Rust diseases of wheat and powdery mildew can cause significant yield losses depending on severity and timing of infection, resulting in reduced yields. Estimates from 1918 to present show yield losses to cereals from rust maintained by the USDA. Wheat stripe rust in CWANA caused over 70% losses in 2010, and leaf rust is known to cause over 50% losses in severe epidemics. In Australia, stem rust caused up to 37% losses in 1992.
The document describes a cereal growth stage key with 5 critical timings: GS 11 when the first true leaf emerges, GS 22 when 2 tillers are present, GS 32/37/39 when the 2nd node develops and the flag leaf tip and fully emerges, GS 65 when flowering occurs.
1) Field trials in Ethiopia identified new stem rust races virulent against genes commonly used in durum wheat breeding programs.
2) Screening of over 6,800 cultivated and wild tetraploid wheat accessions identified sources of resistance, with emmer and wild emmer showing the highest resistance levels.
3) Genetic mapping of resistance genes is underway using biparental crosses to elucidate the genetics of resistance and map genes from tetraploid sources.
This document provides an update on the Integrated Breeding Workflow System (IBWS). It summarizes recent enhancements to analytical pipelines, breeding view, decision support tools, and genotyping services. Plans for further improvements are also outlined, including better integration between components, additional analysis functions, and a streamlined user interface. The overall goal is to continue enhancing functionality based on user feedback to better support crop breeding programs.
labor input, costs, revenues
Livestock: feed intake, weight gain, milk prod, health
Water: runoff, infiltration, soil moisture
Socio‐economic: income, food security, livelihoods
Participatory: constraints, opportunities, preferences
Statistical analysis: ANOVA, correlations, regressions 41
Field activities to date
- Training of farmers and field assistants
- Soil sampling and analysis
- Establishment of rainwater harvesting techniques
- Sowing of crops with different fertilization levels
- Establishment of animal feeding trials
- Monitoring of climate, crops, livestock, soils
- Collection of socio‐economic data
- Particip
The Integrated Breeding Platform (IBP) provides breeders with access to high-throughput breeding services, logistics and data management tools, analysis pipelines, decision support tools, and communities of practice to deploy molecular breeding technologies. The IBP aims to be a one-stop-shop for plant breeders. It offers various services, tools, and communities to support the entire breeding workflow from parental selection to final product.
1. The document introduces statistical analysis and the scientific method, including deductive and inductive reasoning approaches.
2. It discusses experimental design, observational studies, and the importance of gathering sufficient data to draw meaningful conclusions.
3. Guidelines are provided for statistical analysis techniques including summarizing data, forming hypotheses to test, and using common fundamental methods such as t-tests, regression, and analysis of variance.
Wheat Rust Toolbox Related to New Initiatives on Yellow RustICARDA
This document discusses the Wheat Rust Toolbox and its potential contributions to a new yellow rust initiative. The Toolbox was originally developed for tracking wheat rust pathogens in Europe. It utilizes an online surveillance system to monitor rust pathogens worldwide and share data on virulence and pathotypes with partners. The authors propose several ways the Toolbox could be enhanced to support a new yellow rust initiative, including improving early warning surveillance, incorporating additional host and pathogen data, enabling epidemic risk analysis, and better integrating with partner information systems.
The document describes a cereal growth stage key with 5 critical timings: GS 11 when the first true leaf emerges, GS 22 when 2 tillers are present, GS 32/37/39 when the 2nd node develops and the flag leaf tip and fully emerges, GS 65 when flowering occurs.
1) Field trials in Ethiopia identified new stem rust races virulent against genes commonly used in durum wheat breeding programs.
2) Screening of over 6,800 cultivated and wild tetraploid wheat accessions identified sources of resistance, with emmer and wild emmer showing the highest resistance levels.
3) Genetic mapping of resistance genes is underway using biparental crosses to elucidate the genetics of resistance and map genes from tetraploid sources.
