Water analysis techniques

3. • Importance of water: The Human Body
• Basic Water Chemistry: Measurable Properties
• Fundamentals of Water Technology: Hydrologic Cycle
• Nature of Water: Environmental Factors
• Contamination: Origin & Potential Problems

4. Circulatory System 80% Water
The Importance of Water:
• The human body is made up
of approximately 70% water;
therefore water is vital to all
systems
• „Clean‟ water is essential for
the human body
• Contaminants present in
water can bio-accumulate in
the body causing health
issues – i.e. carcinogens like
THM‟s can bio-accumulate
possibly causing cancer in the
future
Brain 75 % Water
Lungs 86% Water
Muscles 75% Water
Circulatory System 80% Water

5. • Water is an extremely stable compound
composed of Hydrogen & Oxygen atoms
• It is referred to as the universal solvent
as it dissolves more substances than any
other liquid
• Water is unique as it is only natural
substance that is found in three states –
liquid, solid, gas
• Water is very rarely in pure „distilled‟
form
• Water will always contain salts, nutrients
& particulates depending on local
conditions
Water Molecule:
2 Hydrogen atoms
1 Oxygen atom
Water Chemistry

6. pH: refers to water being
acidic, basic or neutral; pH is
affected by chemicals therefore
is a good indication that water
may be changing chemically
• pH stands for the potential of
hydrogen
• The neutral point of 7
indicates the presence of equal
concentrations of free hydrogen
& hydroxide ions
• Each decrease in pH by one
pH unit means a tenfold
increase in concentration of
hydrogen ions – therefore more
acidic
Measurable Properties of Water: pH

7. • Turbidity can make water either
cloudy or opaque depending on what
makes up turbidity
• Turbidity is measured in NTU‟s
(Nephelometric turbidity units)
• The higher the NTU value, the higher
the intensity of scattered light
• Turbidity is measured with a
turbidimeter
• Turbidimeter is calibrated
using vials of solution which
contain different NTU levels
Measurable Properties of Water: Turbidity

8. • UVT is a measure of how well water is able to transmit UV light
• If the UV light cannot penetrate the water then it cannot penetrate the microorganisms present in the
water
• As the UVT drops UV dose also drops dramatically
• UVT (%) is the most important water quality property to be considered when looking at UV as a piece of
water treatment equipment
• Keep in mind that low UVT levels are not always detectable with the naked eye
• Tannins are visual in water but there are many other organics that can drop the UVT with no color at all
Measurable Properties of Water: UV Transmittance
(UVT)
High UVT = High Dose
Low UVT = Low Dose
Less UV light getting
through the water

9. • One of earth‟s most plentiful resources (5% of earth‟s
crust)
• Rainfall seeping through soil dissolves iron in crust &
carries it into almost every kind of water supply, mostly
well water
• Iron is seldom found at concentrations greater than 10
ppm
• Iron is not hazardous to human health, it is considered a
secondary aesthetic contaminant
• At levels of 0.3 ppm staining of household fixtures can
occur
• Iron can be present in water in either a clear soluble
(ferrous iron or clear water iron) or insoluble (ferric iron )
state; is often associated with iron bacteria problems
• When considering iron removal (i.e. with a softener)
ensure that the outdoor taps are being treated….what
could happen you ask?
Iron staining in toilet
Measurable Properties of Water: Iron (Fe)

10. • This element is usually found in groundwater
• Usually present in combination with iron (but in lower concentrations)
• At levels of 0.05 ppm Mn can cause staining of a black-yellow color
• Both Fe & Mn can be present in well water & water can appear clear when first
drawn
• Upon exposure to air both soluble Fe & Mn will quickly become oxidized changing
to their insoluble state (a precipitate)
Measurable Properties of Water: Manganese (Mn)

11. • Tannins are water soluble, organic phenolic compounds
formed in the decomposition of vegetation
• Tannins occur in water in almost any location where large
quantities of vegetation have decayed
• Cannot simply be filtered out of water as tannins consist of
microscopic, unsettlable, colloidal particles that carry a
negative charge
• Due to the materials that have decayed, tannins create a
yellowish color in water
• This may not be visible in a glass of water, however a
tubful of water will appear slightly yellow (or Styrofoam cup)
• Above a pH of 6 tannins must be removed by anion
exchange; below 5 they may be removed by activated
carbon depending on tannin concentration
Clean & tannin water
comparison
Tubful of tannin water
Measurable Properties of Water: Tannins

