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ベトナム・ハノイを事例とした
途上国下水・し尿系汚泥管理研究
京都大学大学院地球環境学堂
原田英典
2013/8/30@土木研究所 ICHARM棟 1階講堂
「開発途上国における都市排水マネジメントと技術適用に関する研究」ワークショップ
Workshop on Urban Wastewater Control Technologies in Developing Countries
自己紹介
 京都大学大学院地球環境学堂・助教
 2002年よりベトナムで研究(バングラ,ネパール,タイなども)
 2002~03年に半年間,2005~06年に1年間現地調査,2008
年より京大ハノイ拠点担当で半常駐,現在は出張ベース
◦ ラムドン省でのエコサントレイ導入事業(パストゥール研究所)
◦ ハノイでの腐敗槽・汚泥処理戦略研究(VAST-IET,土木大学)
◦ ハノイでの流域物質循環研究,循環型サニテーション技術研究(ハ
ノイ理工科大学環境学部;京大拠点)
◦ 他,ダナン工科大学,フエ科学大学,フエ農林大学などとも
2/17
ハノイおよびその周辺地域
Pumping
station
Thanh Liet
Sluice gate
West lake
watershe
d
Kim Nguu
river
watershed
To Lich
river
watershed
Yen So
watershedHoang
Liet
watershed
Set
river
wate
rshed
Lu
river
wate
rshed
ハノイ都市部の概況
Yen So WWTP
200,000m3/日
Kim Lien WWTP
4,800m3/日
Truc Bach WWTP
3,000m3/日
To Lich川流域(77.5 km2)
4/17
ハノイの下水道整備
 下水処理率:人口の1割ほど。200,000m3/dが試運転中
 既存のOpen Channelや排水河川を利用した集水網
既存の水路(Openが多い)
湖
新設の下水管渠で
インターセプト
5/17排水河川
ハノイ都市区のトイレ排水のストリーム調査
Fig. Sanitation coverage in urban Hanoi
100.0 %
Toilet wastes
from households
in urban Hanoi
Vault urine-diversion toilet
Private toilet of
single-unit houses89.7 %
(3.1)
70.2 % (5.1)
Pour-flush toilet
16.6 % (4.4)
1.3 % (0.5)
Vault toilet
1.3 % (0.6)
Bucket latrine
0.14 % (0.16)
Over-water toilet
0.14 % (0.18)
Private toilet of
apartment house
Flush toilet
8.7 % (3.0)
Public toilet
Flush toilet
1.3 % (0.8)
No toilet
0.29 % (0.21)
8.7 %
(3.0)
1.3 %
(0.8)
0.29 %
(0.21)
Septic tan
80.5 % (4
with gre
without
Open chn
2.7 % (2.1
Sewer pip
2.5 % (2.1
Water bod
0.72% (0.
Pit
0.43 % (0
Septic tan
8.7 % (3.0
Septic tan
1.3 % (0.8
Cistern-flush toilet
n=692.
Septic tank:
90.5 %
Flush toilet:
96.7 %
Septic Tank(腐敗槽)は
下水道未整備化では
ほぼ唯一の処理施設
6/17
生活雑排水は
ほぼ未処理
(腐敗槽なし)
ST運用の現状調査
• 嫌気消化を期待した沈殿槽
• 容量:5.4 m3 (Med.),83% >3.0m3(指針値)
• 引抜口:なし41%,セメント固め51%
• 汚泥引抜:設置以降一度もなし89.6%
0 10 20 30
Non-desludge period (year)
0
20
40
60
Frequencyofhousehold
Frequencyofhousehold
(household)
Non-desludging period (year)
0 10 20 30
Non-desludge period (year)
0
20
40
60
Frequencyofhousehold
Frequencyofhousehold
(household)
Non-desludging period (year)
表 セプティックタンク処理水の性状
(mg/L) CODCr BOD SS T-N T-P Cl-
Avg. 312.4 167.7 78.3 207.4 7.8 152.6
S.D. 217.0 118.8 30.8 94.9 4.2 34.2
汚泥非引抜期間(年)
世帯数頻度分布
(世帯)
7/17
7年 (Med.)
