This document proposes a culturally appropriate sexual education intervention for Latino parents of middle school students. It will consist of a 3-hour session and 4 follow-up phone calls over 12 months. The session, led by a Latino health educator, will teach parents effective communication strategies around sex education using modeling through telenovela clips and focusing on Latino values. Effectiveness will be measured through pre- and post-intervention questionnaires with teens on parent-child communication, parental monitoring, perceived parental expertise in sex education, and sexual behaviors. The intervention aims to reduce risky sexual behaviors in Latino teens by improving parental communication.
This document discusses international perspectives on child sexual abuse from a workshop hosted by the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN). It covers several key topics:
1) ISPCAN is a non-governmental organization working to prevent child abuse globally. The workshop brought together professionals from 19 countries to discuss high-level clinical and policy approaches to child sexual abuse.
2) Child sexual abuse occurs in all cultures and societies. While definitions vary, there is universal agreement that certain sexual acts harm children's development. Collecting accurate data on prevalence is important to inform responses.
3) Prevention, identification and treatment approaches need to be evidence-based, culturally appropriate, and evaluated
This document outlines strategies to reduce unwanted teen pregnancies. It discusses how teen pregnancy is associated with broader social factors like poverty and sexual abuse. It also negatively impacts society through high school dropout rates and increased poverty. The document then presents four goals: 1) conduct age-appropriate sex education in schools, 2) educate parents and communities to support youth, 3) raise ongoing awareness of teen pregnancy prevention, and 4) provide youth access to reproductive healthcare. For each goal, it provides background information, strategies, and objectives to address teen pregnancy in Memphis/Shelby County.
An overview and summary on the research done for the Break the Silence: End Child Abuse Campaign. by Rhoda Reddock, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
Parent child communication and adolescent sexual behaviour among the yoruba e...Alexander Decker
This document discusses parent-child communication about sexual matters among the Yoruba ethnic group in Nigeria. It finds that communication on sexual topics was traditionally considered taboo and discussed indirectly or through euphemisms. As a result, many parents provide little guidance to adolescents on sexuality. The study surveyed 588 adolescents and found that males were more likely to report their first sexual experience was by choice, while females often felt forced. It concludes that improving open communication between parents and children on sexuality could help promote healthier decisions by adolescents.
The document summarizes a study on the practices of Muslim pupils attending a public primary school in Metro Manila. The study found that Muslim pupils maintained a strong cultural identity and social solidarity with other Muslim students. They preferred to associate with fellow Muslims over non-Muslim students. However, Muslim pupils also valued education highly and saw it as important for helping their families and future employment opportunities. While maintaining their cultural practices, the Muslim students accommodated the mainstream school culture by conforming to academic expectations.
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
This study surveyed Location of mothers and child rearing practices as a predictor to juvenile delinquency among primary school pupils in Borno state, Nigeria. The differences between child rearing practice among urban and rural mothers and the nature of delinquencies associated with children of mothers from the different locations were determined. The population of the study was all mothers of delinquent primary school pupils in rural and urban areas of Borno State, Nigeria and their delinquent children. Data was collected from eight hundred mothers in both rural and urban areas and the teachers of their delinquent children. Stratified purposive sampling was used to select the sample. Self-made instrument consisting of 55 items questionnaire and 26 items child delinquency rating scale with Alpha reliability index of 0.89 and 0.93 respectively were used to collect data for the study. Descriptive statistic (simple percentage, mean and standard deviation) and standard step wise multiple regression at alpha level of p<0.05 were used to analyze the data. Result indicated that there were differences in child rearing practices of rural and urban mothers and also differences in the juvenile delinquency associated with children of the different location. There is also positive relationship between child rearing and mother’s location and juvenile delinquency of primary school pupils. It is recommended that Borno State Government should put in place social facilities and security in the rural area as absence of these could result in higher level of physical and social delinquency that is already common among children of the rural women. It is also recommended that a research be further conducted to find out why personal social and physical related delinquency are common among rural children of Borno state, Nigeria.
This document discusses international perspectives on child sexual abuse from a workshop hosted by the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN). It covers several key topics:
1) ISPCAN is a non-governmental organization working to prevent child abuse globally. The workshop brought together professionals from 19 countries to discuss high-level clinical and policy approaches to child sexual abuse.
2) Child sexual abuse occurs in all cultures and societies. While definitions vary, there is universal agreement that certain sexual acts harm children's development. Collecting accurate data on prevalence is important to inform responses.
3) Prevention, identification and treatment approaches need to be evidence-based, culturally appropriate, and evaluated
This document outlines strategies to reduce unwanted teen pregnancies. It discusses how teen pregnancy is associated with broader social factors like poverty and sexual abuse. It also negatively impacts society through high school dropout rates and increased poverty. The document then presents four goals: 1) conduct age-appropriate sex education in schools, 2) educate parents and communities to support youth, 3) raise ongoing awareness of teen pregnancy prevention, and 4) provide youth access to reproductive healthcare. For each goal, it provides background information, strategies, and objectives to address teen pregnancy in Memphis/Shelby County.
An overview and summary on the research done for the Break the Silence: End Child Abuse Campaign. by Rhoda Reddock, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
Parent child communication and adolescent sexual behaviour among the yoruba e...Alexander Decker
This document discusses parent-child communication about sexual matters among the Yoruba ethnic group in Nigeria. It finds that communication on sexual topics was traditionally considered taboo and discussed indirectly or through euphemisms. As a result, many parents provide little guidance to adolescents on sexuality. The study surveyed 588 adolescents and found that males were more likely to report their first sexual experience was by choice, while females often felt forced. It concludes that improving open communication between parents and children on sexuality could help promote healthier decisions by adolescents.
The document summarizes a study on the practices of Muslim pupils attending a public primary school in Metro Manila. The study found that Muslim pupils maintained a strong cultural identity and social solidarity with other Muslim students. They preferred to associate with fellow Muslims over non-Muslim students. However, Muslim pupils also valued education highly and saw it as important for helping their families and future employment opportunities. While maintaining their cultural practices, the Muslim students accommodated the mainstream school culture by conforming to academic expectations.
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
This study surveyed Location of mothers and child rearing practices as a predictor to juvenile delinquency among primary school pupils in Borno state, Nigeria. The differences between child rearing practice among urban and rural mothers and the nature of delinquencies associated with children of mothers from the different locations were determined. The population of the study was all mothers of delinquent primary school pupils in rural and urban areas of Borno State, Nigeria and their delinquent children. Data was collected from eight hundred mothers in both rural and urban areas and the teachers of their delinquent children. Stratified purposive sampling was used to select the sample. Self-made instrument consisting of 55 items questionnaire and 26 items child delinquency rating scale with Alpha reliability index of 0.89 and 0.93 respectively were used to collect data for the study. Descriptive statistic (simple percentage, mean and standard deviation) and standard step wise multiple regression at alpha level of p<0.05 were used to analyze the data. Result indicated that there were differences in child rearing practices of rural and urban mothers and also differences in the juvenile delinquency associated with children of the different location. There is also positive relationship between child rearing and mother’s location and juvenile delinquency of primary school pupils. It is recommended that Borno State Government should put in place social facilities and security in the rural area as absence of these could result in higher level of physical and social delinquency that is already common among children of the rural women. It is also recommended that a research be further conducted to find out why personal social and physical related delinquency are common among rural children of Borno state, Nigeria.
This document provides an overview of religious and political opposition to reproductive health and rights around the world. It introduces three leading organizations that advocate for sexual and reproductive rights - IPPF, SIECUS, and Planned Parenthood - and their missions. The document then examines 13 common tactics used by opponents, such as promoting abstinence-only education, disparaging condom use, and restricting access to emergency contraception. For each tactic, it provides details on the strategy and goals of opponents as well as useful facts advocates can use to promote comprehensive sexual health.
Single Fathers Rearing Successful Children and Productive Members of SocietyJudithLhamon
This research paper was done to show proficiency in research analysis and writing. The research topic of single fathers as successful parents was chosen to show that traditional families are not the only way to view family and to study whether fathers can rear successful children in the way that mothers tend to.
Child trafficking has become a major problem in the Philippines that negatively impacts Filipino values. Children who are trafficked are unable to learn values from their families and in school. They are often exploited through forced labor or the sex trade. This exposes them to physical and psychological abuse, health risks, and prevents them from receiving an education. Trafficked children find it nearly impossible to properly learn and practice positive Filipino values such as love, kindness, honesty and loyalty. The document examines the issue of child trafficking in the Philippines and its effects on developing good values in Filipino youth.