12. • Hardness, iron, manganese &
tannins can all inhibit UV light from
penetrating microorganisms in water
• This is done either by absorption or
scaling
• If the sleeve is coated then UV light
is trapped & cannot reach the water
• A non-monitored system needs to
have water that is pre-treated or is of
a known quality
What can these parameters do to a UV system?

13. • H2S is a corrosive, flammable & toxic gas often found
dissolved in well water, accompanied by iron & low pH
• Develops from decaying organic matter or sulfate-
reducing bacteria (SRB)
• SRB produces enzymes which accelerates reduction
of sulfur compounds thereby producing H2S
• Produces rotten egg smell, can corrode piping & turn
water black
• In some cases H2S may only be present in household
hot water
• This condition is caused by a biochemical reaction
between sulfates in water, sulfate reducing bacteria or
organic matter
Structure model of Hydrogen
Sulfide
Measurable Properties of Water: Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

14. Water is a product of the environment, absorbing &
dissolving a part of everything it touches in both air & water
The Nature of Water – Environmental Factors

15. AIR: As water falls to earth the rain serves to cleanse air
Rain will absorb solid matter, gases, odors & other impurities that pollute
air
Carbon dioxide gases in atmosphere can penetrate precipitation as it
falls, causing rainfall to become slightly acidic (carbonic acid)
Rainwater can also encounter sulfuric acid & some types of bacteria
SURFACE: Surface properties have a great impact on water reaching earth
As water percolates into ground it loses some of its impurities it absorbed
from air BUT while the soil filters out impurities it also allows water to
dissolve large amounts of earth‟s minerals etc.
I. Vegetated Areas: O2 is consumed & CO2 is produced through decay of vegetation
II. Limestone Areas: H20 containing H2CO3 reacts with stone becoming hard; Ca, Mg bicarbonates are
formed
III. Granite/Sandy Areas: H20 holds H2CO3 but does not become hard due to absence of limestone
The Nature of Water – Environmental Factors

16. • Contamination in drinking water can
exist in many different forms:
•Particulate Matter
•Colloidal Matter
•Dissolved Solids
•Radioactive contaminants
•Microorganisms (protozoan
cysts, viruses, pyrogens)
•Pesticides and herbicides
•Heavy Organic Molecules
• These exist either naturally or are
man made.
Contamination:

17. Naturally
Occurring
MAN-MADE
Agricultural Industrial
Dirt
Rust
Sediment
Roots
Leaves
Algae
Mold,
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Manganese (Mn)
Hydrogen sulfide
Microorganisms
Cysts (Cryptosporidium,
Giardia)
Fertilizer
Herbicide
Pesticide
Nitrate
Fungicide
Detergent
Solvent
Radio-active waste
Acids
Hydrocarbon
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine
Chloramines
THM‟s
Lead based
contaminant
etc...
Contaminants & their origin:

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WATER ANALYSIS

19. Water quality varies with the source.
It may or may not contain
dissolved minerals
 dissolved gases
organic matter
microorganisms
combinations of these impurities that cause
deterioration of metalworking fluid performance.
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20. The amount of dissolved minerals, for
example, in lake or river water (surface water)
depends on whether the source is near mineral
deposits. Typically, lake water is of a consistent
quality, while river water varies with weather
conditions. Well water (ground water), since it
seeps through minerals in the earth, tends to
contain more dissolved minerals than either lake
or river water. Surface water, however, is likely
to contain a higher number of microorganisms
(bacteria and mold) and thus need treatment
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21. o If water is badly polluted-- like raw sewage---
it might be obvious from its appearance or
odor.
o It might be colored or turbid (cloudy), or have
solids, oil or foam floating on it.
o It might have a rotten odor, or smell like
industrial chemicals.
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Why do we need to analyze water?

