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Living a Heart Healthy Life
1. Living a Heart Healthy Life
Liliana Cohen, MD, FACC
February 13, 2018
Livingston Public Library
2. What is Cardiovascular Disease?
Cardiovascular disease (or CVD) includes
heart and blood vessel diseases — diseases
that affect the circulatory system
6. The Myth
• The myth that heart disease is a “man’s disease”
has been debunked
• The rate of public awareness of CVD as the
leading cause of death among U.S. women has
increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009
• The death rate from coronary artery disease in
females in 2007 had decreased to 1/3 of what it
was in 1980
10. Prevalence
• Greater than 1 in 3 Americans have one
or more types of cardiovascular disease
• Cardiovascular disease still causes
approximately one death per minute
among women in the United States
Roger et al. 123 (4): e18. (2011)
11. The Need for Prevention in Women
• Over 10,000 US women younger than 45
sustain a heart attack each year
• The priority for coronary prevention is
substantial for women of all ages
• Mortality associated with acute MI among
women younger than 65 y/o is almost twice
that of men
12. Women ARE Different Than Men
• Women are more likely to be older
• Women are more likely to have high
blood pressure, diabetes, high
cholesterol and heart failure
• Women are less likely to be smokers
13. Symptoms of Heart Disease…
• For both genders, chest pressure/pain is the
most common symptom of heart disease
14. Women May Experience Different
Symptoms Than Men
• Women are more likely to experience:
Neck and shoulder pain
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
• Women are more likely to experience silent heart
attacks
15. Risk Factors
Age
Family History of Early Heart Disease
Smoking
High Blood Pressure
High Blood Cholesterol
Diabetes
Physical Inactivity
Being Overweight or Obese
16. What is cholesterol?
• A fat-like substance in the blood
• Made in the liver and comes
from some foods we eat
• Too much cholesterol
can build up in arteries over time
• Can cause heart attacks and strokes
Cholesterol
Normal Artery
Clogged Artery
17. Types of Cholesterol
• LDL- Low density Lipoprotein
“bad” cholesterol
Contributes to Atherosclerosis
The lower your LDL, the lower your risk of heart
attack and stroke
• HDL- High density Lipoprotein
“good” cholesterol
Helps remove cholesterol from the arteries
18. The National Cholesterol Education Program
Recommends:
Total Cholesterol = Less than 200 mg/dl
LDL Cholesterol = Less than 100 mg/dl
HDL Cholesterol = Women: Greater than 50 mg/dl
Men: Greater than 40 mg/dl
Triglycerides = Less than 150 mg/dl
To determine how your levels affect your risk of heart disease,
your doctor will also take into account other risk factors.
22. Improving Fats
• Avoid Trans fats
Trans fatty acids raise LDL and lower HDL
Increase risk of heart disease/stroke/Type II
Diabetes
Found in fried foods, cookies,
cakes, crackers, snack foods
Replace trans fats with
mono/polyunsaturated fats (fish, seeds)
23. Limit Dietary Cholesterol
• Can raise blood cholesterol
• Limit foods high in cholesterol
Liver, organ meats, egg yolks,
full-fat dairy products
• The American Heart Association
recommends:
Less than 300 mg/day
Less than 200 mg/day (with diabetes or heart
disease)
24. Triglycerides
• Limit sugar and refined carbohydrates
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Substitute mono/polyunsaturated fats for
saturated fats
• Exercise/ weight loss
25.
26. Physical Activity
• Important even as we get older!
HDL Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol
Lower triglycerides
• 30 minutes or more on most days
Moderate intensity (150 minutes/week)
High intensity (75 minutes/week)
27. Weight Management
• Weight loss can…
LDL
Triglycerides
HDL
• Just 5 to 10 pounds will help show
improvements!!!