This document discusses drug use and abuse among youth in Borno State, Nigeria. It begins by explaining that drug addiction is a complex brain disease that is difficult to quit, even for those who want to, due to changes in brain function from prolonged drug use. The paper then explores the negative impacts of drug use among Nigerian youth, such as health issues, lost productivity, and crime. It discusses how factors like peer pressure, lack of parental guidance, and unemployment can contribute to youth drug abuse. The document also provides background on how drugs affect the brain's reward system and notes that addiction is a relapsing condition where treatment may need to be adjusted over time. In summary, the paper examines the problem of rising drug abuse among
A Toolkit about SRO's (School Resource Officers) and Girls of Color: Building Relationships and Dispelling Racial Disparities Authors:
Monique W. Morris, Rebecca Epstein, and Aishatu Yusuf
National Black Women's Justice Initiative and the Center on Poverty and Inequality - Georgetown Law
Hispanic Immigrants’ Academic Achievement By NationalityRicky Rangel
This document discusses a study analyzing the academic achievements of Hispanic immigrant students from different countries of origin. The study uses data from over 5,000 immigrant students to examine the relationship between students' GPAs and factors like ethnicity, family economic status, parents' education levels, English proficiency, and time spent on homework. The results suggest that a student's country of origin does not significantly impact academic performance on its own. Rather, the key drivers of success are higher family economic status and more time spent on homework each day. The document argues for a more customized approach to academic programs that considers differences in cultures and backgrounds between immigrant groups from different Latin American countries.
“ Más allá de la oleada, menores no acompañados en espera de ser escuchados”.Proceso Digital
Refugee children often experience disruptions to their education and limited schooling opportunities before resettling in countries like the United States. In countries of first asylum, refugee children face language barriers, discrimination, large class sizes, and inconsistent quality of instruction. They are also more accustomed to teacher-centered learning rather than the child-centered approach used in U.S. schools. A new report from the Migration Policy Institute examines how these pre-resettlement educational experiences can impact how refugee children adjust to schools in the United States. The report is based on case studies of refugee children in several countries and identifies strategies teachers can use to help overcome educational gaps and engage refugee students.
Justice for Young Families: Changing the Narrative Around Adolescent ParentingYTH
From the high visibility of pregnancy prevention campaigns to popular reality shoes, we are constantly bombarded with hurtful stereotypical images of what it means to be a young parent. Join California Latinas for Reproductive Justice as we discuss how our long-term initiative, Justice for Young Families (J4YF), is shifting the narrative around pregnant and parenting youth. Society's punitive framework that blames and stigmatizes young parents fails to recognize the complex socioeconomic realities and systemic barriers Latinx youth experience. By centering the voices and experiences of young parents, our Young Parent Leaders are unapologetically carving their own space and are at the forefront of policy changes that directly impact the health and well-being of young parents across California.
This document is a guide created by the Unión de Asociaciones Familiares (UNAF) to promote sexual health and rights, especially for migrants in Spain. It discusses key topics related to sexuality, including the concepts of sex, gender, identity and orientation. The guide aims to provide information to help people experience sexuality in a healthy, responsible and pleasurable way. It covers issues like sexual and reproductive rights, anatomy, relationships, sexually transmitted infections, and violence. The overall goal is to facilitate access to information and encourage reflection to promote care, acceptance and respect.
The document discusses substance abuse issues among North American Aboriginal communities and culturally sensitive treatment approaches. It explores issues such as generational trauma from colonization, residential schools, and the Indian Act, which have contributed to substance abuse, family disruption, and related problems. Community-based and holistic treatment methods are recommended, incorporating traditional healing practices like the medicine wheel, sweat lodges, and storytelling to address mind, body, spirit, and emotions in a culturally-grounded way.
The document discusses drug abuse among Nigerian youth and the government's efforts to address it. It notes that drug and alcohol usage has jeopardized the development of Nigerian children and led to increased crime. The Oshiomole Administration established the Directorate of Childhood Affairs and Cultural Mobilization to combat crime and educate youth about the dangers of drug abuse. The directorate aims to research childhood violence and substance abuse issues. The government is responsible for providing hope to the state's children and promoting peace. The directorate needs full support to carry out its mission of enlightening youth through educational outreach programs. Drug abuse has led to over 13.2% increase in youth deaths over the past 9 years, so addressing this issue
Sociology examines both the structural aspects of human society and social relationships within those structures. Early Filipinos had a rich culture before colonizers arrived, evident in their social classes, homes, dress, education, music, arts, and ways of courting, burying the dead, and mourning. They were also hospitable, clean, trustworthy, and honest. Filipino culture and social organization are characterized by strong religious faith, respect for authority, and emphasis on relationships and helping one another. Education is influenced by parental involvement, economic status, health, recreation, employment, and connections between schools, families and neighborhoods.
The document discusses sexuality education in Nigeria. It notes that Nigerian youth face early exposure to sexuality without proper education, which leads to unintended pregnancy and disease. Sexuality education is defined as instruction to make individuals sexually and psychologically capable of rational decisions. However, in Nigeria sexuality education is lacking from parents, schools, and religious institutions. This neglect has contributed to high rates of immorality, pregnancy, and disease among youth. The document argues that comprehensive sexuality education programs taught by all sectors of society could help address these issues.
This document discusses gender education globally and provides context on key related concepts. It begins by defining the differences between gender and sex, and then discusses what gender equality means for young men and women in poor communities worldwide. It explores the roles of gender stereotypes and similarities/differences between males and females. The document also examines conceptual frameworks for gender equality in education, contested perspectives, and how global goals are constructed. It provides examples of defining global equality agendas and relates this to initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All. While acknowledging support for setting global targets, it also notes potential issues like imperialist legacies and pressures of neoliberal economic globalization.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on gender equality and mainstreaming gender in drug prevention and recovery efforts. It discusses definitions of key terms like gender and health. It outlines UN sustainable development goals and milestones on gender mainstreaming. Data on issues facing women like health risks, violence, and social determinants of health are presented. The document then describes UNICRI's mandate and a project called DAWN which aims to advocate for gender-responsive interventions for substance use. Tools to support gender mainstreaming in this area are also mentioned.
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including relationships, sexual anatomy, activity, reproduction, consent, health, and rights. It aims to educate using comprehensive approaches covering all relevant topics. Common avenues for sex education are parents, school programs, and public health campaigns. While traditionally considered taboo, sex education was introduced in schools in the late 19th century and has expanded with goals of preventing teen pregnancy and disease. It remains a controversial issue with debate around appropriate topics and delivery methods.
FLEXPay is a billing platform from Tungsten Solutions that allows vendors to connect with customers, process payments, and offer backup payment options to prevent defaults. It aggregates individual payments and provides real-time reporting and customization capabilities to help companies increase revenues, reduce costs, and improve the customer experience over legacy systems. FLEXPay offers advantages like being fully customizable, secure, fast, and requiring no software to purchase or maintain.
Este documento trata sobre la industria del caucho y su aplicación en la fabricación de calzado. Describe los dos tipos de caucho, natural y sintético, y cómo se usa en la fabricación de tubos, neumáticos y guantes. Detalla los requisitos para el calzado de caucho, como la abrasión, flexibilidad y impermeabilidad. Explica los riesgos en la fabricación de calzado de caucho y las medidas de seguridad necesarias como el equipo de protección personal.
1. US-China economic relations grew from virtually nothing following the Communist victory in 1949 and US embargo, to increasing trade in the 1980s as China reformed under Deng Xiaoping. 2. The positive relations of the 1980s deteriorated after the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown and end of the Soviet Union removed the rationale of strategic alignment. 3. However, despite political tensions, economic ties between the US and China continued growing rapidly in the post-Cold War period.
1) The document provides instructions for setting up and using a GNSS receiver, total station, and data collector for field surveying work. It discusses creating a new job, loading points, performing GNSS and total station measurements, and taking field notes.
2) Specific instructions are given for initializing the total station, backsighting, and analyzing the orientation compared to GNSS control points. The document also outlines steps for measuring GNSS checkpoints and performing rapid GPS topo shots.
3) Details are provided on setting coordinate systems, geoid models, and point naming conventions when working with State Plane, County Coordinate System, or NGS datasheets and importing point files.
This document provides an overview of religious and political opposition to reproductive health and rights around the world. It introduces three leading organizations that advocate for sexual and reproductive rights - IPPF, SIECUS, and Planned Parenthood - and their missions. The document then examines 13 common tactics used by opponents, such as promoting abstinence-only education, disparaging condom use, and restricting access to emergency contraception. For each tactic, it provides details on the strategy and goals of opponents as well as useful facts advocates can use to promote comprehensive sexual health.
