Zpracování klinické dokumentace dle EU MDR 2017/745
- Strategie generování klinického důkazu
- Zpracování klinické dokumentace
- Design PMCF studií a zkoušek
- Návrhy aktualizací existující dokumentace
Služby
Poradenství
Strategie generování klinického důkazu
Design PMCF studií a zkoušek
Zpracování klinické dokumentace (ČJ, AJ)
Klinické hodnocení (plán/zpráva)
PMCF, PMS (plán/zpráva), PSUR
Biologické hodnocení
Návrh aktualizace související dokumentace
Stavba týmu dle potřeb zákazníka:
Klinický expert relevantní pro daný lékařský obor
Specialista na management rizika
Laboratoř na testování software, včetně AI/ML
Zpracování ostatních částí technické dokumentace
Klinické hodnocení (Plán, Zpráva)
Protokol literární rešerše
Biologické hodnocení
Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up (PMCF) (Plán, Zpráva)
Post-Market Surveillance (PMS) (Plán, Zpráva)
Periodic Safety Update Report (PSUR)
Vysledek souteze o navrh hospodarneho a funkcniho elektronickeho zdravotnictviMartin Necasky
Prezentace ze semináře pořádaného Ministerstvem zdravotnictví ČR k soutěži o návrh podoby budoucího elektronického zdravotnictví. V prezentaci se zaměřuji především na otázky softwarové architektury pro elektronickou výměnu zdravotnické dokumentace.
NMI15 Tomáš Pruša – Úskalí nových technologií ve vztahu ke zdravíNew Media Inspiration
Prezentace ze čtvrtého ročníku konference New Media Inspiration (http://nminspiration.cz), který se konal 21. 2. 2015 v hlavní budově FF UK pod vedením @petrkou, @simindr a @josefslerka.
Práce zdravotnického personálu s odbornými informacemi je často nedostatečná, využívání nositelné elektroniky pacienty provází často nízká znalost interpretace takto získaných dat a doporučení z oblasti informační vědy naopak opomíjejí technické limity získávání medicínských dat či nezohledňují realitu českého zdravotnictví. S pojmy kvalita dat, kvalita informací a zdravotní gramotnost se v České republice pracuje výjimečně a aktivity v oblasti péče o zdraví jsou roztříštěné bez snahy vést společný dialog. Na konci celého řetězce je vždy pacient, kterému tato situace neprospívá. Cílem prezentace je vést návštěvníky konference k zamyšlení nad prací s daty a informacemi, které mohou ovlivnit jejich vlastní zdraví nebo zdraví jejich klientů. Oblast medicínských dat, hnutí Quantified Self a nové technologie budou nahlíženy ne pohledem optimistického očekávání kopírující mediální prohlášení firem, ale z pohledu kritického zamyšlení nad principy metod, technickými limity, přesností sběru dat a jejich interpretací. Na konkrétních příkladech budou ukázána rizika odborných rozhodnutí provedených na základě neúplných informací a možnosti, které se nabízejí pro řešení. Doplněním pak budou konkrétní zahraniční projekty a aktivity perspektivní v blízké budoucnosti, jakými jsou např. principy integrované do WikiProject Medicine.
Vysledek souteze o navrh hospodarneho a funkcniho elektronickeho zdravotnictviMartin Necasky
Prezentace ze semináře pořádaného Ministerstvem zdravotnictví ČR k soutěži o návrh podoby budoucího elektronického zdravotnictví. V prezentaci se zaměřuji především na otázky softwarové architektury pro elektronickou výměnu zdravotnické dokumentace.
NMI15 Tomáš Pruša – Úskalí nových technologií ve vztahu ke zdravíNew Media Inspiration
Prezentace ze čtvrtého ročníku konference New Media Inspiration (http://nminspiration.cz), který se konal 21. 2. 2015 v hlavní budově FF UK pod vedením @petrkou, @simindr a @josefslerka.
Práce zdravotnického personálu s odbornými informacemi je často nedostatečná, využívání nositelné elektroniky pacienty provází často nízká znalost interpretace takto získaných dat a doporučení z oblasti informační vědy naopak opomíjejí technické limity získávání medicínských dat či nezohledňují realitu českého zdravotnictví. S pojmy kvalita dat, kvalita informací a zdravotní gramotnost se v České republice pracuje výjimečně a aktivity v oblasti péče o zdraví jsou roztříštěné bez snahy vést společný dialog. Na konci celého řetězce je vždy pacient, kterému tato situace neprospívá. Cílem prezentace je vést návštěvníky konference k zamyšlení nad prací s daty a informacemi, které mohou ovlivnit jejich vlastní zdraví nebo zdraví jejich klientů. Oblast medicínských dat, hnutí Quantified Self a nové technologie budou nahlíženy ne pohledem optimistického očekávání kopírující mediální prohlášení firem, ale z pohledu kritického zamyšlení nad principy metod, technickými limity, přesností sběru dat a jejich interpretací. Na konkrétních příkladech budou ukázána rizika odborných rozhodnutí provedených na základě neúplných informací a možnosti, které se nabízejí pro řešení. Doplněním pak budou konkrétní zahraniční projekty a aktivity perspektivní v blízké budoucnosti, jakými jsou např. principy integrované do WikiProject Medicine.
Availability of essential medicines in the Czech Republic (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
This report analyzes availability of essential medicines as defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential List Medicines (Report of the WHO Expert Committee) in the Czech Republic. The WHO list of essential medicines contains most effective and safe medicines needed to meet the most important needs in health systems, and is frequently used by countries to create their own national lists. Without these drugs, some conditions will not be able to receive optimal therapy. Availability gap represents serious public health concern.
Expert Committee of the World Health Organization selects Essential Medicines Lists in accordance with approved procedures. The Committee evaluates the scientific evidence on the basis of the comparative effectiveness, safety and cost–effectiveness of the medicines. Both lists (adult and pediatric) went through major revisions in 2015, as the Committee considered 77 applications, including 29 treatment regimens for cancer, hepatitis C and tuberculosis (The Selection And Use Of Essential Medicines. Report Of The WHO Expert Committee, 2015).
Local availability is expressed as registration, in the form of total number of licensed products, and number of marketed products, i.e. products that were on the market in Q3 2016. Of the total number of 13,256 individual registrations for essential medicines, only 2,110 (14%) were actively marketed in Q3 2016. Total number of licensed and marketed product equals all strengths, formulations and dosage forms counted separately. The dataset is current as of December 30, 2016. Any revisions to the database made in the period between data download and publication of this report are not considered. Locally available products were compared to the WHO list of essential medicines. The material is presented in graphs and summary tabulations as listed in the table of contents.
Of the 427 essential drugs, 311 are registered in the Czech Republic, 292 were registered and marketed in Q3 2016, 19 were registered but not marketed, and 135 (32%) were unavailable. Most affected classes are antibacterials, antituberculars, antiretrovirals, antiparasitics, and dermatologicals. Essential medicines availability gap overlaps significantly with drugs that are in shortage globally.
The report provides overview of the situation in the Czech Republic. Essential medicines availability gap represents both public health concern and risk of harm to individual patients. Substitute and second line therapies are often less effective, more toxic, or more expensive. Improvisation and the use of less familiar medicines are more likely to lead to medication errors. Mitigation of shortages and creation of shared contingency supplies puts additional strain on understaffed hospitals, in addition to human toll inflicted by social stress. Drug shortages make it impossible to follow evidence-based practice guidelines, and force decisions to prioritize certain group of people over another.
Post-marketing safety surveillance of medical devices and drug-device combina...Arete-Zoe, LLC
ISoP Medical Device SIG Webinar on Post-marketing safety surveillance of medical devices and drug-device combination products
https://isoponline.org/special-interest-groups/medical-devices-group/
PMS is an integral part of a quality management system described in ISO 13485. ISO 13485 references inclusion of applicable regulatory requirements on post market surveillance into the quality management system.
