18. 18
OSI-RM (Open System Interconnection – Reference Model )
OSI – RM Data Protocol Device TCP/IP
1 Application Data
HTTP-FTP-
SMTP
DNS-TELNET
HTTPS-POP3
-
Interface
between
App&
protocol
(1)
Application2 Presentation Data -
Compression
ضغط
Conversion
تحويل
Encryption
تشفير
3 Session Data -
Monitor مراقبة
Open session
on the host
4 Transport Segments
TCP
HTTP-
FTP
DNS-
TELNE
T
UDP
TFTP
-DNS
DHC
P
-
Delivery
method
عملية عن مسؤول
التوصيل
(2)
Transport
5 Network Packets IP – ARP
Router
Switch[L3]
Provide
logical
address
(3)
Internet
6 Data Link Frames
LAN&WAN
TECHNOLOGY
Bridge
NIC
Switch[L2]
Provide
Physical
address
[MAC]
(4)
Network
access
7 Physical Bits
Hub
Repeater[L1]
00110100
00001111
20. 20
الثاني الفصل
IP Address
What’s a Subnet ?
A subnet is a physical segment of a network that is separated from
the rest of the network by a router or routers .
يسامى الواحاد الجازء فاأن أجزاء الى الشبكة تقسيم يتم عندما بأختصار هيsubnetوالفائادة
الــ على المحافظة هو التقسيم هذا منBandwidthفاي تحادث التاي المشااكل على والتعرف
الشبكةسهل وبشكل بسرعةالــ وتعريف بتقسيم يقوم (حيثIPالشابكة جازء هماا جزئين الى
netالطرفية المحطات وجزءhost. ) للشبكة االساسي التصميم وحسب
IPV4:
0.من يتكون32bits
2.( نستخدم االرقام لتمثيلDecimal number representation: مثال )01.01.0.1
3.الـاـ يعنيipv4ما يتكاونن4Octets that’s mean every octet content of 8
bits
21. 21
Type of IP Address :
1.Class Full : Classifications can be broken into 3 classes (A,B,C)
(net,host) المنطق الــعنونة من نوع وهوهما جزئين الى العنوان تقسم التي ية
الــ على يعتمد النوع هذا في والتقسيم(Byte)( الــ الى ينظر بحيثIPكــBlock)
الــ نوع لتحديد النوع هذا .وفيclassالــ على يعتمدoct. االول
Maskافارااالص انام اةامتتالي الةاسلس اااتليه الواحادات انام اةامتتالي الةاسلس اناع اارةاعب هاو :
( جزء تمثل الواحد ان حيثnet( جزء تمثل واالصفار )host).
Subnet MaskNet , node
partition
Rang1’st
bit
Class
255.0.0.0/8Net,host,host,host0-
127
0xxx
xxxx
A
255.255.0.0/16Net.net.host.host128-
191
10xx
xxxx
B
255.255.255.0/32Net.net.net.host192-
223
110x
xxxx
C
-Multicast
Audio-video
224-
239
1110
xxxx
D
-The future Ipv6240-
255
1111
xxxx
E
26. 26
Key Network Terminology Explained
Simplex: information flows in only one direction
Half-duplex: information flows in two directions, but only in one direction at a
time.
التصادم حدوث فاحتمالية واالستالم لإلرسال هي واحدة قناة وجود يفترض الذي االتصال نوع هو
Full-duplex: information flows in two directions at the same time
هو ل احدهما قناة اثنان وجود يفترض الذي االتصال نوعفاال لالساتالم واألخارى إلرساال اصاطدام يوجاد
.بينها
Basic Signal Terminologies
Bit: binary digit, either 0 or 1
Baud (don’t really use anymore; not accurate) = one electronic state change per
second
Bit rate – a method for measuring data transmission speed – bits per second
Mbps – millions of bits per second (data speed; measure of bandwidth = total
information flow over a given time) on a telecommunication medium
8 bits = 1 byte
Mb – million bits (quantity of data)
MB – million bytes (quantity of data)
Gbps – Billion bits per second (data speed)
Teraflops – trillion operations per second
Basics of Networking
• Media Access Control (MAC) Address – are the physical address
of any device, e.g. a NIC in a computer on the network.