Single Fathers Rearing Successful Children and Productive Members of SocietyJudithLhamon
This research paper was done to show proficiency in research analysis and writing. The research topic of single fathers as successful parents was chosen to show that traditional families are not the only way to view family and to study whether fathers can rear successful children in the way that mothers tend to.
Child trafficking has become a major problem in the Philippines that negatively impacts Filipino values. Children who are trafficked are unable to learn values from their families and in school. They are often exploited through forced labor or the sex trade. This exposes them to physical and psychological abuse, health risks, and prevents them from receiving an education. Trafficked children find it nearly impossible to properly learn and practice positive Filipino values such as love, kindness, honesty and loyalty. The document examines the issue of child trafficking in the Philippines and its effects on developing good values in Filipino youth.
This document discusses drug use and abuse among youth in Borno State, Nigeria. It begins by explaining that drug addiction is a complex brain disease that is difficult to quit, even for those who want to, due to changes in brain function from prolonged drug use. The paper then explores the negative impacts of drug use among Nigerian youth, such as health issues, lost productivity, and crime. It discusses how factors like peer pressure, lack of parental guidance, and unemployment can contribute to youth drug abuse. The document also provides background on how drugs affect the brain's reward system and notes that addiction is a relapsing condition where treatment may need to be adjusted over time. In summary, the paper examines the problem of rising drug abuse among
A Toolkit about SRO's (School Resource Officers) and Girls of Color: Building Relationships and Dispelling Racial Disparities Authors:
Monique W. Morris, Rebecca Epstein, and Aishatu Yusuf
National Black Women's Justice Initiative and the Center on Poverty and Inequality - Georgetown Law
Hispanic Immigrants’ Academic Achievement By NationalityRicky Rangel
This document discusses a study analyzing the academic achievements of Hispanic immigrant students from different countries of origin. The study uses data from over 5,000 immigrant students to examine the relationship between students' GPAs and factors like ethnicity, family economic status, parents' education levels, English proficiency, and time spent on homework. The results suggest that a student's country of origin does not significantly impact academic performance on its own. Rather, the key drivers of success are higher family economic status and more time spent on homework each day. The document argues for a more customized approach to academic programs that considers differences in cultures and backgrounds between immigrant groups from different Latin American countries.
“ Más allá de la oleada, menores no acompañados en espera de ser escuchados”.Proceso Digital
Refugee children often experience disruptions to their education and limited schooling opportunities before resettling in countries like the United States. In countries of first asylum, refugee children face language barriers, discrimination, large class sizes, and inconsistent quality of instruction. They are also more accustomed to teacher-centered learning rather than the child-centered approach used in U.S. schools. A new report from the Migration Policy Institute examines how these pre-resettlement educational experiences can impact how refugee children adjust to schools in the United States. The report is based on case studies of refugee children in several countries and identifies strategies teachers can use to help overcome educational gaps and engage refugee students.
Justice for Young Families: Changing the Narrative Around Adolescent ParentingYTH
From the high visibility of pregnancy prevention campaigns to popular reality shoes, we are constantly bombarded with hurtful stereotypical images of what it means to be a young parent. Join California Latinas for Reproductive Justice as we discuss how our long-term initiative, Justice for Young Families (J4YF), is shifting the narrative around pregnant and parenting youth. Society's punitive framework that blames and stigmatizes young parents fails to recognize the complex socioeconomic realities and systemic barriers Latinx youth experience. By centering the voices and experiences of young parents, our Young Parent Leaders are unapologetically carving their own space and are at the forefront of policy changes that directly impact the health and well-being of young parents across California.
This document is a guide created by the Unión de Asociaciones Familiares (UNAF) to promote sexual health and rights, especially for migrants in Spain. It discusses key topics related to sexuality, including the concepts of sex, gender, identity and orientation. The guide aims to provide information to help people experience sexuality in a healthy, responsible and pleasurable way. It covers issues like sexual and reproductive rights, anatomy, relationships, sexually transmitted infections, and violence. The overall goal is to facilitate access to information and encourage reflection to promote care, acceptance and respect.
The document discusses substance abuse issues among North American Aboriginal communities and culturally sensitive treatment approaches. It explores issues such as generational trauma from colonization, residential schools, and the Indian Act, which have contributed to substance abuse, family disruption, and related problems. Community-based and holistic treatment methods are recommended, incorporating traditional healing practices like the medicine wheel, sweat lodges, and storytelling to address mind, body, spirit, and emotions in a culturally-grounded way.
The document discusses drug abuse among Nigerian youth and the government's efforts to address it. It notes that drug and alcohol usage has jeopardized the development of Nigerian children and led to increased crime. The Oshiomole Administration established the Directorate of Childhood Affairs and Cultural Mobilization to combat crime and educate youth about the dangers of drug abuse. The directorate aims to research childhood violence and substance abuse issues. The government is responsible for providing hope to the state's children and promoting peace. The directorate needs full support to carry out its mission of enlightening youth through educational outreach programs. Drug abuse has led to over 13.2% increase in youth deaths over the past 9 years, so addressing this issue
Sociology examines both the structural aspects of human society and social relationships within those structures. Early Filipinos had a rich culture before colonizers arrived, evident in their social classes, homes, dress, education, music, arts, and ways of courting, burying the dead, and mourning. They were also hospitable, clean, trustworthy, and honest. Filipino culture and social organization are characterized by strong religious faith, respect for authority, and emphasis on relationships and helping one another. Education is influenced by parental involvement, economic status, health, recreation, employment, and connections between schools, families and neighborhoods.
The document discusses sexuality education in Nigeria. It notes that Nigerian youth face early exposure to sexuality without proper education, which leads to unintended pregnancy and disease. Sexuality education is defined as instruction to make individuals sexually and psychologically capable of rational decisions. However, in Nigeria sexuality education is lacking from parents, schools, and religious institutions. This neglect has contributed to high rates of immorality, pregnancy, and disease among youth. The document argues that comprehensive sexuality education programs taught by all sectors of society could help address these issues.
This document discusses gender education globally and provides context on key related concepts. It begins by defining the differences between gender and sex, and then discusses what gender equality means for young men and women in poor communities worldwide. It explores the roles of gender stereotypes and similarities/differences between males and females. The document also examines conceptual frameworks for gender equality in education, contested perspectives, and how global goals are constructed. It provides examples of defining global equality agendas and relates this to initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All. While acknowledging support for setting global targets, it also notes potential issues like imperialist legacies and pressures of neoliberal economic globalization.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on gender equality and mainstreaming gender in drug prevention and recovery efforts. It discusses definitions of key terms like gender and health. It outlines UN sustainable development goals and milestones on gender mainstreaming. Data on issues facing women like health risks, violence, and social determinants of health are presented. The document then describes UNICRI's mandate and a project called DAWN which aims to advocate for gender-responsive interventions for substance use. Tools to support gender mainstreaming in this area are also mentioned.
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including relationships, sexual anatomy, activity, reproduction, consent, health, and rights. It aims to educate using comprehensive approaches covering all relevant topics. Common avenues for sex education are parents, school programs, and public health campaigns. While traditionally considered taboo, sex education was introduced in schools in the late 19th century and has expanded with goals of preventing teen pregnancy and disease. It remains a controversial issue with debate around appropriate topics and delivery methods.
FLEXPay is a billing platform from Tungsten Solutions that allows vendors to connect with customers, process payments, and offer backup payment options to prevent defaults. It aggregates individual payments and provides real-time reporting and customization capabilities to help companies increase revenues, reduce costs, and improve the customer experience over legacy systems. FLEXPay offers advantages like being fully customizable, secure, fast, and requiring no software to purchase or maintain.
Este documento trata sobre la industria del caucho y su aplicación en la fabricación de calzado. Describe los dos tipos de caucho, natural y sintético, y cómo se usa en la fabricación de tubos, neumáticos y guantes. Detalla los requisitos para el calzado de caucho, como la abrasión, flexibilidad y impermeabilidad. Explica los riesgos en la fabricación de calzado de caucho y las medidas de seguridad necesarias como el equipo de protección personal.
1. US-China economic relations grew from virtually nothing following the Communist victory in 1949 and US embargo, to increasing trade in the 1980s as China reformed under Deng Xiaoping. 2. The positive relations of the 1980s deteriorated after the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown and end of the Soviet Union removed the rationale of strategic alignment. 3. However, despite political tensions, economic ties between the US and China continued growing rapidly in the post-Cold War period.