Regulatory requirements are country specific and are continuously evolving. The regulatory processes for devices are significantly different than for drugs. Moreover, the requirements for drug-device combination products are not always clearly articulated.
• In Europe, according to the EU MDR, post-market surveillance shall also allow a comparison to be made between the device and similar products available on the market.
• The first challenge is identifying similar products on the market, that is out of the scope of this webinar. The second challenge is finding relevant information on equivalent and similar products.
• Since EUDAMED does not currently have a post-marketing module, manufacturers have to rely on a large number of national databases. The focus of this webinar is on regulatory requirements in major jurisdictions. There will be another webinar coming soon that will focus on how to obtain the information required to comply with all these requirements.
• With some effort, it is possible to locate information on advisory notices.
• However, adverse events or incidents are not publicly available. This is a major difference from medicinal products.
• In addition, certain AEs are subject to the National Competent Authority Report (NCAR) Exchange. These reports are shared between agencies and can potentially result in FSCA. So even when unable to monitor competitor product adverse event profile, it is important to know about their FSCAs.
Sexual assault cases regularly make headlines and can potentially cause serious reputational harm to law enforcement agencies and police departments for mishandling the cases or not pursuing them vigorously enough.
The picture on the left shows the latest developments in a long-term problem of sexual assault on college campuses. In June, Candice Johnson, OCR Acting Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights issued a memo that effectively stalled investigation of civil rights violations including sexual assault on campuses. A month later, Democratic Senators Kirsten Gillibrand from New York State and Claire McCaskill from Missouri urged Secretary of Education Betsy Devos to reverse this decision as unlawful because of failure to protect students under Title IX. Full text of the memo and Title IX, Sec. 1681 Sex are part of your lesson handout.
Similar problem with widespread sexual assault, and especially against minors, is a long-term problem at cruise ships. Because of the nature of cruise ships, there is no immediate response by law enforcement and the ship guards that investigate the matter are the cruise company’s employees therefore often unlikely to be of meaningful help to the victims. Jurisdiction can be federal, state or foreign, depending on the ship’s flag.
Finally, sexual violence in a workplace can be difficult to address because of the unequal relationship between parties and under-reporting. Recently, car company Tesla appeared in the news as a hostile workplace to women.
Mitigating consequences of a drug-facilitated sexual assault .pdfArete-Zoe, LLC
Mitigating consequences of a drug-facilitated sexual assault
First published: 27 Jan 2017
Revised: 19 Jan 2020
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is not just bad sex. It occurs either without the victim’s consent or with consent that cannot be considered valid due to incapacitation of the victim by alcohol or drugs. While opportunistic DFSA is carried out once the victim has been rendered unconscious by own actions, pro-active DFSA describes situations when the perpetrator spikes the victim’s drinks covertly.
The most frequently used drug in DFSA is alcohol. Other drugs often involved include flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), carisoprodol (Soma) and ketamine. Ecstasy (MDMA) and other benzodiazepines are occasionally used also. These drugs rapidly induce drowsiness, sedation and muscle relaxation. Typical symptom is decreased inhibition. Most of the drugs used for DFSA are odorless and tasteless, with the exception of GBL that has a bitter taste. Memoryy loss is common, most victims have little to no recollection of the previous night.
The most common way of obtaining these drugs is through the darknet. Benzodiazepines, GHB (Xyrem), and ketamine (an anesthetic used in human and veterinary medicine) are often diverted from legitimate medical use for illicit purposes.
In 2012, in U.S. v. Caronia became one of the landmark cases in the promotion of prescription drugs for unapproved (off-label) indications. Physicians who prescribe Xyrem (GHB) have to pass special certification to ensure safe prescription, handling, and storage of the drug (REMS).
Sedative or tranquilizer Flunitrazepam is still legally manufactured in Europe and some countries in Latin America. The drug has been reformulated, so it imparts an easily identifiable blue color to clear beverages and haziness to colored drinks. Drugs obtained from illegal manufacturing sources naturally do not display this effect.
DFSAs are increasingly popular in bars, clubs, and raves, but also fraternities and at college campuses. Mishandling of cases of sexual assault at college campuses has been subject to much criticism.
It is very difficult to estimate the total number of DFSAs. The main reason for failure to report sexual assault is the reluctance of the victims to go to the police. Indications exist that the numbers are on the increase. Because of memory loss associated with these drugs, victims often feel embarrassed or guilty. Additional reasons for not reporting sexual assault include need to avoid further stigmatization, especially when the evidence does not seem to be sufficient to support the claim confidently. Forensic evidence is difficult to obtain and often lost after first urination the morning after. All drugs used for DFSA are metabolized rapidly by the body, rendering them undetectable within 24 to 48 hours after ingestion.
Approach to preparing for a biological attack (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
Approach to preparing for a biological attack
June 2017
Hospital risk management series
The debate on critical issues in science, health, and security encompasses many controversies and ethical challenges. The difference between a naturally occurring outbreak and criminal act of bioterrorism is often challenging to establish, and emergencies have to be handled as they come, regardless of the origin of the incident. The post-incident forensic analysis may or may not offer satisfactory answers in regards to attribution, liability, and the responsibility for compensation. The underlying issue for all ethical concerns examined in this work is the balance between individual rights and the needs of public health systems to protect others.
Improving the resilience of vulnerable populationsArete-Zoe, LLC
Vulnerable populations in terms of health care disparities include the economically disadvantaged and uninsured, the elderly, and people with chronic health conditions. Low-education status compounds the problem and leads to poorer outcomes than in people with the same disease but higher educational status. Significant disparities include namely risk factors relating to morbidity and mortality and access to healthcare. In the domain of physical health, the worst affected are people with chronic health conditions such as respiratory diseases and metabolic syndrome, including hyperlipidemia and diabetes, and resulting in heart diseases and hypertension. Vulnerable populations often experience accumulation of problems that are multiplied by poor health, yet the medical and non-medical needs of these populations are still underestimated. A significant number of vulnerable people with at least one chronic condition skip purchasing prescription drugs because of the costs involved. The most relevant risk factors that result in poor access to health care include low income and uninsured status, in combination with a lack of regular care. Chronic conditions such as dyslipidemia may not be particularly apparent now, yet represent a high risk of future disability (“Vulnerable Populations: Who Are They?”, 2006).
Medical innovation, increasing the complexity of care, and the relationships between stakeholders gradually lead to the increase in prices of healthcare for consumers. Lack of transparency affects the cost of premiums as well as out-of-pocket expenses. Policymakers in their considerations need to include more indicators than just insurance coverage that, without other measures, will not curb soaring healthcare expenses. Delayed care is a public health concern because of the risk of disability and under-treatment of otherwise treatable conditions. The presentation of data to non-technical audiences, including decision-makers, has to be understandable to convey the information reliably. Systems modeling techniques should be considered to estimate stakeholder behavior in a dynamic system accurately. Currently, many instances of abuse exist within the system. As an example, chargemaster fees apply to uninsured or out-of-network patients. Hospital fees are, however, tackled by state laws rather than at the federal level. Consumers in health care tend to behave differently than in other industries and often think less about the costs involved. Physicians’ education should include the delivery of cost-conscious care to prevent financial harm to their patients. Transparency of cost is one of the most effective mechanisms that enable patients and providers to make informed choices.
Handling a high-risk HIPAA Breach Published April 2017 Part of scenarios for patient privacy crisis management Every hospital encounters patients, who for the reason of their social circumstances, dependent status, personal characteristics, or the nature of their condition, are more vulnerable than the general population. While compliance with HIPAA is indeed important, because of the potential to inflict significant liability on the hospital resulting from compliance failure, it should not be the only consideration when caring for vulnerable patients. Mere compliance with the minimum requirements of HIPAA does not guarantee the safety of vulnerable patients. In the case study scenario, the hospital emergency department in a small town admitted a 15-year-old female with emergency labor. After delivery in the emergency room, the mother and the baby were moved to Obstetrics and Neonate. Despite appropriate care, the infant presented with multiple medical problems, which may or may not be resolved in the future. A nurse, who took care of the young mother, accidentally disclosed the patient’s identity and condition to her young daughter, who spread the news in all high schools in the area by the following day. The 15-year-old managed to hide her pregnancy from her family. To complicate matters, the young mother’s mother and aunt work in the same hospital.
