Research shows that individuals who are more physically active also report greater happiness. However, subjective well-being is prone to cognitive biases. For instance, people overrate the influence of single factors (e.g., money) on their happiness; a phenomenon termed the focusing illusion. In this study, we examined whether the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being is stronger when individuals focus on physical activity explicitly compared to individuals with no specific focus. We experimentally manipulated the physical activity focus by varying the order of scales administration. Participants (N = 200) completed questionnaires that measured physical activity and subjective well-being placed in separate envelopes and provided in a random order. We found that individuals with higher levels of vigorous physical activity were more satisfied with life regardless of the order of scale presentation (no focusing effect). However, we found evidence of a possible focusing illusion for moderate-intensity physical activity. Individuals with higher levels of moderate-intensity physical activity reported higher subjective well-being when they were asked about physical activity first but not when they reported their well-being unaware of the upcoming physical activity questions. Thus, subjective well-being judgments can be biased by a prior focus on moderate-intensity physical activity. The order of scale administration when assessing subjective well-being should be carefully considered.
Falls are the leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the older adult population. After a fall, many individuals become fearful that they will fall, and reduce their participation in activities. This reduction in activities, called constraints, cascades into poorer physical, emotional, and cognitive health. In this study, older adults participated in a Hatha yoga intervention led by a yoga therapist, which was designed to determine if this was feasible and acceptable in older adults, and to determine if yoga helped to reduce leisure constraints. Leisure constraints were reduced over the 12-week period, and more dramatically for individuals who had fallen in the past six-months, compared to those who had not fallen in the past six-months. The data reported here also support that the intervention was feasible and acceptable. Implications for future research and practice are included.
Falls are the leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the older adult population. After a fall, many individuals become fearful that they will fall, and reduce their participation in activities. This reduction in activities, called constraints, cascades into poorer physical, emotional, and cognitive health. In this study, older adults participated in a Hatha yoga intervention led by a yoga therapist, which was designed to determine if this was feasible and acceptable in older adults, and to determine if yoga helped to reduce leisure constraints. Leisure constraints were reduced over the 12-week period, and more dramatically for individuals who had fallen in the past six-months, compared to those who had not fallen in the past six-months. The data reported here also support that the intervention was feasible and acceptable. Implications for future research and practice are included.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
Suls, J., & Rothman, A. (2004). Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health psychology. Health Psychology, 23(2),119-125. *
Infertility is considered as a basic health issue in human
reproductive care. It is clinically defined as a failure to achieve natural pregnancy aft er twelve or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
Soraya Matthews, MSc, NUI Galway, Psychology Matters Day.
Exposure to traumatic experiences or material can often have a negative impact on a person's health. It can be common for us to only consider people who have experienced trauma first hand as experiencing negative health effects, both physically and mentally. However, this experience can also occur when a person experiences traumatic material secondarily.
Secondary traumatic stress can develop when a person is exposed to trauma through hearing about the first-hand trauma experiences of others. This has become common in jobs where employees are exposed to clients/patients who have suffered from trauma (e.g. domestic violence specialists, mental health professionals, or nurses).
Its symptoms can mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if left unchecked. Furthermore, this can often be reflected in their health status (e.g. negatively impacted).
Research has suggested that individuals who have been exposed to trauma were 2.7 times more likely to have a longstanding negative health problem, such as fibromyalgia, chronic pain, and chronic fatigue syndrome. For this reason, it is important to examine the potential psychological and organisational factors that can influence, or protect against, the development of health problems and secondary traumatic stress in employees who experience high volumes of traumatic material.
Assessment of Stress Levels among Undergraduates in Nigeria: Implication for ...iosrjce
This study assessed the stress levels among undergraduates in Nigeria, focusing on Babcock
University. Using multistage sampling, 605 students were selected from 5 out of the 6 schools in the University
to participate in the study. The factors examined included age, gender, religion and marital status of the
respondents. Also, the respondents were classed into different stress personality types using the previously
standardized Emotional Stress Inventory Questionnaire (ESIQ). Common stressors were also identified. The
majorities of the respondents (78%) were less than 20 years of age, female (54%), single (96%), belong to the
Yoruba ethnic group (56%) and are Christians (91%). Also, 60% of the respondents belong to personality type
A. Top ten stressors causing moderate to high stress among respondents were academic oriented. However, the
major stressor was the fear of graduating (with a mean of 3.02±1.11). Policies and programmes geared towards
enhancing effective stress coping strategies, especially targeting key stressors, should be put in place by
appropriate educational ministries and by the University administration. Furthermore, Corroborative
intervention education should be designed and administered to University students by public and mental health
experts in order to help student develop personal coping skills and reduce stress on our campuses.