1) The document provides instructions for setting up and using a GNSS receiver, total station, and data collector for field surveying work. It discusses creating a new job, loading points, performing GNSS and total station measurements, and taking field notes.
2) Specific instructions are given for initializing the total station, backsighting, and analyzing the orientation compared to GNSS control points. The document also outlines steps for measuring GNSS checkpoints and performing rapid GPS topo shots.
3) Details are provided on setting coordinate systems, geoid models, and point naming conventions when working with State Plane, County Coordinate System, or NGS datasheets and importing point files.
The United Nations in Post-War Bosnia (expanded version)Jason Meade
The United Nations became involved in Bosnia during the collapse of Yugoslavia and wars of succession in the 1990s. The UN imposed an arms embargo but this disadvantaged Bosnian government forces fighting Serb rebels carrying out ethnic cleansing. The UN also established safe areas for refugees but failed to protect the safe area of Srebrenica, which fell to Serb forces who massacred thousands of Bosniaks. During the siege of Sarajevo, UN peacekeepers did not prevent the siege and some UN personnel profited from the black market and abused civilians. After the war, the UN administered postwar Bosnia and faced challenges including continuing ethnic tensions, a weak economy, and the presence of war criminals.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by simply clicking the "GET STARTED" prompt. In just one sentence, it pitches presentation creation using Haiku Deck on SlideShare's platform.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Viewpoint for Projects - Collaborative project management made simpleJabus Kotze
Streamlined processes and clear communication in the Building, Energy and Infrastructure Sector for all team members - owners, architects, construction manager, engineers and subcontractors. Built on a Common Data Environment, Viewpoint for Projects includes capabilities for Document Control, Project Communications, BIM and Field Mobility.
The document provides an overview of the Center for Executive Development's (CEDD) learning programs, which include instructor-led training, web-based training, and virtual instructor-led training. The programs are offered at foundational, intermediate, and advanced levels and target all employee competencies such as personal mastery, critical thinking, organizational stewardship, interpersonal effectiveness, communication, and veteran and customer focus. Courses are available in various topics within each competency. Contact information is provided for CEDD learning consultants.
The document outlines the process of creating a health disparities bibliography for publication with Oxford Press. A research team met weekly to set goals, receive library training, develop a bibliography outline, and assign sections. Literature searches using PubMed and over 300 abstracts informed discussion meetings to select articles and revise the outline. Challenges were encountered but lessons included maintaining a continuous writing process, setting research parameters, using the outline as a foundation, and utilizing available resources.
This document summarizes a study that utilized the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to identify health disparities among manufacturing workers in South Texas compared to state and county populations. The study found disparities among the manufacturing workers in health care coverage, utilization of preventive health services, rates of chronic diseases, health behaviors, obesity rates, and self-reported health status. The results indicate a need for interventions to promote healthy behaviors for these workers and suggest that low health care coverage contributes to lower use of screening and prevention services.
Este documento contiene 19 fichas de actividades para preescolares. Cada ficha presenta una actividad breve de trazos, coloreado o completado de figuras relacionadas con temas como números, letras, animales y objetos cotidianos. El objetivo es que los niños practiquen habilidades motrices finas y desarrollen su capacidad de reconocimiento de formas y colores.
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including relationships, sexual health, and reproduction. It aims to give people the skills and information to make healthy decisions about sex. While some parents support comprehensive sex education in schools, others prefer education to take place at home with an abstinence-only focus. Experts generally agree that effective sex education programs provide medically accurate information, build life skills, and incorporate discussions of gender and human rights.
Sex education is an important but controversial topic in the Philippines. While introducing comprehensive sex education and contraceptives in schools could help address issues like teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, many conservative groups oppose it due to concerns about promoting premarital sex. Educators argue that youth today face different challenges and need age-appropriate information to make informed decisions. Studies show sex education can help delay sexual activity and promote safe behaviors. While controversial with some Church leaders, adapted Catholic school modules and public school programs indicate support from other educators in providing sexuality education.
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including relationships, sexual anatomy, activity, reproduction, consent, health, and rights. It aims to give comprehensive and medically accurate information to help adolescents make informed decisions. Evidence shows that comprehensive sex education which includes discussion of contraception can help reduce risky behaviors and unintended pregnancy rates compared to abstinence-only programs. It is considered important by health organizations for promoting sexual health, well-being, communication and informed decision making among youth.
This document appears to be a research paper written by students investigating the perceptions of grade 11 students regarding the possible implementation of sex education. It includes an introduction outlining the background and importance of sex education, as well as the research objectives and questions. It discusses the significance of studying students' perceptions, as the Philippines has passed legislation requiring sex education but faces opposition from the Catholic Church. The document provides an in-depth literature review on topics related to sex education and outlines the theoretical framework and methodology that will be used in the study.
Running Head Teen Pregnancy 1Teen Pregnancy .docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Teen Pregnancy 1
Teen Pregnancy 2
Teen Pregnancy
Name
Institution
Date
Teen Pregnancy
Introduction
Early sexual activity is one of the major issues in the development of adolescents. Different surveys such as Youth Risk Behavior Survey and National Survey of Family Growth have established that most adolescents engage in sexual activities at earlier ages. However, older adolescents aged 15 years and older have recorded a reduction in sexual activity whereas those that are younger have recorded increased sexual activity. There are different factors that make adolescents engage in sexual activities. Some of these factors include peer pressure to engage in sexual activity, adolescents that mature earlier and the influence of the new media. The use of drugs as well as alcohol leads to reduced inhibitions hence, influencing unprotected sexual activity. Boys and girls that smoke or take alcohol are at risk of early sexual activity. This is because the use of these substances influences their decision making in social contexts.
Fake references According Peters, 2017, early sexual activity is associated with teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has been a national concern for many decades. Teenage pregnancy in most cases complicates the development of adolescents and it leads to a difficultshift to young adulthood. This leads to potential limited economic and most important educational opportunities. There has been a significant teenage pregnancy decline in the last three decades. However, based on the National Campaign aimed at preventing teen pregnancy shows that out of ten girls, four of them get pregnant before they are twenty years old. Compared to other industrialized countries, United States has the highest teen pregnancy, abortion and birth rates (Peters, 2017).
Population Impacted and how they are affected.
Sexual risk behavior among adolescents in the United States is a major health concern. According to Rebecca et al, 2011, approximately 800,000 girls aged between fifteen and nineteen years get pregnant every year. In recent years, the proportion of sexually experienced adolescents has decreased. However, 34 percent of the ninth graders and 61 percent of the 12th graders agree to having had sexual intercourse. Of those that go to high school, 7 percent agree to have sex before their thirteenth birthday. Fake data
In 2015, 229,715babies were born to mothers aged between 15 years and 19 years. This represented a birth rate of approximately 22 per 1,000 girls in the 15-19 age group. This was a record low showing a drop of 8 percent from the previous year, 2014. There was also a significant drop of 9% for girls aged 15 to 17 and 7% for women between 18 years and 19 years. The decline was attributed to abstinence of teens from sexual activity and those that are were sexually active using birth control ...
The document discusses educating to reduce child sexual abuse. It defines child sexual abuse and provides statistics on its prevalence. It discusses "Erin's Law," which requires child sexual abuse education in schools. It also discusses efforts taken in Vermont and Columbia County, Oregon to implement abuse prevention education and curriculum. The document argues that decreasing child sexual abuse rates may be possible by expanding education efforts targeting individuals, families, and communities, as was done successfully in Vermont.
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including relationships, sexual anatomy, activity, reproduction, consent, health, rights, and birth control. It aims to provide comprehensive information to help people make informed decisions. Evidence shows that comprehensive sex education that includes contraception information can reduce unintended pregnancies and STIs when combined with access to birth control, while abstinence-only education may increase risks. Sources of sex education include informal conversations, as well as planned instruction in schools or from health organizations.
6Ashley WaddyENG 112December 3, 2015Child abuse and raci.docxevonnehoggarth79783
6
Ashley Waddy
ENG 112
December 3, 2015
Child abuse and racism
It is illegal to treat people differently or unfairly simply because they belong to a different race or culture. Neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse are a major contributor to child maltreatment, poverty and neglect are highly correlated. Children as well as young people from black and minority ethnic groups experience racism which extends to impact the child’s wellbeing but may vary depending on many circumstances. Some people may view it as racism significantly damages children’s chances of fulfilling their potential; however, research suggests that the effects of racism on a child’s emotional as well as physical and psychological development may be profound since the harmful determinant of population health is in its infancy.