Addressing pediatric medication errors in ED setting utilizing Computerized P...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Pediatric patients who are treated in general acute care hospitals are at increased risk of medication errors. The main reasons are the lack of experience with the special needs of pediatric patients, their lower ability to tolerate medication errors, medication-related problems such as forms and packaging designed primarily for adults and labeling with insufficient information on the dosing of pediatric patients. Medication errors can be reduced significantly by appropriate medication management systems. Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) systems reduce the frequency of medication errors in all stages of the process. IT technology introduces an additional vulnerability in the form of IT-related medication errors. Nurses are the last individuals in the medication management process who can detect and intercept a medication error and prevent incorrect medication orders from reaching and harming their patients. To be able to do so, nurses have to be familiar with the medication management system in their hospital and escalate incorrect orders as appropriate and relevant.
Let's talk causality attribution: Current practices and path forward Arete-Zoe, LLC
Consistent and reliable causality attribution at the case level is the cornerstone of confident signal detection.
The current practice relies on study investigators to establish causal relationships based on their observations. The Sponsor (Company) can add their assessment based on additional information about the drug. The current industry standard, E2B (R3), accounts for multiple assessment methods and presents the data elements for each drug-event pair evaluated by multiple sources in a matrix.
There are many causality assessment methods used within the industry, some universal, others more specialized. Most commonly used methods include WHO-UMC, Naranjo, Roussel-Uclaf (RUCAM) - to detect drug-associated liver injury, Karch and Lasagna, the French PV Algorithm, Bayesian Adverse Reactions Diagnostic Instrument (BARDI), MacBARDI, and Updated Logistic method. Expert judgment remains the most common method used.
Serious challenges prevent the practical implementation of existing algorithms by the industry. Many of the algorithms cannot be applied rigorously because of missing data. Additionally, an accurate definition of clinical harm is often lacking (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis). Brighton Collaboration Case Definitions partly address this component.
Algorithms do not consider medication errors and are not easy to use with interactions, contributory causation, or secondary harms. Information obtained from the reporter is usually insufficient to establish a causal relationship, and follow-up requests for information must be sent, often repeatedly. The result is a very high share of unassessable reports and poor internal consistency of existing assessments.
I suggest modifying the ADE reporting to incorporate components enabling structured causality assessment directly by the reporting physician (postmarket) or investigator (clinical trials). Guiding questions would assist the reporting physician in determining causal relationships and facilitate algorithmic attribution upon submission:
Temporal relationship is a key component of causality assessment. Safety databases routinely calculate latency and last dose latency that feed the algorithm.
Dechallenge and Rechallenge represent key concepts in pharmacovigilance. This information is typically missing from reports. A series of questions regarding Outcome and Response (Action taken with drug) guide the reporting physician through a checklist for all suspect and interacting drugs, reliably and consistently calculating dechallenge/rechallenge for each drug-event pair.
Biological plausibility is a complex component requiring knowledge of the drug and the patient's medical condition.
Finally, it is important to ask the reporting physician about any underlying diseases that could have contributed to the event. A clear answer to this question is an essential component of the causality assessment algorithms.
Clinical documentation for medical devices Arete-Zoe, LLC
Clinical documentation for medical devices
Medical Devices Regulation (EU) 2017/745
We prepare EU MDR-compliant clinical documentation for medical device manufacturers for submission to notified bodies and national regulatory authorities.
EU MDR-compliant clinical documentation (English, Czech):
- Clinical evaluation (plan, report)
- Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up, -
- PMCF (plan, report, study design)
- Post-Market Surveillance System (plan, report)
- Clinical investigation design to complement existing evidence
- Biological Evaluation
- Literature review
Consulting
- Strategy how to generate clinical evidence
- Design of PMCF studies and clinical investigations
Additional support:
- Clinical expert for multiple medical specialties
- Risk management specialist
- Technical documentation
Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. People or animals can contract anthrax from contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Bacillus anthracis forms spores than can survive in the environment, especially soil or animal products (e.g., rawhide) for decades. The most common route of exposure is via skin scrapes when working with infected animals resulting in cutaneous anthrax. Gastrointestinal infection occurs following eating raw or undercooked infected or contaminated meat. The most dangerous form of anthrax follows after inhalation of aerosolized anthrax spores, typically during industrial processing of infected animal products (e.g., rawhide, wool). In the United States, anthrax is very rare. Vaccination of livestock is recommended in areas with historical occurrences of anthrax. Moreover, all food animals are examined before slaughter (Mayo Clinic, Guide to Understanding Anthrax, ACIP).
Anthrax spores had been mass-produced as a bioweapon by the Soviet Union (STAT News). In 2001, anthrax was also used as a bioweapon when letters laced with anthrax were mailed to several news media offices and Democratic Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy, killing five and sickening 17 (Amerithrax investigation). Anthrax vaccine BioThrax is given to adults at increased risk of exposure in five doses, with a booster dose each year. It is also used as post-exposure prophylaxis in combination with antibiotics.
VAERS Explorer https://www.aretezoe.com/vaers-explorer
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Adenoviruses commonly cause respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis, but also gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, or neurological disease. Adenoviruses have been a common cause of acute respiratory illness in military recruits. As non-enveloped viruses, adenoviruses are relatively resistant to common disinfectants. There are more than 50 types of immunologically distinct adenoviruses. People with weakened immune systems are at high risk of developing a severe disease caused by adenovirus infection (CDC, Health.mil). The vaccine is mandatory for all enlisted military recruits (Army Regulation 40-562).
Vaccine: Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral (US)
Pharmacovigilance Workshop
The workshop is designed to introduce pharmacovigilance to graduate students and working professionals interested in drug safety as a career field. After a brief introduction of publicly available data sources, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety concern that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal.
Medicines may be withdrawn from markets because of risks to patients or business reasons. Change of benefit: risk profile is usually prompted by adverse effects that were either not previously detected, are more frequent, or more severe than anticipated based on the results of Phase III clinical trials. Market withdrawals are triggered by adverse events that were only made apparent from postmarketing surveillance data collected from population-wide use over more extended periods of time. The sources of information the regulatory agencies use when deciding on market withdrawal include meta-analyses and pooled analyses of data from clinical trials, clinical trials, spontaneous case reports, laboratory studies, observational studies, animal studies, and reviews of existing safety data.
In the U.S., individual case safety reports are collected in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). In Europe, medication side effects are sent to national regulatory authorities and in the EU pharmacovigilance database EudraVigilance. The participants learned where to find clinical trials, market authorizations, and product labeling.
After the introductory presentation, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety issue that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal. Each case study received product labeling and several scientific publications that discussed the safety concern in depth. Each team prepared a presentation with detailed overview of their assigned case study.
Are you interested in drug safety?
Try this for yourself!
Case studies:
Mylotarg (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin): no benefit, risk of death
Roaccutane (isotretinoin): teratogenic effect
Lariam (mefloquine): neuropsychiatric side effects
Zyprexa (olanzapine): stroke in patients with dementia
Avandia (rosiglitazone): myocardial infarction, death due to cardiovascular causes
Seroxat (paroxetine): suicidality
Xyrem (sodium oxybate): diversion, abuse
Coumadin (warfarin): bleeding
https://www.aretezoe.com/pharmacovigilance-workshop
The workshop is designed to introduce pharmacovigilance to graduate students and working professionals interested in drug safety as a career field. After a brief introduction of publicly available data sources, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety concern that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal.