This document provides an update on the Integrated Breeding Workflow System (IBWS). It summarizes recent enhancements to analytical pipelines, breeding view, decision support tools, and genotyping services. Plans for further improvements are also outlined, including better integration between components, additional analysis functions, and a streamlined user interface. The overall goal is to continue enhancing functionality based on user feedback to better support crop breeding programs.
labor input, costs, revenues
Livestock: feed intake, weight gain, milk prod, health
Water: runoff, infiltration, soil moisture
Socio‐economic: income, food security, livelihoods
Participatory: constraints, opportunities, preferences
Statistical analysis: ANOVA, correlations, regressions 41
Field activities to date
- Training of farmers and field assistants
- Soil sampling and analysis
- Establishment of rainwater harvesting techniques
- Sowing of crops with different fertilization levels
- Establishment of animal feeding trials
- Monitoring of climate, crops, livestock, soils
- Collection of socio‐economic data
- Particip
The Integrated Breeding Platform (IBP) provides breeders with access to high-throughput breeding services, logistics and data management tools, analysis pipelines, decision support tools, and communities of practice to deploy molecular breeding technologies. The IBP aims to be a one-stop-shop for plant breeders. It offers various services, tools, and communities to support the entire breeding workflow from parental selection to final product.
1. The document introduces statistical analysis and the scientific method, including deductive and inductive reasoning approaches.
2. It discusses experimental design, observational studies, and the importance of gathering sufficient data to draw meaningful conclusions.
3. Guidelines are provided for statistical analysis techniques including summarizing data, forming hypotheses to test, and using common fundamental methods such as t-tests, regression, and analysis of variance.
Wheat Rust Toolbox Related to New Initiatives on Yellow RustICARDA
This document discusses the Wheat Rust Toolbox and its potential contributions to a new yellow rust initiative. The Toolbox was originally developed for tracking wheat rust pathogens in Europe. It utilizes an online surveillance system to monitor rust pathogens worldwide and share data on virulence and pathotypes with partners. The authors propose several ways the Toolbox could be enhanced to support a new yellow rust initiative, including improving early warning surveillance, incorporating additional host and pathogen data, enabling epidemic risk analysis, and better integrating with partner information systems.
Yellow rust was a serious problem in the Central and West Asia/North Africa (CWANA) region in 2010-2011. Factors such as favorable weather, widespread susceptible varieties, and human transportation of spores contributed to epidemics. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) took measures like surveillance, awareness activities, training, and impact assessments in multiple countries. Race analyses identified virulence for many resistance genes. International collaboration through activities like trap nurseries and conferences was important to address the ongoing threat of yellow rust.
This document discusses data management strategies at CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems. It notes that data from experiments is often stored in files but not shared, resulting in low usage. The strategy presented involves curating data and making it accessible online through an open source dataverse network. This allows data to be shared, accessed by all as a public good, and ensures high standards for data quality, curation and access. Examples shown include agricultural data from various projects displayed and available for download through interactive tables, maps and charts.
Dr Mark Sawkins, IBP Support Manager, gave a demo presentation of Breeding View, a simple graphical interface to conduct statistical analysis of phenotypic and genotypic data. It can access procedures in Genstat or R-scripts, allows analyses to be configured, and is fully integrated into the IBP Breeding Management System (BMS).
Status of Wheat Stripe in CWANA: Analysis of Current OutbreaksICARDA
This document discusses the status of wheat stripe rust in the Central and West Asia/North Africa region. Some key points:
- Stripe rust, also known as yellow rust, is a major disease of wheat affecting over 50 million hectares in the region.
- Virulent races like Yr27 have caused recent outbreaks, overcoming resistance in previously grown varieties. This has spread the disease across multiple countries.
- Factors like climate conditions, shared wheat varieties, and wind patterns allow the disease to spread easily between countries in the region. Addressing this transboundary issue requires increased cooperation.
- Challenges include improving disease surveillance, sharing information, developing durable resistance in new varieties, and
- Wheat is a staple crop in Turkey, accounting for 60% of annual crop production. Winter wheat makes up 75% of wheat production area.
- Stripe rust has historically caused significant losses and epidemics in Turkey since the 1990s. A new race of stripe rust (Yr27 virulence) was identified in Turkey in the 2000-2003 period.
- In 2013, 20 infected stripe rust samples were collected from wheat fields across Turkey and analyzed. Race analyses identified the continued presence of the Yr27 virulence. Many important Turkish wheat varieties are susceptible to this virulence.