Child abuse that results from racism is the hardest form of prejudice to recognize because children are the one group that is viewed as naturally subordinate until a certain age is reached a stipulated age, they are the responsibility of their parents or guardians that have been accorded the responsibility of having custody of the children. The essential components of child abuse are a claim by adults to the effect that the child is there’s and they see fit to do exactly what they want, or children exist to serve, honor and obey adults.
Children can also experience racism because of what their religion or nationality may be. Racism that results to child abuse takes many different forms which are inclusive of written or verbal threats or insults, damage to property, including graffiti and personal attacks of any kind which includes violence. Consequently, a child that is subjected to any form of racism is more likely to have a negative self-image and low self-esteem, the role of anyone working with children or providing activities for them is to ensure the protection of children who may be vulnerable to racist bullying and racial abuse. Black and ethnic children are most likely to experience bullying than their white counterparts since white children usually witness racial bullying as bystanders as the most common expression of racism is through racist name-calling. Research shows that this form of racism towards children is often viewed by adults as trivial although there is some limited research evidence which shows that racial bullying frequently involves the
It is of great importance that all those who work with children to have a good understanding of how racism can harm children and have the ability to recognize when it occurs and deal with it. Training and awareness of the negative effects of racism and child abuse should be part of a group’s program of care for children or young people while using their services, and policies or procedures should be put in place to ensure that it clear that expressions of racism are unacceptable and the perpetrators of such victimization will be consequential.
The ulti.
Sexual counseling in adolescents aims to provide accurate education about sexuality to promote healthy behaviors. Early or risky sexual activity can lead to health and social issues like unintended pregnancy and STDs. Counseling involves helping adolescents work through adjustment issues. Strategies for effective communication include listening without judgment and explaining unfamiliar terms. Recommendations include comprehensive education from an early age, emphasizing parental communication and responsibility according to a child's development. Counseling addresses topics like relationships, anatomy, and orientations in a sensitive manner.
Comprehensive sex education teaches young people about human sexuality, relationships, and sexual health. It covers topics like puberty, sexual anatomy, consent, and STI and pregnancy prevention. While controversial in the Philippines, supporters argue it can help reduce issues like teenage pregnancy by allowing open discussion of sexuality and teaching consent and abstinence. A pilot program implemented sexuality education modules in Philippine schools starting in 5th grade, covering age-appropriate topics integrated into various subjects, but did not distribute contraceptives. Proponents believe comprehensive sex education has benefits like empowering youth and protecting their health and academic success, though critics argue some may not be mature enough for the content.
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including anatomy, sexual activity, reproduction, safe sex practices, and abstinence. It is considered comprehensive if it covers all these topics. Sex education has traditionally been a controversial issue, with debates around appropriate ages to begin instruction and topics to include. While many see it as important for sexual health and reducing risks like teen pregnancy, others have opposed discussing sexuality in schools.
Conducting Culturally CompetentEvaluations of Child Welfare.docxdonnajames55
Conducting Culturally Competent
Evaluations of Child Welfare
Programs and Practices
As the population of the United States has
changed over the last two decades, so has
the population of children who come to the
attention of the child welfare system, result-
ing in increasing calls for cultural competence
in all aspects of child welfare programming
and practice. Given the changing demo-
graphics among children involved in the child welfare system
and the increasing need to address the racial and ethnic dis-
parities observed in this system, the need for culturally com-
petent approaches to evaluate the outcomes of services for
children and families is essential. This article discusses the chal-
lenges in conducting culturally competent evaluations and
provides strategies to address those challenges within a child
welfare context.
Alan J. Dettlaff
University of Illinois at
Chicago
Rowena Fong
University of Texas at
Austin
49Child Welfare • Vol. 90, No. 2
CWLA_MarApr2011 7/20/11 3:00 PM Page 49
Within the United States, the number of children with at leastone immigrant parent has more than doubled since 1990, from
8 million to 16.4 million in 2007 (Fortuny, Capps, Simms, & Chaudry,
2009). Children of immigrants account for almost the entire growth
in the population of children between 1990 and 2008, and now rep-
resent nearly one-quarter (23%) of all children living in the United
States, of which more than half (56%) are Latino (Urban Institute,
2010). Children in immigrant families face numerous challenges that
may impact their health and well-being, including poverty, linguistic
isolation, and lack of access to health care (Pine & Drachman, 2005;
Segal & Mayadas, 2005), as well as additional stressors resulting from
their families’ experiences with immigration and acculturation (Finno,
Vidal de Haymes, & Mindell, 2006; Hancock, 2005).
As the population of the United States has changed over the last
two decades, so has the population of children who come to the atten-
tion of the child welfare system, resulting in increasing calls for cul-
tural competence in all aspects of child welfare programming and
practice. Since 1990, the population of Latino children in foster care
has more than doubled from 8% to 20% in 2008 (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 1998, 2009). Further, data from the
National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW )
indicate that nearly 9% of all children who come to the attention of
the child welfare system are living with at least one immigrant parent
(Dettlaff & Earner, 2010). And while the population of African
American children involved in child welfare has slightly decreased
since the 1990s, the persisting overrepresentation of African American
children in foster care has led to significant efforts to develop policies
and programs to address this issue. Given the changing demograph-
ics among children involved in the child welfare system and the
increasing need to address the racial .
Teen pregnancy in the United StatesTeen pregnancy in the Unite.docxmattinsonjanel
Teen pregnancy in the United States
Teen pregnancy in the United States
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy was founded in 1996 and has its headquarters in Washington D.C. and has nearly 200 organizations and media outlets which serve as partners. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s main agenda seeks to improve the lives and future prospects of children and families by ensuring that children are born into stable, two-parent families who have a commitment to and are ready for the demanding task of raising the next generation. Their strategy is aimed at the prevention of teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy among single, young adults by supporting a combination of responsible values and behavior by both men and women and responsible policies in both the public and private sectors. Their actions are aimed at improving child and family well-being therefore reducing the prevalence rate of poverty by providing more opportunities for the teenagers to complete their education or achieve other life goals while advocating for fewer abortions towards the creation of a stronger nation.
Teenage pregnancies have resulted to a total of 273,105 babies who were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5% per 1,000 women in this age group. There has been a decline in teen pregnancies with a drop of 10% in 2013. The birth rates declined at 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years (Child Trends, 2014). Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations (Clay, et al, 2012). The national teen pregnancy rate has been declining steadily over the last two decades which has been attributed to the combination of an increased percentage of adolescents who are waiting to have sexual intercourse and the increased use of contraceptives by teens. The teen pregnancy rate includes the pregnancies that end in a live birth, as well as those that end in abortion or miscarriage resulting from fetal loss. In the United States 4 in 10 teens get pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 which leads to the teenagers dropping out of school with more than 50% of teen mothers never completing school. The trends show that less than 10% of the fathers marry the mother of their child and that almost a half of the teen mothers get their second child within the first 24 months since 80% of teens who do not use protective methods have higher chances of becoming pregnant.
Teen birth rates have been declining significantly in the recent years, however, despite these declines, there still exists a lot of disparities that need to be properly addressed (Dessen, 2005). There are substantial disparities that persist in teen birth rates, and teen pregnancy and childbearing which continue to carry significant social and economic costs. In 2013, the Hispanic teen birth rates were still more than two times higher than the rate for ...
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT 2
Child Abuse and Neglect
Introduction
Child welfare is one of the special areas of practice in social work. It is special in the context in which the principles and values that govern the social work profession align with policies that guide child welfare organizations. Child abuse is one of the major universal social problems that impact children from all types and levels of society. Child abuse can have a significant impact on the child's personality growth. More so, it can affect the child's adult behavior in later life. Therefore, it the role of the social workers to study the causes of abuse and treatment. Underlaying the efforts is the belief that all societies are responsible for creating an abuse-free society (Zeanah & Humphreys, 2018). This study aims to evaluate factors related to childhood abuse and neglect and social workers' role in alleviating the problem.
Nature and scope of child abuse and neglect
Child abuse is a devastating social problem in society. While the legal definition of child abuse and neglect may vary across different states, there are four recognized classifications of child abuse and neglect. They are sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, and neglect. They neglect medical, educational, and other forms of neglect. Almost 700 000 children are abused every year in the United States. That is about 1 percent of the total number of kids. In 2019, it was estimated that 1770 children in the United States died because of child abuse and neglect. However, the data is incomplete because there are likely to be a lot of unreported cases (Krugman & Poland, 2019). The most prone victims of abuse and neglect are the youngest children. That is children who are in the first year of their life. WWW points out that in 2019 children of 3 years and below experienced a mistreatment rate of 16 per 1000. For children aged 4 to 7 years, the mistreatment rate was 12 per 1000 population. For 8 to 11 years, the mistreatment rate was at 8 per 1000 population. The mistreatment rate goes on decreasing as the children age up. It is the responsibility of child welfare authorities to ensures the safety of children in the country.