Medicines may be withdrawn from markets because of risks to patients or business reasons. Change of benefit: risk profile is usually prompted by adverse effects that were either not previously detected, are more frequent, or more severe than anticipated based on the results of Phase III clinical trials. Market withdrawals are triggered by adverse events that were only made apparent from postmarketing surveillance data collected from population-wide use over more extended periods of time. The sources of information the regulatory agencies use when deciding on market withdrawal include meta-analyses and pooled analyses of data from clinical trials, clinical trials, spontaneous case reports, laboratory studies, observational studies, animal studies, and reviews of existing safety data.
In the U.S., individual case safety reports are collected in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). In Europe, medication side effects are sent to national regulatory authorities and in the EU pharmacovigilance database EudraVigilance. The participants learned where to find clinical trials, market authorizations, and product labeling.
After the introductory presentation, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety issue that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal. Each case study received product labeling and several scientific publications that discussed the safety concern in depth. Each team prepared a presentation with detailed overview of their assigned case study.
Are you interested in drug safety?
Try this for yourself!
https://www.aretezoe.com/pharmacovigilance-workshop
Published April 2017
Part of hospital test scenarios, escalation to ethics committee
Patients with a terminal illness who communicate their wish to die to a nurse shall receive appropriate care that is in line with institutional procedures, local laws, and their personal preferences. A nurse should be able to rely on the support of the institution he or she works for in terms of training, clear line of responsibility for such decisions, and unambiguously communicated expectations defined in organizational procedures. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and several other European countries, in several states in the U.S., and in Canada. The mental capacity of the patient has to be considered in addition to locally applicable laws. Medical Power of Attorney is helpful if the patient previously described his or her wishes regarding end-of-life decisions and became incapacitated in the meantime. Financial toxicity, in addition to dubious effectiveness, contributes to the reluctance of some patients to undergo aggressive and invasive therapies. German physician Albert Moll in his book Medical Ethics (1902), argues that aggressive care in incurably ill patients is unethical. Healthcare staff, including nurses, can conscientiously object to assisting with suicide.
Deteriorating Patient with Sepsis: Early Diagnosis and Intervention (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
Deteriorating Patient with Sepsis: Early Diagnosis and Intervention
First published April 2017
Part of test scenarios for implementation of new sepsis guidelines
Why merging medical records, hospital reports, and clinical trial data is a v...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Medical privacy and breaches of personal health information (PHI) has been a hot topic for several years. For the clinical trial industry, the main concerns are decline in recruitment resulting from lack of confidence in data handling and instances of breaches that affect data integrity that adversely affect NDA and MA applications in major markets, which precipitates administrative action taken by national regulators in response to local incidents.
European legislators rely extensively on administrative measures implemented by national competent authorities. Although specific and detailed EU-level legislation exists, specific information about data breaches, cases and incidents, volume and type of affected data, root causes and analysis of consequences is largely missing. According to Howard and Gulyas (2014), this lack of organized event records is currently an empirical obstacle but provides opportunity to generate new knowledge about data and privacy protection that could bolster future trial recruitment.
In the U.S., summary details of breaches that involved more than 500 individuals are available at the OCR portal called Wall of Shame for everyone to analyze. Disclosure obligations in HIPAA made the problem of data breaches in healthcare obvious and protection of the privacy of patients has been an important part of physicians’ code of conduct. This offers lessons learned to mitigate systemic vulnerabilities that undermine trial participation.
Availability of essential medicines in the Czech Republic (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
This report analyzes availability of essential medicines as defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential List Medicines (Report of the WHO Expert Committee) in the Czech Republic. The WHO list of essential medicines contains most effective and safe medicines needed to meet the most important needs in health systems, and is frequently used by countries to create their own national lists. Without these drugs, some conditions will not be able to receive optimal therapy. Availability gap represents serious public health concern.
Expert Committee of the World Health Organization selects Essential Medicines Lists in accordance with approved procedures. The Committee evaluates the scientific evidence on the basis of the comparative effectiveness, safety and cost–effectiveness of the medicines. Both lists (adult and pediatric) went through major revisions in 2015, as the Committee considered 77 applications, including 29 treatment regimens for cancer, hepatitis C and tuberculosis (The Selection And Use Of Essential Medicines. Report Of The WHO Expert Committee, 2015).
Local availability is expressed as registration, in the form of total number of licensed products, and number of marketed products, i.e. products that were on the market in Q3 2016. Of the total number of 13,256 individual registrations for essential medicines, only 2,110 (14%) were actively marketed in Q3 2016. Total number of licensed and marketed product equals all strengths, formulations and dosage forms counted separately. The dataset is current as of December 30, 2016. Any revisions to the database made in the period between data download and publication of this report are not considered. Locally available products were compared to the WHO list of essential medicines. The material is presented in graphs and summary tabulations as listed in the table of contents.
Of the 427 essential drugs, 311 are registered in the Czech Republic, 292 were registered and marketed in Q3 2016, 19 were registered but not marketed, and 135 (32%) were unavailable. Most affected classes are antibacterials, antituberculars, antiretrovirals, antiparasitics, and dermatologicals. Essential medicines availability gap overlaps significantly with drugs that are in shortage globally.
The report provides overview of the situation in the Czech Republic. Essential medicines availability gap represents both public health concern and risk of harm to individual patients. Substitute and second line therapies are often less effective, more toxic, or more expensive. Improvisation and the use of less familiar medicines are more likely to lead to medication errors. Mitigation of shortages and creation of shared contingency supplies puts additional strain on understaffed hospitals, in addition to human toll inflicted by social stress. Drug shortages make it impossible to follow evidence-based practice guidelines, and force decisions to prioritize certain group of people over another.
Post-marketing safety surveillance of medical devices and drug-device combina...Arete-Zoe, LLC
ISoP Medical Device SIG Webinar on Post-marketing safety surveillance of medical devices and drug-device combination products
https://isoponline.org/special-interest-groups/medical-devices-group/
PMS is an integral part of a quality management system described in ISO 13485. ISO 13485 references inclusion of applicable regulatory requirements on post market surveillance into the quality management system.
Regulatory requirements are country specific and are continuously evolving. The regulatory processes for devices are significantly different than for drugs. Moreover, the requirements for drug-device combination products are not always clearly articulated.
• In Europe, according to the EU MDR, post-market surveillance shall also allow a comparison to be made between the device and similar products available on the market.
• The first challenge is identifying similar products on the market, that is out of the scope of this webinar. The second challenge is finding relevant information on equivalent and similar products.
• Since EUDAMED does not currently have a post-marketing module, manufacturers have to rely on a large number of national databases. The focus of this webinar is on regulatory requirements in major jurisdictions. There will be another webinar coming soon that will focus on how to obtain the information required to comply with all these requirements.
• With some effort, it is possible to locate information on advisory notices.
• However, adverse events or incidents are not publicly available. This is a major difference from medicinal products.
• In addition, certain AEs are subject to the National Competent Authority Report (NCAR) Exchange. These reports are shared between agencies and can potentially result in FSCA. So even when unable to monitor competitor product adverse event profile, it is important to know about their FSCAs.
Sexual assault cases regularly make headlines and can potentially cause serious reputational harm to law enforcement agencies and police departments for mishandling the cases or not pursuing them vigorously enough.
The picture on the left shows the latest developments in a long-term problem of sexual assault on college campuses. In June, Candice Johnson, OCR Acting Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights issued a memo that effectively stalled investigation of civil rights violations including sexual assault on campuses. A month later, Democratic Senators Kirsten Gillibrand from New York State and Claire McCaskill from Missouri urged Secretary of Education Betsy Devos to reverse this decision as unlawful because of failure to protect students under Title IX. Full text of the memo and Title IX, Sec. 1681 Sex are part of your lesson handout.