27. 27
• A group of standards for defining a local area network that
includes standards in cabling and the structure of the data sent
over those cables as well as the hardware that connects those
cables.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – uses a set of rules to exchange
messages with other Internet points at the information packet level
• Internet Protocol (IP) – uses a set of rules to send and receive messages
at the Internet address level
• broadcast domain: is a logical division of a computer network, in which
all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. A
broadcast domain can be within the same LAN segment or it can be
bridged to other LAN segments.
• collision domain: is a physical network segment where data packets can
collide with one another when being sent on a shared medium, in
particular, when using the Ethernet networking protocol. A network
collision occurs when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a
network segment at the same time.
• Repeater: is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it
at a higher level and/or higher power
• Access point: is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a
wired network.
28. 28
الثالث الفصل
Cisco Router
Boot Sequence
Post ,BootP , Mini IOS
Rommon (Ram monitor)
For trouble shooting.
Store Startup- Config File
Router
Internal componentExternal component
1-Mother board
2-Rom – Ram
3-Flash Memory
4-Non Volition RAM
5-CPU
6-Power Supply
Interface
Config
port
- Console
- Auxiliary
WAN
- serial
Lease line / frame
relay )
- ISDN (BRI / PRI)
- ATM (ATM)
LAN
E F G
10G
10 100 1000 1000
LAN LAN
WAN WAN
Sub net
Subnet
ROM
nvRAM
POST: Power On Self Test
Boot Program (BootP) is loaded:
1. IOS is loaded
- Flash
- TFTP
- Mini IOS
2. Configuration is loaded
- nvRAM
- TFTP
- Setup Mode Dialog
29. 29
Running – Config File
Store decompressed version of IOS Image
Complete IOS/ store IOS Image
للراوترات(يسمى المستخدم التشغيل نظام : مالحظةimage,IOS Image)
نعمله ان ممكن النظام وهذاReinstall-upgradeالملف هذا وامتداد.bin
Method for config router
SDM
Security Device Manger
CLI
Command Line Interface
GUICommand
Cisco Modes
1. User and Privileged
Router>enable
Router#
Router#disable exit
Router>
2.Exiting configuration
Router>logout
RAM
Flash
30. 30
Router>exit
Router#exit
Basic Commands
3.Global Configuration Mode GCM
Router#config t
Router(config)#
namecisoCISCORouter(config)#hostname
CISCO(config)#
Router(config)#banner motd #
This is Secure Router!
Router(config)#
Show Commands
Router>show version
(Version, no. of interfaces, IOS image name, size of
RAM, NVRAM
& FLASH)
Router>sh flash
(IOS no. & name, available & usable size of FLASH)
31. 31
Router#sh run
(Configuration in RAM)
Router#sh startup
(Configuration in NVRAM, size of configuration in
NVRAM)
Router(config)#do show run
Router# ping 10.10.10.1 اتصال يوجد وهل الشبكة الختبار
Router# sh int f0/0
Router# sh ip int brif
Router# sh controllers serial 0/0
Router# sh ip route
Cisco Router Passwords
1- Enable Secret
2- Enable Password
3- Console Password
4- AUX Password
5- Telnet (VTY) Password
معلومات لعرضint f0/0له هلipال او يعمل وهل ال او
كل معلومات لعرضintله هلipال او تعمل وهل ال او
لمعرفةserialهو هلDTE or DCE
الـــ لعرضRouting Table
33. 33
Router(config-line)#password telnet
Router(config-line)#login
Saving/Deleting Configuration
Router#copy run start
Router#copy start run
Router#erase startup
Router#reload
Securing Passwords
Router(config)#service password-encryption
Setting Time and Date
Router#clock set 00:00:00 19 feb 2011
Encryption your Passwords
Router# sh run
Router# service password-encryption
Recovering Password
1. Boot the router and interrupt the boot sequence by
performing a break, which will take the router into
ROM monitor mode. (Ctrl + Break)
34. 34
2. Change the configuration register to turn on bit 6
(with the value 0x2142).