This document discusses how epidemiological models can add value to plant disease surveillance efforts. It provides examples of how models have been used to predict the arrival and spread of pathogens like wheat rusts and ash dieback. Specific ways models have helped include generating risk maps showing where invasion is most likely and hazard maps showing where impact would be most severe. The models integrate data on host distribution, environmental conditions, and dispersal patterns. They can inform early warning systems and optimize sampling strategies. Partnerships between researchers and surveillance networks are important for providing the data needed to build accurate models.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in biometry and trends in agricultural research at the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). It outlines the major themes of EIAR's biometrics program, including addressing issues like spatial modeling and analysis of multi-level experiments. It also describes the diversity of methodologies used, developments in biometry, integration with information technology, training workshops, and the contributions of biometric support over the years.
1) Wheat is the largest crop in Pakistan's agriculture and economy, with production increasing over 500% since 1948. Wheat losses to diseases like rusts cost billions annually.
2) The Crop Diseases Research Institute was established in the 1950s to research rust diseases of wheat and barley, building on the pioneering work of S.F. Hassan. Norman Borlaug congratulated Pakistan on the new research station's potential to solve cereal problems.
3) Recent wheat varieties released in Pakistan like Pirsbak-2013 and Lillema-13 have shown high resistance to yellow rust in screening, but some older varieties like Galaxy-13 are ineffective against the disease. Continuous monitoring of rust pathogens remains important.
Pakistani wheat landraces were screened for resistance to yellow rust. 196 landraces were evaluated at the seedling stage with race Pstv-51, with 112 showing resistance. 708 additional landraces were screened under field conditions with race 574233, with 33 showing resistance at the seedling stage. Spatial distributions of resistant/susceptible landraces were determined. Resistance levels varied between seedling and adult stages, with some lines changing status. The study identified resistant Pakistani wheat landraces with potential for yellow rust resistance breeding.
This document summarizes research on identifying genetic loci associated with resistance to stripe and stem rust in wheat. Genome-wide association mapping identified several QTLs for stripe rust resistance on chromosomes 1D, 2B, 3B, 3A, 6A, 6D and 7D. Some QTLs corresponded to previously reported resistance genes. Analysis of interactions between loci found negative interactions between some stripe and stem rust QTLs, suggesting they should not be combined in breeding. The goal is to avoid pyramiding loci that interact negatively to compromise resistance to multiple diseases.
Continental sweeps and aggressiveness in wheat rust pathogensICARDA
This document summarizes research on wheat rust pathogens in Australia over the past 90+ years. Some key points:
- 4 exotic rust pathogens were introduced - stem rust race 126 (1925), stem rust race 21 (1954), leaf rust race 104 (1984), stripe rust race 136 (2002)
- In each case, the exotic pathogen rapidly displaced existing pathogens within 5-8 years, likely due to being more aggressive
- The increasing frequency of exotic incursions poses ongoing challenges for rust control in wheat and other cereals
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects pea plants, especially in dry seasons. The disease first appears as a white powdery growth on old leaves that later spreads to other plant parts like tendrils and pods. Symptoms include white powdery spots that increase transpiration and decrease photosynthesis, resulting in smaller, shrunken grains and yield loss. The causal organism is the fungus Erysiphe polygoni, which can survive in seeds and soil. Disease management strategies include selecting mildew-resistant varieties, removing plant debris, early sowing, seed treatment, and fungicide sprays.
2 Plant Health Care Fungal Pathogens Lecturesherylwil
The document discusses several fungal pathogens that affect plants. It describes the structures and life cycles of fungi, including hyphae, mycelium, and fruiting bodies. Several fungal diseases are then summarized, including powdery mildew, rust, early blight, fusarium wilt, and verticillium wilt. The diseases are grouped based on whether they primarily affect leaves, stems, or roots. Specific symptoms and management strategies are provided for selected fungal pathogens.
The document describes the sequencing of the wheat genome, specifically chromosome 3B. Key points:
1. An international effort led by the IWGSC sequenced individual wheat chromosomes including 3B using a physical map-based approach.
2. Sequencing of the 1Gb chromosome 3B generated over 1000 scaffolds covering 995Mb with an N50 of 463kb. Genes and markers were annotated.
3. The sequenced and ordered chromosome 3B provides a foundation for accelerating wheat improvement through map-based cloning, marker development, and integrating genetic and genomic resources.
This document summarizes three cereal crops - barley, millet, and maize - and their main diseases. For barley, it describes powdery mildew, covered smut, and loose smut, including their pathogens and symptoms. For millet, it discusses green ear/downy mildew, grain smut, and ergot. And for maize, it covers smut, common rust, and anthracnose leaf blight, providing details on each disease's pathogen and symptoms. Control methods mentioned include using resistant varieties, fungicide seed treatment, spraying fungicides, field sanitation, and crop rotation.