Similar problem with widespread sexual assault, and especially against minors, is a long-term problem at cruise ships. Because of the nature of cruise ships, there is no immediate response by law enforcement and the ship guards that investigate the matter are the cruise company’s employees therefore often unlikely to be of meaningful help to the victims. Jurisdiction can be federal, state or foreign, depending on the ship’s flag.
Finally, sexual violence in a workplace can be difficult to address because of the unequal relationship between parties and under-reporting. Recently, car company Tesla appeared in the news as a hostile workplace to women.
Mitigating consequences of a drug-facilitated sexual assault .pdfArete-Zoe, LLC
Mitigating consequences of a drug-facilitated sexual assault
First published: 27 Jan 2017
Revised: 19 Jan 2020
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is not just bad sex. It occurs either without the victim’s consent or with consent that cannot be considered valid due to incapacitation of the victim by alcohol or drugs. While opportunistic DFSA is carried out once the victim has been rendered unconscious by own actions, pro-active DFSA describes situations when the perpetrator spikes the victim’s drinks covertly.
The most frequently used drug in DFSA is alcohol. Other drugs often involved include flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), carisoprodol (Soma) and ketamine. Ecstasy (MDMA) and other benzodiazepines are occasionally used also. These drugs rapidly induce drowsiness, sedation and muscle relaxation. Typical symptom is decreased inhibition. Most of the drugs used for DFSA are odorless and tasteless, with the exception of GBL that has a bitter taste. Memoryy loss is common, most victims have little to no recollection of the previous night.
The most common way of obtaining these drugs is through the darknet. Benzodiazepines, GHB (Xyrem), and ketamine (an anesthetic used in human and veterinary medicine) are often diverted from legitimate medical use for illicit purposes.
In 2012, in U.S. v. Caronia became one of the landmark cases in the promotion of prescription drugs for unapproved (off-label) indications. Physicians who prescribe Xyrem (GHB) have to pass special certification to ensure safe prescription, handling, and storage of the drug (REMS).
Sedative or tranquilizer Flunitrazepam is still legally manufactured in Europe and some countries in Latin America. The drug has been reformulated, so it imparts an easily identifiable blue color to clear beverages and haziness to colored drinks. Drugs obtained from illegal manufacturing sources naturally do not display this effect.
DFSAs are increasingly popular in bars, clubs, and raves, but also fraternities and at college campuses. Mishandling of cases of sexual assault at college campuses has been subject to much criticism.
It is very difficult to estimate the total number of DFSAs. The main reason for failure to report sexual assault is the reluctance of the victims to go to the police. Indications exist that the numbers are on the increase. Because of memory loss associated with these drugs, victims often feel embarrassed or guilty. Additional reasons for not reporting sexual assault include need to avoid further stigmatization, especially when the evidence does not seem to be sufficient to support the claim confidently. Forensic evidence is difficult to obtain and often lost after first urination the morning after. All drugs used for DFSA are metabolized rapidly by the body, rendering them undetectable within 24 to 48 hours after ingestion.
Approach to preparing for a biological attack (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
Approach to preparing for a biological attack
June 2017
Hospital risk management series
The debate on critical issues in science, health, and security encompasses many controversies and ethical challenges. The difference between a naturally occurring outbreak and criminal act of bioterrorism is often challenging to establish, and emergencies have to be handled as they come, regardless of the origin of the incident. The post-incident forensic analysis may or may not offer satisfactory answers in regards to attribution, liability, and the responsibility for compensation. The underlying issue for all ethical concerns examined in this work is the balance between individual rights and the needs of public health systems to protect others.
Improving the resilience of vulnerable populationsArete-Zoe, LLC
Vulnerable populations in terms of health care disparities include the economically disadvantaged and uninsured, the elderly, and people with chronic health conditions. Low-education status compounds the problem and leads to poorer outcomes than in people with the same disease but higher educational status. Significant disparities include namely risk factors relating to morbidity and mortality and access to healthcare. In the domain of physical health, the worst affected are people with chronic health conditions such as respiratory diseases and metabolic syndrome, including hyperlipidemia and diabetes, and resulting in heart diseases and hypertension. Vulnerable populations often experience accumulation of problems that are multiplied by poor health, yet the medical and non-medical needs of these populations are still underestimated. A significant number of vulnerable people with at least one chronic condition skip purchasing prescription drugs because of the costs involved. The most relevant risk factors that result in poor access to health care include low income and uninsured status, in combination with a lack of regular care. Chronic conditions such as dyslipidemia may not be particularly apparent now, yet represent a high risk of future disability (“Vulnerable Populations: Who Are They?”, 2006).
Medical innovation, increasing the complexity of care, and the relationships between stakeholders gradually lead to the increase in prices of healthcare for consumers. Lack of transparency affects the cost of premiums as well as out-of-pocket expenses. Policymakers in their considerations need to include more indicators than just insurance coverage that, without other measures, will not curb soaring healthcare expenses. Delayed care is a public health concern because of the risk of disability and under-treatment of otherwise treatable conditions. The presentation of data to non-technical audiences, including decision-makers, has to be understandable to convey the information reliably. Systems modeling techniques should be considered to estimate stakeholder behavior in a dynamic system accurately. Currently, many instances of abuse exist within the system. As an example, chargemaster fees apply to uninsured or out-of-network patients. Hospital fees are, however, tackled by state laws rather than at the federal level. Consumers in health care tend to behave differently than in other industries and often think less about the costs involved. Physicians’ education should include the delivery of cost-conscious care to prevent financial harm to their patients. Transparency of cost is one of the most effective mechanisms that enable patients and providers to make informed choices.
Handling a high-risk HIPAA Breach Published April 2017 Part of scenarios for patient privacy crisis management Every hospital encounters patients, who for the reason of their social circumstances, dependent status, personal characteristics, or the nature of their condition, are more vulnerable than the general population. While compliance with HIPAA is indeed important, because of the potential to inflict significant liability on the hospital resulting from compliance failure, it should not be the only consideration when caring for vulnerable patients. Mere compliance with the minimum requirements of HIPAA does not guarantee the safety of vulnerable patients. In the case study scenario, the hospital emergency department in a small town admitted a 15-year-old female with emergency labor. After delivery in the emergency room, the mother and the baby were moved to Obstetrics and Neonate. Despite appropriate care, the infant presented with multiple medical problems, which may or may not be resolved in the future. A nurse, who took care of the young mother, accidentally disclosed the patient’s identity and condition to her young daughter, who spread the news in all high schools in the area by the following day. The 15-year-old managed to hide her pregnancy from her family. To complicate matters, the young mother’s mother and aunt work in the same hospital.
Addressing pediatric medication errors in ED setting utilizing Computerized P...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Pediatric patients who are treated in general acute care hospitals are at increased risk of medication errors. The main reasons are the lack of experience with the special needs of pediatric patients, their lower ability to tolerate medication errors, medication-related problems such as forms and packaging designed primarily for adults and labeling with insufficient information on the dosing of pediatric patients. Medication errors can be reduced significantly by appropriate medication management systems. Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) systems reduce the frequency of medication errors in all stages of the process. IT technology introduces an additional vulnerability in the form of IT-related medication errors. Nurses are the last individuals in the medication management process who can detect and intercept a medication error and prevent incorrect medication orders from reaching and harming their patients. To be able to do so, nurses have to be familiar with the medication management system in their hospital and escalate incorrect orders as appropriate and relevant.
Let's talk causality attribution: Current practices and path forward Arete-Zoe, LLC
Consistent and reliable causality attribution at the case level is the cornerstone of confident signal detection.
The current practice relies on study investigators to establish causal relationships based on their observations. The Sponsor (Company) can add their assessment based on additional information about the drug. The current industry standard, E2B (R3), accounts for multiple assessment methods and presents the data elements for each drug-event pair evaluated by multiple sources in a matrix.