Historical Background
For a long time, children have been considered as the property of their parents. Therefore, this notion assumes that parents hold the power of life and death over their children. Throughout history, there have been social provisions that seek to protect orphans and the abandoned children from abuse and neglect. The provisions covered only the orphans and the disabled. However. It is in the last 150 years that the state has made efforts to protect the rights of children by overriding the rights of parents. That means that during the era of the industrial revolution and the invention and introduction of compulsory education attendan ...
This document discusses various perspectives on sexuality education. It notes that comprehensive sexuality education that provides medically accurate information about abstinence and contraception can positively impact behaviors, while abstinence-only education shows no effects. Studies found condom availability programs in schools did not increase sexual activity but did increase condom use, while abstinence-only programs had no effects on delaying sex or number of partners.
This document discusses measures of acculturation and their relationship to health outcomes in Hispanic populations. It describes the acculturation scales developed by Hazuda et al. that measure language use, cultural traditions, and social integration across generations. It also describes a less comprehensive acculturation measure used in the HHANES survey that focused only on language and ethnic identity. The document notes that socioeconomic factors often better predict health behaviors than acculturation alone. When controlling for access to care, acculturation showed weaker associations with preventive health service use.
Addressing child health disparities: We made the case, we need a movement!renataschiavo
This document summarizes Renata Schiavo's 2015 presentation addressing child health disparities to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Community Health. The presentation overviewed child health disparities in areas like infant mortality, childhood obesity, and mental health. It discussed systemic barriers to child health equity like socioeconomic factors, culture, and place. Examples were provided of emerging trends to address children's health challenges and the need to mobilize action beyond identifying issues. The presentation concluded that while the case for addressing disparities has been made, an active movement is still needed to design and implement community-specific solutions through multisectoral partnerships and capacity building.
Community Needs Assessment among Latino Families in an Urb.docx
Writing_Sample_3_Sexual_education_Latinos
1. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
1
A
Culturally
Appropriate
Sexual
Education
Intervention
for
Parents
of
Middle
School
Latino
Students
Domenica
Nino
Emory
University
Adolescent
Health
Professor
Sales
2. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
2
Abstract
Even
though
evidence-‐based
interventions
exist
to
improve
parental
communication
between
teens
and
parents,
there
is
a
lack
of
culturally
appropriate
evidence-‐based
interventions
that
target
Latino
parents.
The
Latino
population
is
an
especially
important
population
to
study
since
it
suffers
from
high
rates
of
teenage
pregnancy
and
STDs
(National
Campaign
to
Prevent
Pregnancy,
2012).
The
proposed
intervention
utilizes
the
socio-‐cognitive
theory
and
the
social
learning
theory
to
reduce
sexual
risk
behaviors
through
the
improvement
of
parental-‐adolescent
communication
in
Latino
families.
The
culturally
appropriate
intervention
aims
to
teach
Spanish
Speaking
Latino
parents
of
middle
school
students
(ages
11-‐14)
how
to
effectively
communicate
sexual
education
to
their
teens.
The
intervention
will
consist
of
one
3-‐hour
session
and
four
follow-‐up
phone
calls
throughout
the
span
of
twelve
months.
Throughout
the
intervention,
telenovela-‐style
clips
to
are
used
to
model
effective
communication
strategies
to
Latino
parents.
The
session
will
be
led
by
a
Latino
health
educator
that
will
focus
on
effective
communication
and
parental
monitoring
strategies
to
delay
the
onset
of
sexual
intercourse
in
the
young
Latino
adolescent
population.
Effectiveness
will
be
measured
through
questionnaires
conducted
with
teens
pre
intervention
and
three
and
twelve
months
post
interventions
and
will
measure
parent-‐adolescent
communication,
parental
monitoring
and
supervision,
perceived
parental
expertise
about
sex
education,
and
sexual
behavior.
3. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
3
Introduction
Adolescence
is
an
exciting,
yet
confusing
period
of
life.
During
that
period,
behaviors
are
established
and
decisions
are
made
that
can
greatly
influence
the
immediate
and
future
health
outcomes
of
the
teenager.
It
is
important
that
parents
understand
the
positive
impact
that
effective
parental
communication
can
have
in
their
teenagers
while
they
make
the
transition
into
adulthood.
During
adolescence,
parents
are
strategically
positioned
to
help
their
teenagers
successfully
overcome
this
difficult
period
of
life
through
the
establishment
of
successful
communication
patterns
specifically,
in
aiding
their
teens
in
making
smart
choices
about
their
sex
life.
Even
though
it
is
important
for
all
parents
to
improve
their
parental
communication
skills
during
this
period,
it
is
especially
imperative
that
at-‐risk
minority
groups
are
provided
with
the
tools
they
need
to
assist
their
children
through
their
teenage
years.
The
proposed
intervention
focuses
on
decreasing
teen
sexual
risk
behaviors
by
increasing
parental
communication
in
Latino
parents
of
middle
school
students
through
a
culturally
appropriate
one-‐time
intervention.
Research
has
shown
that
if
teenagers
are
targeted
and
taught
about
sex
before
their
sexual
debut,
they
will
be
more
likely
to
delay
time
of
first
intercourse
and
to
have
reduced
sexual
risk
behaviors,
like
increased
condom
usage,
once
they
become
sexually
active
(
O’Donnel,
et
al.,
2005).
Using
a
culturally
sensitive
approach,
the
proposed
intervention
will
use
socio-‐cognitive
theory
and
the
social
learning
theory
to
affect
behavior
of
Latino
parents
through
their
exposure
to
desired
modeled
behaviors
that
are
culturally
tailored
to
the
values
and
morals
of
the
Latino
population.
With
the
help
of
this
intervention,
parents
can
overcome
barriers
and
talk
to
their
children
about
sex.
For
example,
using
Latino
values
such
as
Familismo
and
Respeto,
4. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
4
along
with
education
and
incorporating
cultural
traditions
like
watching
telenovela
style
clips,
will
provide
parents
with
the
education
necessary
to
teach
their
children
about
sexual
education.
Providing
parents
with
information
about
safe
sex
practices
for
their
children,
along
with
equipping
them
with
culturally
appropriate
teachable
moments,
will
provide
great
opportunities
for
Latino
parents
to
impart
sexual
education
to
their
children.
Background
Literature
The
Latino
population
is
currently
growing
at
an
astounding
rate.
The
Latino
teen
population
grew
more
than
forty
percent
between
the
years
of
1990
and
2002
and
is
expected
to
increase
to
an
additional
fifty
percent
by
the
year
2025
(Kaiser,
2008).
Thus,
it
is
important
that
prevention
measures
are
taken
to
decrease
sexual
risk
behaviors
within
the
Latino
population.
There
exist
a
variety
of
risk
factors
that
are
specific
to
the
Latin
community.
Some
which
include
acculturative
stress,
perceived
discrimination,
and
traditional
gender
roles.
Traditional
gender
roles
play
an
important
part
in
what
sexual
values
Latino
parents
choose
to
impart
in
their
children.
There
exist
opposing
values
regarding
sexual
gender
roles
in
the
Latino
culture,
and
such
values
are
termed
Marianismo
and
Machismo.
Marianismo
refers
to
female
gender
values
where
women
are
venerated
for
their
purity
and
moral
values,
thus
placing
a
great
emphasis
on
the
value
of
virginity.
On
the
other
hand,
machismo
refers
to
an
extravagant
sense
of
manliness
in
which
virility,
courage,
strength
and
entitlement
shape
men’s
gender
roles
in
society
(Stephens,
1977).
The
opposing
values
of
Latino
culture
can
contribute
to
the
sexual
risk
behaviors
of
the
adolescents.
Helping
parents
understand
the
effects
of
opposing
gender
values
might
encourage
them
to
overcome
the
communication
barriers
about
sex
and
provide
5. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
5
appropriate
sexual
education
to
both
genders.
In
addition,
there
is
a
strong
sense
of
family
and
community
termed
familismo,
which
provides
protective
factors
to
Latinos
as
well.
Research
demonstrates
that
health
communication
efforts
for
Latinos
need
to
focus
on
family,
cultural
traditions,
and
collectivism
while
attending
to
acculturation,
language,
generation
and
national
origin
(Elder
et
al.,
2009).