Series 2600:
rommon>confreg 0x2142
Series 2500:
>o/r 0x2142
3. Reload the router.
Series 2600:
rommon>reset
Series 2500:
>i
4. Do not enter Setup Mode Dialog.
5. Enter privileged mode.
6. Copy the startup-config file to running-config.
Router#copy start run
7. Change the password.
Router#config t
Router(config)#enable secret new password
Router(config)#enable password new password
35. 35
8. Reset the configuration register to the default value.
Router(config)#config-register 0x2102
9. Save the router configuration.
Router(config)#^Z
Router#copy run start
10. Reload the router (optional).
Router#reload
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS
Router#ping ip of tftp server
Router#sh ver
Router#sh flash
Router#sh run
Router#sh start
To Backup IOS
Router#copy flash tftp Copy to the image (.bin) & IP address
الى نذهبconfigوترى السيرفر فيTFTPال لو شغالOn
To Restore or Upgrade IOS
Router#copy tftp flash
يخزن حيث السيرفر الى يذهب سو
السيرفر من الراوتر الى االسترجاع
36. 36
عملك من نسخة تأخذ ايضا
To Backup Configuration
Router#copy run tftp
Router#copy start tftp
To Restore Configuration
Router#copy tftp run
Router#copy tftp start
39. 39
Router A
RouterA > ena
RouterA # conf t
RouterA (config)# int s2/0
RouterA (config-if)# ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.252
RouterA (config-if)# no sh
RouterA (config-if)# exi
RouterA (config)# int F0/0
RouterA (config-if) # ip add 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
RouterA (config-if )# no sh
RouterA(config-if) # exi
RouterA (config) # ip route 20.20.20.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
Router B
RouterB > ena
RouterB # conf t
RouterB (config)# int s2/0
RouterB (config-if)# ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252
RouterA (config-if)# no sh
RouterA (config-if)# exi
RouterA (config)# int F0/0
RouterA (config-if) # ip add 20.20.20.1 255.255.255.0
RouterA (config-if )# no sh
46. 46
R1 (config-router)#no auto-summary
• To make manual summarization
Router(config)#int s0/0
Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp 10 192.168.10.64
255.255.255.224
Shows the entire routing tableshow ip route
Shows only EIGRP entries in the
routing table
show ip route eigrp
Shows all EIGRP neighborsshow ip eigrp neighbors
Shows entries in the EIGRP topology
table
show ip eigrp topology
D-]Link StateOpen Shortest Path First [OSPF] [
**فيOSPFتقسيم يتمautonomous systemتسمى صغيرة ووحدات اقسام الىAreaولها
تسمى مصطلحBack boneوهيArea 0يقلل فوائدة اهم من الفقري والعمودconvergence time.
**Wild Maskالـــ قلب عملية وهيSMوالـــ واحدات الى واالصفار اصفار الى الواحدات قلب اي
OSPFيستخدمWild Maskيستخدم والSubnet Mask
OSPF
Classless Routing
Support VLSM
Support discontiguous networks
Uses an autonomous system number [Area]
Support IP only
Manual Summaization
[inverse sm] [wild card mask]Wild maskUse
الشبكة كانت اذاEIGRPو
discontiguousيستخدم سوفAuto
summarizationيرجع وفائدتهsubnet
maskحسب على اصلها الىIpوالـــ ,auto
summaryاستخدام نتيجة هيالــ
discontiguosماسك السبنت الختالف وذلك
االيعاز هذا نكتب واللغاءه: التالي
no auto-summarization
47. 47
* Build three table :
1- Neighbor table
2- Topology table
3- Routing table
Router ID (RID): is the highest IP address used to identify the router.