22. There are two aspects of water analysis that we
need to consider:
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what substances or
organisms are we
interested in testing for--
and why?
what procedures and
equipment do we use to
make the
measurements, and how
do they work?
TWO ASPECTS OF WATER

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HARDNESS OF WATER

24. What is hardness of water?
Hard water is water that has
high mineral content.
Hardness of water is due to metal
ions(minerals) that are dissolved in the ground
water. These minerals include
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4
2-, and HCO3
-. Our hard
water in the southern Indiana area is due to
rain moving through the vast amount of
limestone, CaCO3.
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25. Hardness of water
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26. Why Be Concerned About Hard Water?
The determination of water hardness is
a useful test that provides a measure of
quality of water for households and
industrial uses.
Originally, water hardness was defined
as the measure of the capacity of the
water to precipitate soap. Hard water is
not a health hazard.
When hard water is
heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which
then clogs pipes and industrial boilers.
This leads to malfunction or damage
and is expensive to remove
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27. Types of hardness
There are two basic types of
water hardness:
1. Temporary hardness
2. Permanent hardness
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28. Temporary Hardness
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Temporary Hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion,
HCO3
-, being present in the water. This type of hardness
can be removed by boiling the water to expel the CO2.
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2 O + CO2
Heating
Mg(HCO3)2 → Ma (OH)2 + 2CO2
Heating
Main Mechanism

29. Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of
the
ions Ca2+, Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4
-. This type of
hardness cannot be eliminated by boiling. The
water with this type of hardness is said to
be permanently hard.
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30. Solids in
water
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31. Dissolved Solids
The total dissolved solids can
have a significant impact on the
quality of water. The amount of
dissolved solids affects the water
for almost all of its uses, whether
for drinking, agricultural, or
industrial use. The
recommended maximum limit of
dissolved solids in drinking water
is 500 ppm
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32. Problems related to dissolved solids
The problems caused by dissolved material
relate to taste and odor, hardness, and corrosion
and scaling in the distribution system, among
others. Several different types of dissolved solids
could be toxic if the levels become too high. These
include
barium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury
, selenium, and silver. Each of these are regulated
by the EPA and have maximum contaminant levels
assigned to them.
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33. Suspended solids
Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which
remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to the
motion of the water. It is used as one indicator of water
quality.
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34. Problems related to Suspended Particles
High concentrations of suspended solids
can cause many problems for stream
health and aquatic life.
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SEPARATION
TECHNIQUES

36. Separation technique include
1. Filtration
2. Distillation
3. Extraction
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37. Filtration:
The water is passed through a fine-pore
filter which can be made of paper, glass
fibers, a cellulose acetate membrane, etc.
Filtration through a filter of some
agreed-upon standard pore size can be
used to separate "suspended" from
"dissolved" portions of the analyte. The
analyte may be the suspended matter
which is captured on the filter-- or the filter
may be used to clarify the water for
analysis of a dissolved material.
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38. Distillation:
If the analyte can be boiled out of the
water, or along with the water, then the
vapors can be cooled and re-condensed or
trapped in a liquid form in a different
container. This way the analyte can be
removed from the interfering substances in
the original water sample. Often the
sample is made acidic or alkaline, or
treated chemically in some other way
before distillation, to convert the analyte
into a volatile (easily evaporated)
form, and to immobilize or neutralize
interfering substances.
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39. Extraction:
Some analytes may be much more
soluble in an organic solvent than in
water. If the solvent does not mix with
water, and the sample is shaken with
portions of the solvent, almost all of the
analyte may be transferred from the
water into the solvent, leaving
interfering substances behind. This is
known as a "liquid-liquid" extraction.
The analysis may be completed using
the organic portion. There are also
continuous versions of this process for
use with liquid or with dry samples.
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40. References
Map from Morton Salt at
http://www.mortonsalt.com/soft/sofisoft.htm
^ a b c World Health Organization Hardness in
Drinking-Water, 2003
^ a b Hermann Weingärtner, "Water" in Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry, 2006[december], Wiley–VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1
002/14356007.a28_001
http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/water_ha
rdnes
http://www.mrwa.com/OPWater%20and%20Impurities.pdf
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42. July 20, 1979
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER
No. 31 s. 1979
SUBJECT: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
ACCREDITATION OF WATER ANALYSIS
LABORATORIES
The Ministry of Human Settlements and Ecology had, in January
1978, published a three-volume “Philippine Standard Methods of Air and
Water Analysis”, and the Ministry of Health in September 1978, had
issued a revised “National Standards for Drinking Water”. The objective
of the former publication is to have some assurance that accepted
procedure are available for the determination of the “Standard”, and that
the adherence to the procedures allows comparability of results of
analysis within a single laboratory and between laboratories. While
laboratory
procedures could be established their mere application is no guaranty
that results are not erroneous. Erroneous results could mislead decision
makers, e.g. in disapproving a water system even though historically the
supply had always been of good quality.