There are many causality assessment methods used within the industry, some universal, others more specialized. Most commonly used methods include WHO-UMC, Naranjo, Roussel-Uclaf (RUCAM) - to detect drug-associated liver injury, Karch and Lasagna, the French PV Algorithm, Bayesian Adverse Reactions Diagnostic Instrument (BARDI), MacBARDI, and Updated Logistic method. Expert judgment remains the most common method used.
Serious challenges prevent the practical implementation of existing algorithms by the industry. Many of the algorithms cannot be applied rigorously because of missing data. Additionally, an accurate definition of clinical harm is often lacking (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis). Brighton Collaboration Case Definitions partly address this component.
Algorithms do not consider medication errors and are not easy to use with interactions, contributory causation, or secondary harms. Information obtained from the reporter is usually insufficient to establish a causal relationship, and follow-up requests for information must be sent, often repeatedly. The result is a very high share of unassessable reports and poor internal consistency of existing assessments.
I suggest modifying the ADE reporting to incorporate components enabling structured causality assessment directly by the reporting physician (postmarket) or investigator (clinical trials). Guiding questions would assist the reporting physician in determining causal relationships and facilitate algorithmic attribution upon submission:
Temporal relationship is a key component of causality assessment. Safety databases routinely calculate latency and last dose latency that feed the algorithm.
Dechallenge and Rechallenge represent key concepts in pharmacovigilance. This information is typically missing from reports. A series of questions regarding Outcome and Response (Action taken with drug) guide the reporting physician through a checklist for all suspect and interacting drugs, reliably and consistently calculating dechallenge/rechallenge for each drug-event pair.
Biological plausibility is a complex component requiring knowledge of the drug and the patient's medical condition.
Finally, it is important to ask the reporting physician about any underlying diseases that could have contributed to the event. A clear answer to this question is an essential component of the causality assessment algorithms.
Clinical documentation for medical devices Arete-Zoe, LLC
Clinical documentation for medical devices
Medical Devices Regulation (EU) 2017/745
We prepare EU MDR-compliant clinical documentation for medical device manufacturers for submission to notified bodies and national regulatory authorities.
EU MDR-compliant clinical documentation (English, Czech):
- Clinical evaluation (plan, report)
- Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up, -
- PMCF (plan, report, study design)
- Post-Market Surveillance System (plan, report)
- Clinical investigation design to complement existing evidence
- Biological Evaluation
- Literature review
Consulting
- Strategy how to generate clinical evidence
- Design of PMCF studies and clinical investigations
Additional support:
- Clinical expert for multiple medical specialties
- Risk management specialist
- Technical documentation
Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. People or animals can contract anthrax from contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Bacillus anthracis forms spores than can survive in the environment, especially soil or animal products (e.g., rawhide) for decades. The most common route of exposure is via skin scrapes when working with infected animals resulting in cutaneous anthrax. Gastrointestinal infection occurs following eating raw or undercooked infected or contaminated meat. The most dangerous form of anthrax follows after inhalation of aerosolized anthrax spores, typically during industrial processing of infected animal products (e.g., rawhide, wool). In the United States, anthrax is very rare. Vaccination of livestock is recommended in areas with historical occurrences of anthrax. Moreover, all food animals are examined before slaughter (Mayo Clinic, Guide to Understanding Anthrax, ACIP).
Anthrax spores had been mass-produced as a bioweapon by the Soviet Union (STAT News). In 2001, anthrax was also used as a bioweapon when letters laced with anthrax were mailed to several news media offices and Democratic Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy, killing five and sickening 17 (Amerithrax investigation). Anthrax vaccine BioThrax is given to adults at increased risk of exposure in five doses, with a booster dose each year. It is also used as post-exposure prophylaxis in combination with antibiotics.
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Adenoviruses commonly cause respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis, but also gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, or neurological disease. Adenoviruses have been a common cause of acute respiratory illness in military recruits. As non-enveloped viruses, adenoviruses are relatively resistant to common disinfectants. There are more than 50 types of immunologically distinct adenoviruses. People with weakened immune systems are at high risk of developing a severe disease caused by adenovirus infection (CDC, Health.mil). The vaccine is mandatory for all enlisted military recruits (Army Regulation 40-562).
Vaccine: Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral (US)
Pharmacovigilance Workshop
The workshop is designed to introduce pharmacovigilance to graduate students and working professionals interested in drug safety as a career field. After a brief introduction of publicly available data sources, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety concern that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal.
Medicines may be withdrawn from markets because of risks to patients or business reasons. Change of benefit: risk profile is usually prompted by adverse effects that were either not previously detected, are more frequent, or more severe than anticipated based on the results of Phase III clinical trials. Market withdrawals are triggered by adverse events that were only made apparent from postmarketing surveillance data collected from population-wide use over more extended periods of time. The sources of information the regulatory agencies use when deciding on market withdrawal include meta-analyses and pooled analyses of data from clinical trials, clinical trials, spontaneous case reports, laboratory studies, observational studies, animal studies, and reviews of existing safety data.
In the U.S., individual case safety reports are collected in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). In Europe, medication side effects are sent to national regulatory authorities and in the EU pharmacovigilance database EudraVigilance. The participants learned where to find clinical trials, market authorizations, and product labeling.
After the introductory presentation, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety issue that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal. Each case study received product labeling and several scientific publications that discussed the safety concern in depth. Each team prepared a presentation with detailed overview of their assigned case study.
Are you interested in drug safety?
Try this for yourself!
Case studies:
Mylotarg (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin): no benefit, risk of death
Roaccutane (isotretinoin): teratogenic effect
Lariam (mefloquine): neuropsychiatric side effects
Zyprexa (olanzapine): stroke in patients with dementia
Avandia (rosiglitazone): myocardial infarction, death due to cardiovascular causes
Seroxat (paroxetine): suicidality
Xyrem (sodium oxybate): diversion, abuse
Coumadin (warfarin): bleeding
https://www.aretezoe.com/pharmacovigilance-workshop
The workshop is designed to introduce pharmacovigilance to graduate students and working professionals interested in drug safety as a career field. After a brief introduction of publicly available data sources, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety concern that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal.
Medicines may be withdrawn from markets because of risks to patients or business reasons. Change of benefit: risk profile is usually prompted by adverse effects that were either not previously detected, are more frequent, or more severe than anticipated based on the results of Phase III clinical trials. Market withdrawals are triggered by adverse events that were only made apparent from postmarketing surveillance data collected from population-wide use over more extended periods of time. The sources of information the regulatory agencies use when deciding on market withdrawal include meta-analyses and pooled analyses of data from clinical trials, clinical trials, spontaneous case reports, laboratory studies, observational studies, animal studies, and reviews of existing safety data.
In the U.S., individual case safety reports are collected in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). In Europe, medication side effects are sent to national regulatory authorities and in the EU pharmacovigilance database EudraVigilance. The participants learned where to find clinical trials, market authorizations, and product labeling.
After the introductory presentation, each team received a case study that detailed a specific safety issue that resulted in a significant safety update of product labeling or product withdrawal. Each case study received product labeling and several scientific publications that discussed the safety concern in depth. Each team prepared a presentation with detailed overview of their assigned case study.
Are you interested in drug safety?
Try this for yourself!
https://www.aretezoe.com/pharmacovigilance-workshop
Published April 2017
Part of hospital test scenarios, escalation to ethics committee
Patients with a terminal illness who communicate their wish to die to a nurse shall receive appropriate care that is in line with institutional procedures, local laws, and their personal preferences. A nurse should be able to rely on the support of the institution he or she works for in terms of training, clear line of responsibility for such decisions, and unambiguously communicated expectations defined in organizational procedures. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and several other European countries, in several states in the U.S., and in Canada. The mental capacity of the patient has to be considered in addition to locally applicable laws. Medical Power of Attorney is helpful if the patient previously described his or her wishes regarding end-of-life decisions and became incapacitated in the meantime. Financial toxicity, in addition to dubious effectiveness, contributes to the reluctance of some patients to undergo aggressive and invasive therapies. German physician Albert Moll in his book Medical Ethics (1902), argues that aggressive care in incurably ill patients is unethical. Healthcare staff, including nurses, can conscientiously object to assisting with suicide.