28. High Blood Pressure
• Systolic pressure — pressure in arteries when
the heart beats
• Diastolic pressure — pressure when the heart
rests between beats
• Goal: below 120/80 mm Hg
29. Hypertension
• 65% of all hypertension remains either
undetected or inadequately treated
• People who are normotensive at 55
have a 90% lifetime risk of developing
HTN
• Prevalence increases with age
• HTN is more common with OCP and
obesity
30. Lifestyle Approaches to
Hypertension
Source: JNC 7 2004, Sacks 2001
Maintain ideal body weight
Weight loss of as little as 10 lbs reduces blood pressure
Heart healthy diet
Even without weight loss, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and
low fat dairy products can help to reduce blood pressure
Sodium restriction to 1500 mg/d
Increase physical activity
Limit alcohol to one drink per day
Alcohol raises blood pressure
One drink = 12 oz beer, 4 oz wine, or 1 oz liquor
31. What Is Diabetes?
• A progressive disease in which your body
doesn’t make enough insulin / doesn’t respond
properly to it
• Goal: fasting glucose below 100 mg/dl
32. Why Is Diabetes Bad?
• At least 65% of people with diabetes die of
some form of CVD
• Diabetes lowers “good” cholesterol, and raises
“bad” cholesterol and triglyceride levels
• Many people with diabetes also have high
blood pressure and are overweight
33. Risk Factors: Diabetes
• Diabetes increases the risk of CHD 3-
7 times in women and 2-3 times in
men
• Those who smoke have a 84% higher
risk of developing stroke than
nonsmokers
• 2 of 3 people with diabetes die from
CHD or stroke
34. Smoking
• Smoking is the single most
preventable cause of death in the US
• Cigarette smoking accounts for nearly 440,000
deaths per year in men and women
35. The #1 Preventable Risk
Smoking
• 50% of heart attacks among women are
due to smoking. Smokers tend to have
their first heart attack 10 years earlier
than nonsmokers
• If you smoke, you are 4-6x’s more likely
to suffer a heart attack and increase your
risk of a stroke
• Women who smoke and take OCP’s
increase their risk of heart disease 30x’s
36. Relative Risk of Coronary Events for
Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers
3.12
5.48
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Never Smoked 1-14 Cigarettes per
day
15 Cigarettes per
day
Relative
Risk
Source: Adapted from Stampfer 2000
37. Physical Inactivity
• Increases heart disease and stroke risk
• 30 minutes or more of activity on most or all
days of the week helps
reduce risk! It:
Controls blood cholesterol
Controls diabetes and obesity
Helps lower high blood pressure
38. Body Weight and CHD Mortality
5.8
4.6
3.1
1.4
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
19.0-21.9 22.0-24.9 25.0-26.9 27.0-28.9 29.0-31.9 32
BMI
Relative Risk
of CHD
Mortality
Compared to
BMI<19
P for trend < 0.001
Source: Adapted from Manson 1995
39. 1999
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990, 1999, 2009
(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)
2009
1990
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC
40. Weight Maintenance/Reduction
Goals
• BMI between 18.5 and 24.9
• Waist circumference < 35 inches for women,
<40 inches for men
• Weight loss goals
10% of body weight over six months or 1-2
pounds
weight loss/week
Reduce calories by 500-1,000 per day
Source: Mosca 2004, ATP III 2002
41.
42.
43.
44. How To Lower Heart Disease
Risk
• Begin today
• Be physically active—30 minutes of moderate-
intensity activity on most days of the week
• Follow a healthy eating plan
Low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol and
moderate in total fat
Limit salt
If you drink alcoholic beverages, have no more
than one a day
45. How To Lower Heart Disease
Risk
• Maintain a healthy weight
Balance calories taken in with those used
up in physical activity
• Stop smoking
• Get checked for high blood pressure
• Manage diabetes
• Take medication, if prescribed
46. How to Survive
• Call 9-1-1
• Emergency medical personnel will begin
treatment at once
• Don’t drive yourself to the hospital
• Uncertainty is normal—don’t be
embarrassed by a false alarm
• Learn the warning signs