Thus,
connecting
a
cultural
understanding
with
adequate
sexual
health
education
will
empower
parents
to
be
a
resource
to
deliver
sexual
health
information
to
their
children
(Elder
et
al.,
2009).
Thus,
overcoming
the
boundaries
of
communication
concerning
conversation
about
sexual
health
is
critical
to
reduce
sexual
risk
factors
in
Latino
youth.
Both
Latino
parents
and
children
express
the
need
for
information
on
sexual
education,
and
acknowledge
that
parents
are
currently
not
well
equipped
to
provide
it.
When
it
comes
to
talking
about
sex,
both
Latino
parents
and
teens
agree
that
parents
don’t
know
what
to
say,
how
to
say
it
or
when
to
begin
talking
to
their
children
about
sex
(Vexler
et
al.,
2007).
Forty-‐two
percent
of
teens
aged
12
to
19
strongly
agree
with
the
above
statement,
and
forty-‐eight
percent
of
the
parents
agree
that
they
don’t
know
how,
when
or
what
to
say
to
their
teens
about
sex
(Vexler
et
al.
2007).
Evidence
shows
that
seventy
percent
of
adolescents
would
like
to
obtain
more
information
about
abstinences
and
birth
control,
and
approximately
three
fourths
of
Latina
girls
and
two
thirds
of
Latino
boys
wish
their
sexual
debut
would
have
occurred
later
than
it
did.
Finally,
over
ninety
percent
of
Latino
teens
believe
they
should
be
encouraged
to
delay
sex
until
they
are
out
of
high
school
(Vexler
et
al.,
2007).
Even
though
evidence-‐based
interventions
exist
to
improve
parental
communication
between
teens
and
parents,
there
is
a
lack
of
culturally
appropriate
6. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
6
evidence-‐based
interventions
that
target
Latino
parents.
The
Latino
population
is
an
especially
important
population
to
study
since
it
suffers
from
high
rates
of
teenage
pregnancy
and
STDs.
Specifically,
over
four
in
ten
Latina
teenagers
were
pregnant
at
least
one
time
before
the
age
of
twenty,
and
in
2008,
one
fourth
of
all
Latina
pregnancies
18
to
19
years
of
age
were
to
teens
that
already
had
a
baby
(National
Campaign
to
Prevent
Pregnancy,
2012).
Such
results
can
be
due
to
a
variety
of
sexual
risk
behaviors
that
affect
the
Latino
population.
The
data
shows
that
almost
fifty
percent
of
all
Latino
high
school
students
report
being
sexually
active,
with
around
eighty-‐six
percent
report
not
using
birth
control
pills
at
last
intercourse
and
almost
half
report
not
using
condoms
at
their
last
sexual
encounter
(National
Campaign
to
Prevent
Pregnancy,
2012).
In
contrast,
only
less
than
forty
percent
of
white
students
reported
not
using
condoms
during
their
last
intercourse.
7. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
7
Proposed
Project
The
proposed
intervention
utilizes
the
socio-‐cognitive
theory
to
reduce
sexual
risk
behaviors
through
the
improvement
of
parental-‐adolescent
communication
in
Latino
families.
The
culturally
appropriate
intervention
aims
to
teach
Spanish
speaking
Latino
parents
of
middle
school
students
(ages
11-‐14)
how
to
effectively
communicate
sexual
education
to
their
teens.
The
intervention
will
consist
of
one
3-‐hour
session
and
four
follow-‐up
phone
calls
throughout
the
span
of
twelve
months.
The
session
will
be
led
by
a
Latino
health
educator
that
will
focus
on
effective
communication
and
parental
monitoring
strategies
to
delay
the
onset
of
sexual
intercourse
in
the
young
Latino
adolescent
population.
As
opposed
to
abstinence
only
programs
that
strictly
focus
on
abstinence
until
marriage,
the
focus
of
the
currently
proposed
program
is
to
provide
parents
with
comprehensive
education
about
birth-‐control
and
safe
sex
for
their
teens,
as
well
as
model
culturally
appropriate
strategies,
such
as
focus
on
how
they
can
use
existing
family
values
such
as
Familismo
and
Respeto
to
talk
to
their
children
and
delay
their
adolescents
onset
of
sexual
activity.
The
proposed
intervention
will
be
implemented
Saturdays
in
South-‐Texas
middle
schools,
given
the
high
Latino
population
rates
in
this
area.
The
Latino
health
educator
conducting
the
program
will
recruit
parents
and
provide
them
with
flexible
times
when
they
can
attend
the
intervention,
as
well
as
perform
follow-‐up
calls
post-‐intervention.
The
first
part
of
the
3-‐hour
session
will
consist
of
introductions.
In
addition,
the
health
educator
will
focus
on
providing
the
parents
with
information
on
Latino
teenage
pregnancy
and
STD
rates.
All
the
information
provided
by
the
health
educator
will
be
at
the
appropriate
literacy
level
for
the
parents.
The
handout
provided
to
the
parents
about
birth
8. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
8
control
and
protection
will
be
in
Spanish,
concise
and
simple,
so
that
parents
can
use
them
as
future
reference
to
talk
to
their
children.
The
health
educator
will
also
cover
all
the
information
on
the
handouts,
because
some
parents
might
not
be
fully
literate.
Next,
the
second
section
of
the
program
will
focus
on
the
importance
of
parents
taking
to
their
teens
about
protection
and
birth
control
in
a
culturally
appropriate
way.
Cultural
myths
regarding
birth
control
and
protection
will
be
addressed.
For
example,
the
idea
that
parents
focus
only
on
abstinence
in
regards
to
their
daughters
and
don’t
generally
talk
to
their
sons
about
reproductive
health,
referred
in
the
literature
as
Marianismo,
will
be
addressed.
Letting
the
parents
know
that
pregnancy
is
not
the
only
consequence
from
unprotected
sex
and
that
educating
their
sons
will
in
turn
protect
other
people’s
daughters
can
encourage
them
to
reduce
gender
biased
health
education.
Finally,
the
intervention
will
focus
on
how
parents
can
make
a
difference
in
their
children’s
sexual
decision
making
by
increasing
parental
monitoring
and
encouraging
them
to
make
healthy
decisions
about
their
sexual
health.
It
is
important
to
let
the
parents
know
that
their
children
want
to
talk
about
sex
issues
with
them
and
that
research
shows
they
can
influence
when
their
children
decide
to
begin
having
sex.
Topics
in
this
section
will
include
reasons
teens
chose
to
have
sex
and
reasons
teens
choose
not
to
have
sex.
Another
topic
addressed
will
be
how
to
overcome
cultural
barriers
in
talking
to
their
teens
about
sex.
For
example,
it
will
be
important
to
address
values
such
as
machismo
and
marianismo
that
can
contribute
to
high
sexual
risk
behaviors.
One
of
the
components
of
the
intervention
will
help
parents
identify
a
variety
of
opportunities
where
they
can
talk
to
their
children
about
sex.
For
example,
using
Tele-‐novelas
to
spark
conversation
around
safe
sex
can
be
an
effective
education
tool.
Moreover,
the
parents
will
be
presented
with
9. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
9
short
clips
that
will
include
scenarios
that
parents
might
face
with
their
teens,
and
as
a
group
parents
will
be
guided
by
the
Health
educator
to
determine
what
to
say
and
how
to
say
it.
In
addition,
throughout
the
3-‐hour
program,
parents
will
be
presented
with
clips
that
provide
tele-‐novela
style
scenarios
where
Hispanic
parents
face
challenges
in
talking
to
their
children
about
sex.
The
health
educator
will
guide
the
parents
on
how
to
adequately
tackle
such
situations,
in
order
to
increase
their
confidence
in
talking
to
their
children
about
sex.
Finally,
parents
will
be
provided
with
a
number
they
can
call
if
they
have
any
further
questions
or
encounter
future
challenges
when
talking
to
their
children
about
sex.
In
addition,
they
will
be
informed
that
the
health
educator
will
be
calling
them
to
follow-‐up
every
three
months,
within
the
span
of
the
next
twelve
months,
in
order
to
answer
any
question
that
might
arise.
Population
and
Aims
of
Project
Spanish
speaking
Latino
parents
of
middle
school
students
ages
11
to14
in
South-‐
Texas
are
the
target
population
for
the
proposed
intervention.
The
Spanish
speaking
Latino
parent
population
was
chosen
because
there
is
a
lack
of
interventions
that
provide
culturally
appropriate
sexual
education
information
for
parents
with
Latino
backgrounds.
The
intervention
will
be
implemented
during
one
three
hour
session
on
a
Saturday
and
will
be
followed
by
booster
calls.