Deteriorating Patient with Sepsis: Early Diagnosis and Intervention (2017)Arete-Zoe, LLC
Deteriorating Patient with Sepsis: Early Diagnosis and Intervention
First published April 2017
Part of test scenarios for implementation of new sepsis guidelines
Why merging medical records, hospital reports, and clinical trial data is a v...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Medical privacy and breaches of personal health information (PHI) has been a hot topic for several years. For the clinical trial industry, the main concerns are decline in recruitment resulting from lack of confidence in data handling and instances of breaches that affect data integrity that adversely affect NDA and MA applications in major markets, which precipitates administrative action taken by national regulators in response to local incidents.
European legislators rely extensively on administrative measures implemented by national competent authorities. Although specific and detailed EU-level legislation exists, specific information about data breaches, cases and incidents, volume and type of affected data, root causes and analysis of consequences is largely missing. According to Howard and Gulyas (2014), this lack of organized event records is currently an empirical obstacle but provides opportunity to generate new knowledge about data and privacy protection that could bolster future trial recruitment.
In the U.S., summary details of breaches that involved more than 500 individuals are available at the OCR portal called Wall of Shame for everyone to analyze. Disclosure obligations in HIPAA made the problem of data breaches in healthcare obvious and protection of the privacy of patients has been an important part of physicians’ code of conduct. This offers lessons learned to mitigate systemic vulnerabilities that undermine trial participation.
Why merging medical records, hospital reports, and clinical trial data is a v...
Zpracování klinické dokumentace dle EU MDR 2017/745
1. ZPRACUJEME VAŠI
KLINICKOU DOKUMENTACI
Strategie generování klinického důkazu
Zpracování klinické dokumentace
Design PMCF studií a zkoušek
Návrhy aktualizací existující dokumentace
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www.aretezoe.com
2. Služby
Poradenství
• Strategie generování klinického důkazu
• Design PMCF studií a zkoušek
Zpracování klinické dokumentace (ČJ, AJ)
• Klinické hodnocení (plán/zpráva)
• PMCF, PMS (plán/zpráva), PSUR
• Biologické hodnocení
• Návrh aktualizace související dokumentace
Stavba týmu dle potřeb zákazníka:
• Klinický expert relevantní pro daný lékařský obor
• Specialista na management rizika
• Laboratoř na testování software, včetně AI/ML
• Zpracování ostatních částí technické dokumentace
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5. Strategie generování klinického důkazu
• Přehled existující dokumentace výrobce
• Hotové výsledky studií a laboratorní testy
• Výběr rovnocenných prostředků
• Strategie pro získání důkazu z literatury
• Identifikace mezer v důkazu
• Strategie k získání dodatečných důkazů, např. formou
PMCF
• Nutnost provést dodatečné klinické zkoušky
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6. Rozsah klinického hodnocení
• Cíle a typ KH
• Komponenty KH
• Popis ZP, klasifikace ZP
• Účel použití
• Indikace, kontraindikace, upozornění
• Cílová populace, léčená choroba
• Odhad počtu léčených pacientů
• Stížnosti, nežádoucí příhody
• Příslušenství
• Rovnocenné a podobné ZP
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7. Plán klinického hodnocení
• Účel použití, cílové skupiny
• Indikace, kontraindikace
• Zamýšlený klinický přínos
• Obecné požadavky na bezpečnost a účinnost
• Typ KH
• Metody používané k vyhodnocení klinické bezpečnosti
• Ostatní záležitosti, jimž je nutno věnovat pozornost
• Změny provedené výrobcem
• Vigilance, PMS, PMCF
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8. Otázky, které má KH zodpovědět
• Vše, co je již zmíněno v předchozích materiálech
výrobce (MR, KH) jako téma, jemuž je nutno
věnovat pozornost
• Signály z literatury
• Signály z vigilance, PMCF, PMS
• Zpětná vazba z terénu
• Nedostatky v klinickém důkazu
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10. Dokumentace výrobce
• Administrativní údaje výrobce
• Kontaktní osoba, osoba odpovědná za dodržování právních předpis
• Návod k použití, štítky, předchozí certifikáty
• Dok umentace k řízení rizik
• Výsledk y k linick ých zk oušek, pok ud byly provedeny
• Předchozí k linick é hodnocení, PMCF a PMS
• Biologické hodnocení
• Prodeje za sledované období, odhad léčených pacientů
• Seznam zemí, v nichž je ZP na trhu
• Nežádoucí příhody, stížnosti, nápravná opatření v terénu, stažení z trhu
• Harmonizované normy
• Dok umentace k rovnocenným ZP
• GSPR checklist
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11. Harmonizované normy
• České zákony a podzákonné normy
• Aplikované ISO normy
• EU leg islkativa (MDD, MDR, REACH…)
• MEDDEV a MDCG pok yny
Pozn. Hodnotitel může aplikovat MDCG pokyny,
k teré v době zpracování KH ještě nebyly
publik ovány.
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12. Obecné požadavky na bezpečnost a účinnost
(GSPR checklist)
• Obecné požadavky
• Požadavky na návrh a výrobu
• Požadavky týkající se informací poskytovaných spolu
s prostředkem
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13. Biologické hodnocení
• ISO 10993-1
• Povaha a délka kontaktu s tělem / tkáněmi
• Chemické, fyz.-chem. a fyzikální analýzy
• Biologický efekt
• Biologické zkoušky pro biologické hodnocení
• Odůvodnění, že není nutno provádět testy
• Aktualizace na základě výstupů z KH
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15. Klinické pozadí
• Popis choroby/stavu, k jehož léčbě je ZP
používán
• ZDROJE: Souborné, současné práce (zejm.