68.4% >5年
暫定策としての汚泥引抜促進
 腐敗槽の汚泥引抜による処理性能向上は暫定的な
衛生改善策になりうるほどの有意な効果があるか?
 汚泥引抜と腐敗槽処理性の定量関係を調査
26の腐敗槽の処理水性状および腐敗槽管理状況
 汚泥引抜以外の容量・使用人数・水洗水の多寡
などによる影響除去が必要
j
jijiCl
Cl
CC 

max
-
,,.
Cl
Cl-濃度による希釈水量補正
修正汚泥非引抜期間での検討
V
NP
P

修正
P: 期間
N: 使用者数
V: 槽容量
処理前し尿性状を下記と仮定
12,000 mg-BOD/L,および6,000 mg-Cl-/L
8/17
y = ‐0.61 x + 90.59 
R² = 0.81 
‐50
‐25
0
25
50
75
100
0 50 100 150 200
BOD 除去率(%)
修正汚泥非引抜期間 (月・人/m3)
汚泥引抜促進による処理性能向上効果の推計
• 超長期的に放置された腐敗槽はむしろ除去率がマイナス
– 極端な例では溜まった汚泥が押し出しで流出
• 年1回の引抜実施は現状比71%のBOD負荷低減効果あり
図 修正汚泥非引抜期間に応じたBOD除去率
希釈影響はCl-濃度で除去。排泄時12,000 mg-BOD/L,,6,000 mg-Cl-/Lを仮定
7年に一度引抜
(現状)
毎年引抜
腐敗槽の汚濁
除去効果
・スキミング
・沈降
・嫌気分解
9/17
ここまでのまとめと着眼点
 ハノイをはじめ,ベトナム都市部には腐敗槽は広く普及
するが,汚泥引抜は極めて限定的
 汚泥引抜促進は,下水道未整備下で即効性のある汚濁
負荷削減効果があるのは明らか
→汚泥処理施設・システム・制度の整備が課題
(現状,公共の汚泥処理場は50m3/dayのみ)
 腐敗槽と下水処理場での二重の処理となり無駄?
 下水道整備予定地域にはほぼ家屋地下に腐敗槽
 普及後は撤去?残すなら影響は?
10/17
下水道整備後は腐敗槽はいらない(HCM,ハノイ)?
腐敗槽汚泥引抜を進める上で下水道整備との整合性は?
日本の経験
生活水の利用特性調査
1…
2-…
4-…
6-…
8-…
1…
1…
2-…
4-…
6-…
8-…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
1…
2…
4…
6…
8…
1…
12-1AM
2-3AM
4-5AM
6-7AM
8-9AM
10-11AM
12-1PM
2-3PM
4-5PM
6-7PM
8-9PM
10-11PM
 ライフスタイルを反映
 平均水使用量は146 L/人/日
Bathing
Laundry
Dishwashing
Hygiene
Cooking
Toilet flush
Others
0
5
10
15
20
25 12-1AM
2-3AM
4-5AM
6-7AM
8-9AM
10-11AM
12-1PM
2-3PM
4-5PM
6-7PM
8-9PM
10-11PM
L/cap/hour
Monday
Tuesday
図 集合住宅10軒を対象とした時間水消費量
図 24時間中の水消費行動の頻度分布11/17
生活排水性状調査
(トイレ腐敗槽処理水+雑排水)
0
100
200
300
400
500
12AM
3AM
6AM
9AM
12PM
3PM
6PM
9PM
Conc. (mg/L)
BOD
Ave.=225 
S.D.=121 
0
50
100
150
200
250
12AM 6AM 12PM 6PM
Conc. (mg/L)
SS
Ave.=69.2 
S.D.=32.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
12AM 6AM 12PM 6PM
Conc. (mg/L)
TKN
Ave.=57 
S.D.=5.9
0
5
10
15
12AM 6AM 12PM 6PM
Conc. (mg/L)
TP
Ave.=8.0 
S.D.=1.8
12AM 6AM 12PM 6PM
Conc. (105MPN/100ml)
Total Coliform
0
10
5
15
Ave.=5.1.