[Identification] IP
Link is an interface on a router.
Link-State: the status of link between two routers
Link-state database (topological database)
Routing table: الراوتر في المسارات افضل يعني
Adjacencies router :
DR election based on : DR & BDR انتخاب طرق
1.Priority [highest] : = االهمية تكون باالفتراضي1= اهمية واعلى255الراوتر في
2.RID [highest] :IP اعلى الراوتر يأخذ
DR & BDR انتخاب عند يكون
-Multi-access Broadcast Net [ Ethernet ; ]مثالها
-Multi-access NonBroadcast Net [Frame Relay : ]مثالها
Cost (metric)=ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
0225222
BW[Kllo]
الــ مثالneighbor routerفق يرسل المجاور الراوتر يعني
للراوتر( الرئيسDesignated router (DR)المساعد والرواتر )
(backup designated router (BDR))
DR & BDRوجودها من الفائدة
الــ تقليل هوBandwidth
االخرى الرواترات بافي تسمى
DRouter
48. 48
Configuring OSPF Routing
R1#config t
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#net 10.10.1.0^0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#net 10.10.2.0^0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#net 10.10.5.0^0.0.0.255 area 0
* To change priority
Router(config)#int s0/0
Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority 2
show ip route
Shows the entire routing table
show ip ospf
Display OSPF information for one or all OSPF processes running
on the router.
the number ofshow ip ospf database
links and the neighboring router’s ID
Displays allshow ip ospf interface
interface-related OSPF information.
Loop back Interfaces
الــRIDاعلى يأخذIP
حصل اذاshutdownللــIPيزيد سو وبعدها يتغير سوconfigوهذا
الــ يثبت ان فيجب , الشبكة في الخلل بعض مايسببIPطريق عنlogical IP
. الفيزيائية المواد عن النظر بغض
Loopback interfaces are logical interfaces
في **وجود حالةLogical Ipالى نحتاج ال فانناphysical Ipاعلى فنأخذ
Logical Ipاعلى نأخذ سو وجوده عدم حالة وفيphysical Ip
Configuring Loop back Interfaces
الراوتر = معناه رقمprocess ID [local]
رقم نةع الثاني الراوتر وفي5
نةع هناwild maskوهذا
نفعل ان يع نست ااننا يعني
ospfراوتر من اكثر على
نزيدpriorityالراوتر لنجعل
االول هو االقوىDR
49. 49
R1(config)#int loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.255
R1(config-if)#no shut
Practice
Note: Router used Command (NAT) Network Address
Translation
In this router need
1. IP Address for Public & Private
2.NAT & Static Router
3.Dynamic host configuration Protocol(DHCP)
4.Access List (ACL).
R1# sh ip int briالمنافذ الظهار
R1# erase startup
R1 (config) # int f0/1
R1 (config-if) # ip add 204.246.30.83 255.255.255.248
R1 (config-if) # no sh
R1 (config) # ip f0/0
R1 (config-if) #ip add 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
R1 (config-if) #no sh
R1 (config) # ip dhcp pool mod
R1 (dhcp-config) # Network 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
50. 50
R1 (dhcp-config) # deflut-roter 172.16.0.1
R1 (dhcp-config) # dns-server 172.16.0.1
R1 (dhcp-config) # dnz-server 8.8.8.8
R1 (dhcp-config) #exit
R1 (config) #ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.0.1عزل هذالكي العنوان
عنواين في اليعطى
R1 (config) # ip nat pool cs1 204.246.30.83 204.246.30.83
255.255.255.248
R1 (config) # access-list 100 permit icmp any any
R1 (config) # access-list 1 permit any
R1 (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool cs1
R1 (config) # ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 204.246.30.81 ( ip int for I
direct )
R1 (config) # int f0/0
R1 (config-if) # ip access-group 1 in
R1 (config-if ) # ip access- group 100 in
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