Impact of Wheat Stripe Rust in Iran: Breeding and Control StrategiesICARDA
This document summarizes wheat stripe rust, a devastating wheat disease in Iran. It discusses the wheat breeding program in Iran, which operates in 4 climatic zones and 33 research stations to monitor rust races and screen germplasm for resistance. A new race virulent to the Yr27 resistance gene was identified in 2004, causing significant yield losses. In response, the breeding program has released over 10 new resistant varieties in the past 3 years, most with resistance to both yellow and stem rust. Continued monitoring, breeding, and seed multiplication efforts aim to control the disease and limit future crop losses.
Functional Genomics of Plant Pathogen interactions in Wheat Rust PathosystemSenthil Natesan
Cereal rust fungi are pathogens of major importance to agriculture, threatening cereal production worldwide. Targeted breeding for resistance, based on information from fungal surveys and population structure analyses of virulence, has been effective. Nevertheless, breakdown of resistance occurs frequently and continued efforts are needed to understand how these fungi overcome resistance and to determine the range of available resistance genes. The development of genomic resources for these fungi and their comparison has released a torrent of new ideas and approaches to use this information to assist pathologists and agriculture in general. The sequencing of gene transcripts and the analysis of proteins from haustoria has yielded candidate virulence factors among which could be defence-triggering avirulence genes. Genome-wide computational analyses, including genetic mapping and transcript analyses by RNA sequencing of many fungal isolates, will predict many more candidates (Bakkeren et al., 2012)
Dissecting the mechanisms of host-pathogen systems like wheat-rust, including pathogen counter-defenses will ensure a step ahead towards understanding current outcomes of interactions from a co-evolutionary point of view, and eventually move a step forward in building more durable strategies for management of diseases caused by fungi (Hadrami et al.,2012)
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
Gabriele DONO "Economic assessment of the impact of uncertainty associated wi...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Climate change is projected to increase uncertainty for Mediterranean farming systems in Oristano, Italy. The analysis found that under a near future climate scenario:
(1) Total agricultural revenue and net income are projected to decline by 3.9% and 2% respectively;
(2) Irrigated farms under water user associations face revenue declines up to 4.2% while rainfed farms see smaller 1.7% declines;
(3) Adaptations like more drought tolerant crops, improved irrigation efficiency, and sustaining rainfed agriculture can help address increased climate variability and uncertainty.
Yellow rust was a serious problem in the Central and West Asia/North Africa (CWANA) region in 2010-2011. Factors such as favorable weather, widespread susceptible varieties, and human transportation of spores contributed to epidemics. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) took measures like surveillance, awareness activities, training, and impact assessments in multiple countries. Race analyses identified virulence for many resistance genes. International collaboration through activities like trap nurseries and conferences was important to address the ongoing threat of yellow rust.
This document discusses data management strategies at CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems. It notes that data from experiments is often stored in files but not shared, resulting in low usage. The strategy presented involves curating data and making it accessible online through an open source dataverse network. This allows data to be shared, accessed by all as a public good, and ensures high standards for data quality, curation and access. Examples shown include agricultural data from various projects displayed and available for download through interactive tables, maps and charts.
Dr Mark Sawkins, IBP Support Manager, gave a demo presentation of Breeding View, a simple graphical interface to conduct statistical analysis of phenotypic and genotypic data. It can access procedures in Genstat or R-scripts, allows analyses to be configured, and is fully integrated into the IBP Breeding Management System (BMS).
Status of Wheat Stripe in CWANA: Analysis of Current OutbreaksICARDA
This document discusses the status of wheat stripe rust in the Central and West Asia/North Africa region. Some key points:
- Stripe rust, also known as yellow rust, is a major disease of wheat affecting over 50 million hectares in the region.
- Virulent races like Yr27 have caused recent outbreaks, overcoming resistance in previously grown varieties. This has spread the disease across multiple countries.
- Factors like climate conditions, shared wheat varieties, and wind patterns allow the disease to spread easily between countries in the region. Addressing this transboundary issue requires increased cooperation.
- Challenges include improving disease surveillance, sharing information, developing durable resistance in new varieties, and
- Wheat is a staple crop in Turkey, accounting for 60% of annual crop production. Winter wheat makes up 75% of wheat production area.