43. Basic Requirements
(1) the name, citizenship and domicile of the head of the
laboratory;
(2) the municipality and replace where it is to be established;
(3) name of establishment;
(4) name, citizenship and domicile of owners;
(5) scope and nature of work, specifying procedures;
(6) statement that applicant has complied with all business
requirements under existing laws or ordinances that are necessary in
pursuance of the
activity for which an accreditation is applied for;
(7) tax clearance for preceding year.

44. Personnel
The operation of water analysis Laboratories shall be under the direction
and supervision of a licensed sanitary engineer.
The sanitary engineer in charge of supervision/direction of water analysis
laboratory shall be authorized to head, manage, or supervise up to three
(3) water laboratories provided they are contiguously located in a
particular area.
Each service must therefore be operated by at lest one registered
professional, one laboratory assistant and one laboratory aide. A
bacteriological service with a minimum number of personnel may handle
at most 30 samples/day and a chemical service of at most 5 samples for
routine chemistry.

45. Physical Plant
(a) Work rooms must be housed in a permanent building.
(b) Work rooms should be well-ventilated.
(c) Working space requirements must
include sufficient bench-top area.The bench-top working area
needed for processing samples should be at least 1.20-1.80 mofo
continuous area per analyst. The working area for a specific service
should be at least 20 sq. meters.
(d) A bench-height of 90 centimeters provides convenience for the
worker who may choose to stand or sit while performing various tasks.
Laboratory benches 75 centimeters high should also be provided for
other types of work. The laboratory table or top working areas should be
level.
(e) All work rooms should have adequate running water not stored water.
Shower facilities should be available.
(f) All provisions of the safety and building code should be complied with.

46. Laboratory Apparatus, Materials and
Reagents
(a) Bacteriological Analysis Service
1. Multiple-tube fermentation technic
2. Gram-Stain technic
3. IMVIC test
4. Standard plate count
5. Fecal coliform test
6. Optional-tests for fecal streptococcal group
(b) Biological Analysis Service
1. Quantitative and qualitative examination of phytoplankton samples
2. Zooplankton and bottom fauna examination

47. Radiological Analysis Service
1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity
2. Total Radioactive Strontium in Water
3. Strontium – 90 in water
4. Total Raidum (Presipitation Technique)
5. Radium – 226 by Radon (Soluble, Suspended and
Total)

48. The minimum equipment for each
service are the following:
(a) Bacteriological Analysis Service
1. Incubator
2. Waterbath, 37oC
44.5oC – 0.5 (if Escherichia coli test
is to be performed)
3. Autoclave
4. pH meter
5. Analytical balance
6. Colony Counter
7. Microscope
8. Hot plate or stove
9. Oven, sterilizing
10. Bunsen burner with tank
11. Refrigerator

49. Minimum Required References for
Each Laboratory
(a) Philippine Standard Methods for Air and Water Analysis, Vol. 1 and
Vol. 2,
Human Settlements Commission, January 1978.
(b) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, APHA, AWMA,
WFCF, 14th Edition.
(c) National Standards for Drinking Water, Bureau of Research and
Laboratories,
Ministry of Health, 1978.