S.D.=0.4
12/17
ハノイの下水道の処理場受け入れ水質
WWTP pH SS BOD CODCr T-N
T-
P
Coli.
(MPN/
100ml)
Source
Kim Lien (HN) 7.71 108 125 202 48.6 6.6 2.0*107 VA(2008)
Truc Bach (HN) 7.59 130 112 190 45.3 6.2 2.0*107 VA(2008)
横浜 7.2 140 160 84(Mn) 26 3.4 1.5*108 横浜市(2010)
水使用量を考えると,日本よりも汚濁物質濃度は高いはず
下水処理場流入水質では,N・P以外は日本の濃度より低い
おそらく,腐敗槽による沈降性物質除去効果
+管路輸送での除去効果
13/17
河川の側から見た汚濁,水質
14/17
Septic Tankの影響・役割
• STはし尿を直接水域(含む排水河川)に出さないステップ
• 例え処理場整備が進んでもSTの公衆衛生上の意義
都市区中下流部では,排水河川水質≒下水流入水質
• 下水道網整備は排水河川等を利用したイン
ターセプト型
• 排水はオープンな環境で輸送(公衆衛生懸念)
 処理場整備が進んでも当分この状況
• 一方,下水処理場流入水C/N比の低下
 ただし,流域的には,郊外・農村での農業・畜産由来のN負荷が大
 郊外・農村部では現在も尿(N多)の農業利用 15/17
Human 
Life
21,153
Livestock
41,498
Market
148,777
Atmosphere
Water /Soil Environment
Irrigation: 21,459
Rain: 20,781 
Product: 
47,487
Soill Acccumulation: 51,301
Discharge: 15,902
Waste: 
3,917
Waste: 
1,188
Other
Market: 
88,098
Waste
Food: 8,407
Emmision: 12,389
Fix: 28,637
Food: 21,153
Biogas
Pond
9,094
Agriclutural Land
186,610
Fish Feed:  6,684  
Product: 3,038
Nemission: 270 
Discharge:19,213
Discharge to 
Water: 55,983
2,979
1,084
6,618
1,326
Residue: 
17,099
Fertilizer: 
89,037
Nhue-Day川流域でのNマテリアルフロー
16/17
現在取り組み中の課題
 流域におけるBasicな意味での病原微生物リスク解析
(大腸菌曝露量)
◦ 都市部でのST運用によるリスク低減効果
◦ 中下流域(穀倉地帯)での河川水灌漑利用に伴う病原微生物リ
スクの上流ST運用による低減効果
 ST運用戦略に応じた地域からの汚濁負荷低減効果の
定量的実証
→ 汚泥性状データ収集,モデル地区でのシナリオ作成
など,汚泥処理施設の導入を目指す
 地区単位のマテリアルフローモデルを援用した流域で
の汚濁負荷水系モデルの構築
 N・P適正循環のためのベトナム北部伝統的し尿分離を
活用した衛生的なサニテーションシステム開発・評価
17/17
謝辞
 科研費(特別研究員奨励費,若手スタートアッ
プ,若手B,基盤A(海外)),環境総合研究推
進費,京都大学グローバルCOE-HSE,京都大
学EMLプログラム,昭和シェル財団
 主な共同研究者
◦ 京都大学
 松井三郎名誉教授,藤井滋穂教授,大学院生諸氏
◦ ハノイ理工科大学環境理工学部
 Huynh Trung Hai 学部長,Nguyen Pham Hong Lien講師
◦ ベトナム科学技術アカデミー環境技術研究所
 Nguyen The Dong所長(現環境総局副局長)
◦ ハノイ土木工科大学
 Nguyen Viet Anh准教授
18/17

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ベトナム・ハノイを事例とした 途上国下水・し尿系汚泥管理研究