- Stripe rust has historically caused significant losses and epidemics in Turkey since the 1990s. A new race of stripe rust (Yr27 virulence) was identified in Turkey in the 2000-2003 period.
- In 2013, 20 infected stripe rust samples were collected from wheat fields across Turkey and analyzed. Race analyses identified the continued presence of the Yr27 virulence. Many important Turkish wheat varieties are susceptible to this virulence.
This document discusses how epidemiological models can add value to plant disease surveillance efforts. It provides examples of how models have been used to predict the arrival and spread of pathogens like wheat rusts and ash dieback. Specific ways models have helped include generating risk maps showing where invasion is most likely and hazard maps showing where impact would be most severe. The models integrate data on host distribution, environmental conditions, and dispersal patterns. They can inform early warning systems and optimize sampling strategies. Partnerships between researchers and surveillance networks are important for providing the data needed to build accurate models.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in biometry and trends in agricultural research at the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). It outlines the major themes of EIAR's biometrics program, including addressing issues like spatial modeling and analysis of multi-level experiments. It also describes the diversity of methodologies used, developments in biometry, integration with information technology, training workshops, and the contributions of biometric support over the years.
1) Wheat is the largest crop in Pakistan's agriculture and economy, with production increasing over 500% since 1948. Wheat losses to diseases like rusts cost billions annually.
2) The Crop Diseases Research Institute was established in the 1950s to research rust diseases of wheat and barley, building on the pioneering work of S.F. Hassan. Norman Borlaug congratulated Pakistan on the new research station's potential to solve cereal problems.
3) Recent wheat varieties released in Pakistan like Pirsbak-2013 and Lillema-13 have shown high resistance to yellow rust in screening, but some older varieties like Galaxy-13 are ineffective against the disease. Continuous monitoring of rust pathogens remains important.
Pakistani wheat landraces were screened for resistance to yellow rust. 196 landraces were evaluated at the seedling stage with race Pstv-51, with 112 showing resistance. 708 additional landraces were screened under field conditions with race 574233, with 33 showing resistance at the seedling stage. Spatial distributions of resistant/susceptible landraces were determined. Resistance levels varied between seedling and adult stages, with some lines changing status. The study identified resistant Pakistani wheat landraces with potential for yellow rust resistance breeding.
This document summarizes research on identifying genetic loci associated with resistance to stripe and stem rust in wheat. Genome-wide association mapping identified several QTLs for stripe rust resistance on chromosomes 1D, 2B, 3B, 3A, 6A, 6D and 7D. Some QTLs corresponded to previously reported resistance genes. Analysis of interactions between loci found negative interactions between some stripe and stem rust QTLs, suggesting they should not be combined in breeding. The goal is to avoid pyramiding loci that interact negatively to compromise resistance to multiple diseases.
Continental sweeps and aggressiveness in wheat rust pathogensICARDA
This document summarizes research on wheat rust pathogens in Australia over the past 90+ years. Some key points:
- 4 exotic rust pathogens were introduced - stem rust race 126 (1925), stem rust race 21 (1954), leaf rust race 104 (1984), stripe rust race 136 (2002)
- In each case, the exotic pathogen rapidly displaced existing pathogens within 5-8 years, likely due to being more aggressive
- The increasing frequency of exotic incursions poses ongoing challenges for rust control in wheat and other cereals
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects pea plants, especially in dry seasons. The disease first appears as a white powdery growth on old leaves that later spreads to other plant parts like tendrils and pods. Symptoms include white powdery spots that increase transpiration and decrease photosynthesis, resulting in smaller, shrunken grains and yield loss. The causal organism is the fungus Erysiphe polygoni, which can survive in seeds and soil. Disease management strategies include selecting mildew-resistant varieties, removing plant debris, early sowing, seed treatment, and fungicide sprays.
2 Plant Health Care Fungal Pathogens Lecturesherylwil
The document discusses several fungal pathogens that affect plants. It describes the structures and life cycles of fungi, including hyphae, mycelium, and fruiting bodies. Several fungal diseases are then summarized, including powdery mildew, rust, early blight, fusarium wilt, and verticillium wilt. The diseases are grouped based on whether they primarily affect leaves, stems, or roots. Specific symptoms and management strategies are provided for selected fungal pathogens.
The document describes the sequencing of the wheat genome, specifically chromosome 3B. Key points:
1. An international effort led by the IWGSC sequenced individual wheat chromosomes including 3B using a physical map-based approach.