50. Requests and Results
No result can be released to the public unless signed by the sanitary
engineer of the authorized supervisor.
Quality Assurance Program
The accredited laboratory must participate in the quality assurance
program to be conducted by the Bureau of Research and
Laboratories.
Laboratory Fees
The rate of laboratory fees to be charged by a water analysis laboratory
for examinations shall be within the range of the usual fees prevailing at
the time and particular place taking into consideration costs of product
and quality control of various laboratory procedures.

51. Inspection
It shall be the duty of the Director of the Bureau of Research and
Laboratories or his duly authorized representative to conduct periodical
inspection of water analysis laboratories.
Exhibition of Certificate of Accreditation
The Certificate of Accreditation of the water analysis laboratory must be
displayed in a conspicuous place within the laboratory.
Expiration
The accreditation of the water analysis laboratory shall expire on the last
day of December of the year stated, therein, including the authorization
given to the head or supervisor of operation.
Renewal
Application for renewal shall be filed on the last two months of the year.

52. Updating of requirements
The requirements for the accreditation of water analysis laboratory
maybe updated from time to time as the need arises.
This Administrative Order shall take effect immediately.
(Sgd) CLEMENTE S. GATMAITAIN, M.D., M.P.H.
Ministry of Health
IMPORTANT: The Regional Health Director is requested to disseminate
copies of this Adm. Order to all personnel and offices concerned under
his region.

53. Administrative Order No. 2006-0024
Subject: Rules and Regulations Governing the
Accreditation of Laboratories for Drinking Water
Analysis
Presidential Decree 856 also known as the Sanitation Code of the
Philippines mandates the DOH to accredit laboratories in accordance
with the National Drinking Water Standards.
The enactment of EO No. 102 s. 1999 which redirects the functions and
operations of the DOH.
RA 9275 known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 was enacted
and the DOH was tasked to be responsible for the promulgation, revision
and enforcement the drinking water standards.

54. Objective
To protect public health, safety and welfare by ensuring the
accuracy, precision and reliability of results generated by drinking water
testing laboratories through formulation and enforcement of revised
standards for accreditation.

55. Definition of Terms
Accreditation- formal authorization issued by the DOH.
Applicant- an individual, partnership or corporation
BHFS- Bureau of Health Facilities and Services
CHD- Centers for Health Development
DOH- Department of Health
NRL- National Reference Laboratory
PNSDW- Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
Quality Manual- documents stating the quality policy
Quality Policy- statements of intentions or desires of the organization
Specimen- collected drinking water sample
Standard Method- method of analysis as prescribed by the PNSDW
Water Analysis- testing procedure performed on a water sample

56. General Policies:
1.) BHFS issues Certificate of Accreditation and the CHD renews the
certificate.
2.) NRL shall conduct proficiency testing.
3.) Laboratories shall not operate w/o a valid Certificate of Accreditation.
4.) All accredited laboratories shall be given 1 year from approval and
publication of these rules and regulations to meet the new accreditation
requirements.
6.) The accreditation of laboratories may be suspended by the
BHFS/CHD director upon violated these rules.
7.) Preventive suspension for the laboratories shall not be more than 60
days.
8.) Any personnel has 15 days to file a notice of appeal to the Office of
the Secretary after receipt of notice of decision has received.

57. Laboratories should be classified
according to:
1. Ownership
a.) Government
b.) Private
2. Institutional Character
a.) institutional based- a lab located with in the premises and
operates as a part of the institution.
b.) freestanding- a laboratory that operates independently.

58. 3. Service Capability
a.) Bacteriological Analysis- laboratory performs standard
methods to detect or estimate bacterial coliform organisms in the
water sample.
b.) Biological Analysis- laboratory performs standard
methods to detect or estimate biologic organisms such as
planktons in the water sample
c.) Physical Analysis- laboratory performs standard
methods to detect or estimate characteristics of the water
sample.
d.) Chemical Analysis- laboratory performs standard
methods to detect or estimate the chemical substances in the
water sample.
e.) Radiological Analysis- laboratory performs standard
methods to detect or estimate radioactive contaminants in the
water sample.

59. EFFECTIVITY
These rules and regulations shall take effect 15 days after publication in
a newspaper of the general circulation.
Francisco T. Duque lll, M.D.. MSc
Secretary of Health