South-‐Texas
Middle
schools
were
chosen
because
the
population
in
this
area
is
almost
ninety
percent
Hispanic
(Sharyland,
2010).
A
Latino
health
educator
will
briefly
describe
the
program
and
invite
the
parents
to
participate.
Parents
of
Latino
students
ages
11
to
14
were
chosen
because
the
programs’
main
goal
is
to
10. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
10
delay
the
onset
of
sexual
activity,
and
the
only
way
we
can
accomplish
this
goal
is
by
targeting
the
young
teen
population
that
has
not
yet
initiated
sexual
activity.
Furthermore,
parents
equipped
with
valuable
information
can
provide
the
information
the
teen
needs
when
it’s
developmentally
appropriate.
For
example,
once
the
parent
knows
or
suspects
the
teen
is
sexually
active,
he
or
she
can
talk
to
them
more
thoroughly
about
safe
sex
practices
(O’Donnel
et
al.,
2005).
The
purpose
of
this
intervention
is
to
increase
parental
knowledge
of
safe
sex
practices,
to
address
cultural
barriers
that
inhibit
parents
from
talking
to
their
children
about
sex,
to
focus
on
identifying
teachable
moments
where
the
parents
can
initiate
conversations
about
sex
and
to
emphasize
the
importance
of
parental
monitoring
to
decrease
risky
sex
behaviors.
Throughout
the
3-‐hour
program,
parents
will
be
presented
with
clips
that
provide
tele-‐novela
style
scenarios
where
Hispanic
parents
face
challenges
in
talking
to
their
children
about
sex.
The
health
educator
will
guide
the
parents
on
how
to
adequately
tackle
such
situations,
in
order
to
increase
their
confidence
in
talking
to
their
children
about
sex.
Finally,
follow-‐up
calls
will
be
used
to
provide
quick
booster
sessions
where
the
health
educator
can
determine
if
the
parent
has
talked
to
their
child
about
sex,
and
answer
any
questions
the
parents
might
have
about
educating
their
teens
about
sex.
Rational
For
Project
Approach
There
is
evidence
that
demonstrates
that
improving
parental
communication
and
parental
monitoring
will
decrease
the
sexual
risk
behaviors
and
delay
onset
of
sexual
activity
in
middle
school
children
(Guilamo
et
al.,
2011).
School
based
interventions
like
MAD
(Making
a
Difference!)
and
FTT
(Families
Talking
Together)
which
target
parental
11. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
11
communication
in
a
school
based
setting,
demonstrate
that
intervening
before
a
teen
begins
having
sex
can
delay
the
onset
of
sex
and
increase
the
teens
safe
sex
practices
in
the
future
(O’Donnel
et
al.,
2011).
The
intervention
is
modeled
after
the
social
learning
theory
and
the
social
cognitive
theory,
which
posit
that
learning
occurs
through
observations,
personal
experiences,
and
interactions
with
the
individual’s
immediate
environment.
The
actions
of
the
individual
are
determined
through
the
interpretation
and
response
to
their
surrounding
environment,
which
will
determine
future
action.
The
individual
internalizes
“moral
codes”
through
a
process
of
personal
evaluation
and
reinforcement
that
comes
from
himself
as
well
as
from
the
environment
(Blake
et
al.,
2001).
Through
their
participation
in
the
intervention,
parents
will
become
conduits
of
behavior
change
by
internalizing
the
behaviors
they
are
taught
and
integrating
them
into
their
values
and
beliefs,
which
could
in
turn,
influence
increased
safe
sexual
practices
of
their
children.
Moreover,
research
shows
that
a
thirty
minute
parental
intervention
implemented
in
a
health
care
setting
to
parents
while
their
children
had
a
physical
examination,
significantly
reduced
sexual
risk
behaviors
of
the
adolescent
compared
to
those
in
the
“standard
of
care”
control
group
(Guilamo-‐Ramos
et
al.,
2011).
In
addition,
many
parent-‐
based
interventions
are
time
consuming
and
demand
unrealistic
amounts
of
time
and
commitment
from
parents
for
their
successful
implementation
(Guilamo
et,
al.
2011).
Given
this
data,
it
is
important
to
decrease
the
rates
of
attrition
by
conducting
a
one-‐time
only
intervention
followed
by
booster
calls
which
have
been
proven
to
extend
the
life
of
the
intervention
(Perri
et
al.,
1993).
Brief
contacts
with
the
Health
educator
every
three
months
after
the
intervention
will
provide
parents
with
the
motivation
needed
for
long-‐
12. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
12
term
behavioral
change
and
establish
a
relationship
between
the
health
educator
and
the
families.
Studies
have
shown
a
decrease
in
protective
behavior,
in
this
case
parental
communication,
after
about
3
months
following
treatment
(Home
and
Glaser
1993).
Thus,
we
decided
to
include
booster
sessions
every
three
months
for
a
one
year
post-‐
intervention.
Many
interventions
targeted
to
Latinos
focus
on
“window-‐dressing”
approaches
in
which
the
language
may
be
changed
and
the
materials
translated
but
cultural
values
are
not
integrated
into
the
essence
of
the
intervention.
Research
suggests
that
designing
culturally
appropriate
interventions
means
to
base
the
intervention
on
the
cultural
values
of
the
specific
population
and
to
ensure
that
the
program
reflects
the
“attitudes,
expectancies,
and
norms
of
the
target
population
regarding
a
particular
behavior”
which
in
this
case
concerns
sexual
health
education
for
Latino
parents.
Socio-‐cultural
strategies
should
align
themselves
with
cultural
values
to
provide
meaningful
health
information
to
the
target
population
(Marin
(1993)
&
Kreuter
et
al.,
2002).
Thus,
the
intervention
will
focus
on
Latino
values
such
as
familismo
and
respeto
as
well
as
provide
culturally
appropriate
examples
such
as
using
telenovela
style
clips
where
parents
can
model
their
parenting
skills
after,
and
can
more
easily
relate
to
the
scenarios.
Telenovela
viewing
in
Latin
American
culture
forms
a
central
part
of
everyday
life
and
influences
the
formation
and
articulation
of
social
identity.
The
massive
consumption
of
telenovelas
conveys
feelings
and
identities
and
gives
motivation
towards
discussions
within
Latino
social
network
relations
(Tufte,
2003).
Through
the
use
of
telenovela
style
clips,
parents
will
feel
like
the
intervention
is
aligned
with
their
daily
traditions,
activities
and
social
interactions.
In
addition,
the
health
educator
will
be
Latino
and
Spanish
speaking
in
order
to
facilitate
a
13. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
13
relationship
with
the
parents
that
will
influence
their
continued
communication
throughout
the
year.
The
purpose
of
the
intervention
is
to
increase
parental
knowledge
of
safe
sex
practices,
to
address
cultural
barriers
that
inhibit
parents
from
talking
to
their
children
about
sex,
to
focus
on
identifying
teachable
moments
where
the
parents
can
initiate
conversations
about
sex
and
to
emphasize
the
importance
of
parental
monitoring
to
decrease
risky
sex
behaviors.
The
above
behaviors
will
be
measured
through
a
pre-‐
session
questionnaire,
one
week
post
session
questionnaire
and
questionnaires
at
3
months
and
12
months
follow-‐up.
Using
a
four
point
Likert
scale,
parent-‐Adolescent
communication
will
be
measured
using
15
items
in
which
the
adolescent
will
say
whether
they
had
talked
to
their
parents
about
sex.
An
example
of
an
item
would
be,
“how
if
I
had
sexual
intercourse
at
this
time
in
my
life,
I
might
get
an
STD.”
Maternal
monitoring
and
supervision
will
be
assessed
through
asking
questions
about
the
frequency
of
their
unsupervised
outing,
where
there
could
be
increased
opportunities
to
engage
in
risky
sexual
behaviors.
Perceived
maternal
expertise
on
the
subject
of
sexual
education
will
be
assessed
by
asking
the
adolescent
questions
on
a
five
point
agreement
scale.
An
example
of
a
question
would
be
“I
trust
my
mother
when
we
talk
about
sex.”
Sexual
behavior
will
be
assessed
by
asking
teens
about
the
frequency
of
their
sexual
encounters
on
five-‐point
scale
(Guilamo
et.
al.,
2011).
Through
the
establishment
of
a
trusting
relationship
between
the
parent
and
the
health
educator
we
hope
to
reduce
the
rates
of
attrition
during
the
follow
up
times
for
the
proposed
intervention.
14. A
CULTURALLY
APPROPRIATE
SEXUAL
EDUCATION
INTERVENTION
14
References
Blake,
S.
M.,
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