,
• promote ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen
and progesterone.
• Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the uterus and breasts to
prepare for possible fertilization.

9. Menstrual cycle

10. Pregnancy
• Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops
(gestates) inside a woman’s uterus (womb).
• A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with
twins.
Signs and symptoms
• missed periods, tender breasts,
• morning sickness (nausea and vomiting),
• hunger, implantation bleeding, a
• frequent urination.
• Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test.

11. Pregnancy
Stages of pregnancy
• Pregnancy is roughly divided into 3 stages known as
trimesters of about 3 months each :
1.
1. first trimester – conception to 12 weeks.
2. Second trimester – 13 to 27 weeks.
3. Third trimester – 28 to 40 weeks

12. Pregnancy

13. Mammary gland
• A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and
other mammals
Location and function
• produces milk
• located in the breast overlying the pectoralis major
muscles, both in male and female
• But functional only in female
• Mammary glands are nonfunctional in male
• Mammary glands are regulated by the endocrine
system

14. Mammary gland
Harmones
Become functional in response to the hormonal
changes
• prolactin helps make milk,
• oxytocin is the hormone that makes milk
accessible to a breastfeeding child.
Components of mammary gland
are the alveoli (hollow cavities, a few millimeters
large) lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells and
surrounded by myoepithelial cells. These alveoli join
together to form lobules surrounded by adipose and
connective tissues.

15. Fertility control
• Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and
fertility control,
• methods or devices are used to prevent unintended pregnancy
Methods
• Stop production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), from
pituitary
• Caps or diaphragms.
• Combined pill.
• Contraceptive implant.
• Contraceptive injection.
• Contraceptive patch.
• IUD (intrauterine device or coil)

16. Fertility control
Benefits
Reducing rates of unintended pregnancies, contraception also
• reduces the need for unsafe abortion
• reduces HIV transmissions from mothers to newborns.
• benefit the education of girls
• create opportunities for women to participate more fully in
society, including paid employment.