2. Sequencing of the 1Gb chromosome 3B generated over 1000 scaffolds covering 995Mb with an N50 of 463kb. Genes and markers were annotated.
3. The sequenced and ordered chromosome 3B provides a foundation for accelerating wheat improvement through map-based cloning, marker development, and integrating genetic and genomic resources.
This document summarizes three cereal crops - barley, millet, and maize - and their main diseases. For barley, it describes powdery mildew, covered smut, and loose smut, including their pathogens and symptoms. For millet, it discusses green ear/downy mildew, grain smut, and ergot. And for maize, it covers smut, common rust, and anthracnose leaf blight, providing details on each disease's pathogen and symptoms. Control methods mentioned include using resistant varieties, fungicide seed treatment, spraying fungicides, field sanitation, and crop rotation.
Impact of Wheat Stripe Rust in Iran: Breeding and Control StrategiesICARDA
This document summarizes wheat stripe rust, a devastating wheat disease in Iran. It discusses the wheat breeding program in Iran, which operates in 4 climatic zones and 33 research stations to monitor rust races and screen germplasm for resistance. A new race virulent to the Yr27 resistance gene was identified in 2004, causing significant yield losses. In response, the breeding program has released over 10 new resistant varieties in the past 3 years, most with resistance to both yellow and stem rust. Continued monitoring, breeding, and seed multiplication efforts aim to control the disease and limit future crop losses.
Functional Genomics of Plant Pathogen interactions in Wheat Rust PathosystemSenthil Natesan
Cereal rust fungi are pathogens of major importance to agriculture, threatening cereal production worldwide. Targeted breeding for resistance, based on information from fungal surveys and population structure analyses of virulence, has been effective. Nevertheless, breakdown of resistance occurs frequently and continued efforts are needed to understand how these fungi overcome resistance and to determine the range of available resistance genes. The development of genomic resources for these fungi and their comparison has released a torrent of new ideas and approaches to use this information to assist pathologists and agriculture in general. The sequencing of gene transcripts and the analysis of proteins from haustoria has yielded candidate virulence factors among which could be defence-triggering avirulence genes. Genome-wide computational analyses, including genetic mapping and transcript analyses by RNA sequencing of many fungal isolates, will predict many more candidates (Bakkeren et al., 2012)
Dissecting the mechanisms of host-pathogen systems like wheat-rust, including pathogen counter-defenses will ensure a step ahead towards understanding current outcomes of interactions from a co-evolutionary point of view, and eventually move a step forward in building more durable strategies for management of diseases caused by fungi (Hadrami et al.,2012)
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
Gabriele DONO "Economic assessment of the impact of uncertainty associated wi...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Climate change is projected to increase uncertainty for Mediterranean farming systems in Oristano, Italy. The analysis found that under a near future climate scenario:
(1) Total agricultural revenue and net income are projected to decline by 3.9% and 2% respectively;
(2) Irrigated farms under water user associations face revenue declines up to 4.2% while rainfed farms see smaller 1.7% declines;
(3) Adaptations like more drought tolerant crops, improved irrigation efficiency, and sustaining rainfed agriculture can help address increased climate variability and uncertainty.
Biophysical constraints in the West African Savannas,Research to provide technological solutions to the
constraints,Highlights of some impacts on beneficiaries of research activities,Emerging issues to address in the future
Weed competition reduces crop yields. The document discusses crop-weed competition, including defining weeds and competition. It describes different types of competition and factors affecting competition. Critical periods of competition are provided for various crops, showing yield losses from weeds. Research findings on the effects of weed competition on the yield and yield components of garden cress, black seed, and sugarcane are summarized. The conclusion states that weed removal before the critical period can reduce crop-weed competition and yield losses.
Cover crops can provide economic benefits to farmers. Hairy vetch cover crops have been shown to boost no-till corn yields enough to cover establishment costs in some studies. Cover crops can reduce economic risk for farmers. The direct costs of cover crops include seed, inoculant, herbicide, and costs of establishment and termination. Indirect costs include potential negative impacts on cash crops. Matching cover crop species and varieties to objectives like grazing or nutrient scavenging is important. The economics of cover crops include both on-farm costs and benefits as well as off-farm environmental benefits.