tématické monografie)
• Pravidelná aktualizace sekce
• Popis metodologie použité k vyhledání
informací a aktualizaci sekce
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16. State of the Art
• Souborné přehledy technologií používaných k
danému účelu, jejich výhody a nevýhody
• Popis metodologie pro prvotní vyhledání
informací a aktualizaci sekce
• Typ publikací: Systematický přehled, meta-
analýza, případně doporučené klinické postupy
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17. Alternativní možnosti léčby
• Souborné přehledy standardních postupů používaných k
léčbě/kompenzaci dané choroby/stavu, jejich výhody a nevýhody
• Vyhodnocení, jaké místo má hodnocený ZP v kontextu léčby (zlatý
standard, druhá volba, speciální případy)
• Popis metodologie pro prvotní vyhledání informací a aktualizaci sekce
• Typ publikací: zejména doporučené klinické postupy, případně specificky
zaměřený systematický přehled s meta-analýzou či bez
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19. Výběr rovnocenných prostředků
• Splňuje podmínky technické, biologické a klinické
podobnosti, viz. MDCG-5
• Rovnocenný ZP má EU MDR certifikaci
• Dostatek veřejně dostupných informací o ZP
• ZP odpovídá stejným harmonizovaným normám
• Použitelné citace z literatury
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20. Důkaz rovnocennosti: Technické vlastnosti
• Prostředek má podobný návrh
• Používá se za podobných podmínek používání
• Podobné specifikace a vlastnosti, včetně fyzikálně -chemických
(intenzita energie, pevnost v tahu, viskozita, povrchové
vlastnosti, vlnová délka a softwarové algoritmy)
• Uplatňuje podobné metody použití
• Má podobné zásady fungování a požadavky na kritickou účinnost
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21. Důkaz rovnocennosti: Biologické vlastnosti
• Používá stejných materiálů nebo látek v kontaktu se
stejnými lidskými tkáněmi nebo tělními tekutinami
• Podobný druh a délka trvání kontaktu se stejnými
lidskými tkáněmi nebo tělními tekutinami
• Podobné chování látek z hlediska uvolňování do
prostředí, včetně produktů rozpadu a dalších
uvolňovaných látek
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22. Důkaz rovnocennosti: Klinické vlastnosti
• Stejné klinické podmínky nebo stejný účel včetně obdobné
závažnosti a fáze nemoci
• Stejná část těla
• Podobná skupina obyvatelstva, a to i z hlediska věku,
anatomie a fyziologie
• Podobný uživatel
• Podobná relevantní kritická účinnost s ohledem na
očekávaný klinický účinek pro konkrétní určený účel
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24. Rozsah vyhledávání
• Bezpečnost
• Účinnost
• State of the Art
• Klinické pozadí
• Alternativní způsoby léčby
• Specifické otázky
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25. Kritéria pro zařazení
Odpovídající zdravotnický prostředek:
• Hodnocený ZP
• Rovnocenný ZP
• Podobný, generický výrobek (lze prokázat rovnocennost)
Stejný způsob použití
Stejná populace pacientů
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26. Typy publikací
Umbrella review
Meta-analysis, network meta-analysis
Systematic review of Randomized Controlled
Trials
Systematic review of Observational Studies
Randomized Control Trial
Other types of interventional studies
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Observational studies
Case series, case reports
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27. Pyramida důkazu
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Názory expertů, souhrnné informace na dané téma
Randomizované kontrolované studie
Kohortované studie
Případové kontrolované studie
Kazuistiky, série kazuistik
Systematické
přehledy a
meta-analýzy
Objem informací
Výběr dle typu publikace
• Omezení počtu záznamů dle typu
publikace
• Prioritizace publikací s vysokou
kvalitou důkazu
• Dohledat studie zařazené do
systematických přehledů
• Duplikáty – pozor na RCT zařazené do
SR/MA
30. Vyhodnocení důkazu z literatury
Global Harm onizat ion T ask Force’s (GHT F, now IMDRF) Study Group 5 on Clinica l
Saf ety/P erf o rm ance , SG5/N2R8:20 07 appendix D devices
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Suitability criteria Description Grading system
Appropriate device Was the data generated from the device in
question?
D1
D2
D3
Actual device
Comparable device
Other device
Appropriate device
application
Was the device used for the same intended use
(e.g., methods of deployment, application, etc.)?
A1
A2
A3
Same use
Minor deviation
Major deviation
Appropriate patient
group
Were the data generated from a patient group
that is representative of the intended treatment
population (e.g., age, sex, etc.) and clinical
condition (i.e., disease, including state and
severity)?
P1
P2
P3
P4
Applicable
Limited
Different population
(n/a, bench-top or pre-clinical studies)
Acceptable
report/data collation
Do the reports or collations of data contain
sufficient information to be able to undertake a
rational and objective assessment?
R1
R2
R3
High quality
Minor deficiencies
Insufficient information
31. Přispění jednotlivých typů publikací
Global Harm onizat ion T ask Force’s (GHT F, now IMDRF) Study Group 5 on Clinica l
Saf ety/P erf o rm ance , SG5/N2R8:20 07 appendix D devices
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Suitability criteria Description Grading
system
Data source type (T)
Was the design of the study appropriate? 1
2
Yes
No
Outcome measures (O)
Does the outcome measures reported reflect the
intended performance of the device?
1
2
Yes
No
Follow-up (F)
Is the duration of follow-up long enough to assess
whether duration of treatment effects and identify
complications?
1
2
Yes
No
Statistical significance (S)
Has a statistical analysis of the data been provided
and is it appropriate?
1
2
Yes
No
Clinical significance (C)
Was the magnitude of the treatment effects observed
clinically significant?
1
2
Yes
No
32. Protokol o prohledání literatury
• Přehled, rozsah
• Identifikace dat
• Databáze, registry
• Kritéria vyhledávání
• Kritéria pro zařazení a vyřazení publikací
• Výsledky vyhledávání
• Vyhodnocení výsledků
• Výsledek vyhodnocení
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33. Vyhodnocení klinického důkazu
• Otázky, které je nutno v rámci KH zodpovědět
• Materiály generované výrobcem
• Informace z PMS, PMCF a vigilance
• Důkaz rovnocennosti
• Vyhodnocení dat z literatury
• Souhrn klinických dat
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35. PMCF Plán
• MDCG 2020-7
• Jaká data je nutno posbírat, jaké otázky vyplývající z
klinického hodnocení je nutno odpovědět?
• Výběr činností závisí na informačních potřebách
• Metodiku nutno popsat dopředu
• Odůvodnění zvolených postupů a metod
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36. PMCF činnosti
• Vyhledání specifických témat v literatuře
• Provedení prospektivní studie po uvedení na trh
• Provedení retrospektivní studie
• Shromažďování údajů v registrech
• Dotazníkový průzkum mezi zdravotníky
• Dotazníkový průzkum mezi pacienty
• Přezkum kazuistik
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37. PMCF zpráva
• MDCG 2020-8
• Výsledky činností popsaných v Plánu PMCF
• Vyhodnocení klinických údajů vztahujících se k
rovnocenným nebo podobným ZP
• Vliv výsledků na technickou dokumentaci
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38. PMS Plán
Závažné nežádoucí příhody,
Informace z periodicky aktualizovaných zpráv o bezpečnosti
(PSUR) PSUR a bezpečnostních nápravných opatření v terénu
Nezávažné nežádoucí příhody, nežádoucí účinky
Informace z trendových hlášení
Informace z odborné literatury, databází a registrů
Zpětná vazba z terénu, stížnosti
Veřejně dostupné informace o podobných ZP
Informace z následného klinického sledování (PMCF)
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39. Vyhodnocení PMS
Dříve nerozpoznaná nebezpečí nebo nebezpečné
situace;
Odhadované riziko vyplývající z nebezpečné situace
již není přijatelné;
Celkové zbytkové riziko již není přijatelné ve vztahu k
přínosům;
Změna v obecně uznávaném State of the Art
Aktualizace Zprávy o klinickém hodnocení a/nebo
analýzy rizik
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43. Návod k použití, štítky
• Formát, povinné údaje
• Brát v úvahu zavedenou praxi
• Přiměřený pro typ uživatele
• Možno použít elektronický formát (odkaz)
• Aktualizace údajů na základě výstupů z KH
• Porovnání změn!
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44. Aktualizace marketingových materiálů
• Výstupy z KH nutno zohlednit v marketingových
materiálech
• Přesnost formulací v textech
• Možno zařadit podklady z literatury a PMCF studií
• Informace z doporučených klinických postupů
• Povinné údaje: informace o výrobci, kontakt pro hlášení
nežádoucích příhod a stížností.
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45. MVDr. Veronika Valdová
Po vystudování veteri nární medicíny na Veterinární a farmaceutické uni verzitě v Brně se
profesně začala profilovat ve farmaceuti ckém prům ysl u se zam ěřením na farmakovigi lanci
a kli nický výzkum . Působila na odborných pozi cích ve společnosti IVAX Pharm aceuti cal s
a od roku 2006 ve Velké Británi i pro gl obální generické farm aceuti cké spol ečnosti . Krátce
působi la na SÚK Lu, kde zpracovávala nápravná opatření v terénu. V roce 2013
spol uzaloži la f i rmu Arete -Zoe, LLC .
Zaměření v obl asti zdravotni ckých prostředků :
• Strategie generování k l i ni ckého důk azu
• Z pracování k l i ni cké dok umentace (C ER , PMCF, PMS)
• Zpracování l i terárních rešerší
• Vypracování desi gnu zk oušek a PMCF studi í
Ve spolupráci s Institutem managementu ri zik s.r.o. lektoruje semináře a workshopy na
tém a zpracování Kl i nické hodnocení
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