Dr. Steve Pollmann - Sow lifetime productivity: Importance of monitoring in c...John Blue
Sow lifetime productivity: Importance of monitoring in commercial pork production - Dr. Steve Pollmann, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-material
Presentation hold by Girma Tesfahun Kassie, Researcher Socioeconomics Programme at CIMMYT, Zimbabwe, as part of the second panel of the 30th edition of the Brussels Briefing on “Agricultural resilience in the face of crisis and shocks", organized by CTA in collaboration with the ACP Secretariat, the EC/DEVCO, Concord, and IFPRI on 4th March 2013.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Impacts of Wheat Stripe rust in Morocco: Breeding and Control StrategiesICARDA
The document summarizes research on wheat diseases in Morocco. It finds that stripe rust, leaf rust, and yellow rust are the most prevalent wheat diseases, causing estimated losses of 30% or more. Research is identifying resistant varieties and genes, monitoring changes in pathogen virulence, and developing integrated disease management strategies to control diseases and boost food security.
This document discusses controlling soil-borne pests and diseases through managing soil health. It defines soil health and lists many common potato pests and diseases. Approaches to enhance soil health discussed include soil disinfection, crop rotation, trap crops, organic amendments, managing crop residues, enhancing disease suppressiveness through techniques like solarization and changing biological diversity. The document also describes experiments testing these approaches, finding that interactions between soil organisms are important for control and that biodiversity and organic amendments are most likely to reliably manage soil-borne pathogens.
Similar to Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery (10)
1. Wheat yield losses
due to rusts and
powdery mildew
presented
By
Dr. M. Abdelkader
2. Rust diseases of wheat and powdery mildew causes significant yield -
. losses
The damage caused depends upon the severity and time of infection -
. resulting into yield reduction
Estimates yield losses of cereals caused by rusts since 1918 are -
maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture
Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul,
. Minnesota
Wheat stripe rust in the CWANA countries causing severe yield losses -
. more than 70% in 2010
leaf rust can cause grain yield losses higher than 50% in severe -
. epidemics
.In Australia stem rust cause losses up to 37% in 1992-
In 1995 wheat stripe rust caused yield losses ranged from 14 to 26% in-
. delta region in Egypt, while the national loss was about 10%
Wheat rusts under the Egyptian condition was the main cause to -
discarded some varieties such as Giza 139,144,150 sakha
. 8, 69, Gemmiza-1 and 5
3. Disease infection leads to
Missing
mplete damage to the economic - plants
(damping –off,
part ( loose smut
wilt(
al damage to the economic part -
No
(covered smut
yield
age to the other parts (down -
mildew, powdery mildew, leaf spot
and rusts
4. Yield losses estimation
(Total yield ( yield per plot-
.(Single plant (gm-
.(Kernel weight (gm- 1000-
Test weight-
Yd
Loss % =1- ------- x100
Yh
Where: Yd = yield of diseased plants
(.Yh = yield of healthy plants (Calpouzos et al., 1976
5. Factors Affecting Yield Losses
(.Varietal susceptibility (S-Ms-Mr-R- 1
(. Time of disease appearance (which growth stage- 2
Environmental conditions( temperature and- 3
(.relative humidity
For good experimental yield losses
.Using fungicides to protect the control plots- 1
.Inoculation at different dates- 2
.Inoculation with different inoculum level- 3
.Host predisposition- 4
6. Why we do
estimate
Yield loss
To estimate the Economic
Significance of the disease
To determine the economic
By
Threshold at which the To evaluate the genetic
Relating the disease
control measurement is Level of resistance in
infection
applied A variety
To yield loss
16. Rust diseases of wheat and powdery mildew causes significant yield -
. losses
The damage caused depends upon the severity and time of infection -
(. resulting into yield reduction (S. Ahmad et al., 2010
Estimates of yield losses of cereals caused by rusts since 1918 are -
maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture
Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul,
(. Minnesota (Chen et al., 2004
Wheat strip rust in the CWANA countries causing severe yield losses -
. more than 70% in 2010
leaf rust can cause grain yield losses higher than 50% in severe -
(. epidemics (German et al. 2007
. In Australia stem rust cause losses up to 37% in 1992-
In 1995 wheat strip rust caused yield losses ranged from 14 to 26% in -
delta region in Egypt, while the national loss was about 10%
(. (El- Daoudi et al., 1996
Wheat rusts under the Egyptian condition was the main cause to -
discarded some varieties such as Giza 139,144,150 sakha
. 8, 69, Gemmiza-1 and 5