Persistent link httpssearch-proquest-com.library.capella.edu.docxkarlhennesey
Persistent link
https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1985859541/fulltextPDF/F5256BEE3BF74331PQ/1?accountid=27965
This is the reference for this article:
Johnson, E. T., Kaseroff, A., Flowers, S., Sung, C., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., . . . Catalano, D. (2017). Psychosocial mechanisms explaining the association between spirituality and happiness in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 83(4), 34-42.
Abstract
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The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
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Headnote
The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
At the onset of a traumatic disability, such as a spinal cord injury (SCI), a person's spiritual beliefs may provide a mechanism for healing and coping with stress (Marini & Glover-Graf, ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
Suls, J., & Rothman, A. (2004). Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health psychology. Health Psychology, 23(2),119-125. *
Infertility is considered as a basic health issue in human
reproductive care. It is clinically defined as a failure to achieve natural pregnancy aft er twelve or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
Soraya Matthews, MSc, NUI Galway, Psychology Matters Day.
Exposure to traumatic experiences or material can often have a negative impact on a person's health. It can be common for us to only consider people who have experienced trauma first hand as experiencing negative health effects, both physically and mentally. However, this experience can also occur when a person experiences traumatic material secondarily.
Secondary traumatic stress can develop when a person is exposed to trauma through hearing about the first-hand trauma experiences of others. This has become common in jobs where employees are exposed to clients/patients who have suffered from trauma (e.g. domestic violence specialists, mental health professionals, or nurses).
Its symptoms can mimic those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if left unchecked. Furthermore, this can often be reflected in their health status (e.g. negatively impacted).
Research has suggested that individuals who have been exposed to trauma were 2.7 times more likely to have a longstanding negative health problem, such as fibromyalgia, chronic pain, and chronic fatigue syndrome. For this reason, it is important to examine the potential psychological and organisational factors that can influence, or protect against, the development of health problems and secondary traumatic stress in employees who experience high volumes of traumatic material.
Assessment of Stress Levels among Undergraduates in Nigeria: Implication for ...iosrjce
This study assessed the stress levels among undergraduates in Nigeria, focusing on Babcock
University. Using multistage sampling, 605 students were selected from 5 out of the 6 schools in the University
to participate in the study. The factors examined included age, gender, religion and marital status of the
respondents. Also, the respondents were classed into different stress personality types using the previously
standardized Emotional Stress Inventory Questionnaire (ESIQ). Common stressors were also identified. The
majorities of the respondents (78%) were less than 20 years of age, female (54%), single (96%), belong to the
Yoruba ethnic group (56%) and are Christians (91%). Also, 60% of the respondents belong to personality type
A. Top ten stressors causing moderate to high stress among respondents were academic oriented. However, the
major stressor was the fear of graduating (with a mean of 3.02±1.11). Policies and programmes geared towards
enhancing effective stress coping strategies, especially targeting key stressors, should be put in place by
appropriate educational ministries and by the University administration. Furthermore, Corroborative
intervention education should be designed and administered to University students by public and mental health
experts in order to help student develop personal coping skills and reduce stress on our campuses.
Persistent link httpssearch-proquest-com.library.capella.edu.docxkarlhennesey
Persistent link
https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1985859541/fulltextPDF/F5256BEE3BF74331PQ/1?accountid=27965
This is the reference for this article:
Johnson, E. T., Kaseroff, A., Flowers, S., Sung, C., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., . . . Catalano, D. (2017). Psychosocial mechanisms explaining the association between spirituality and happiness in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 83(4), 34-42.
Abstract
Translate
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
Full Text
Translate
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
0:00 /0:00
Headnote
The main objective of this study was to examine health status, perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being as mediator variables for the relationship between spirituality and happiness. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple regression and correlation techniques was used. Participants were 274 individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) recruited from the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. All of the five mediators were significantly associated with happiness. The five-mediator model accounted for 68% of the variance in happiness. The findings confirm spirituality is associated with happiness indirectly through its association with perceived stress, health status, social support, self-esteem, and psychological well-being, each of which is uniquely associated with happiness. Rehabilitation counselors should consider integrating spiritual interventions with health promotion interventions in vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI to improve outcomes in life satisfaction.
At the onset of a traumatic disability, such as a spinal cord injury (SCI), a person's spiritual beliefs may provide a mechanism for healing and coping with stress (Marini & Glover-Graf, ...
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Ad.docxwhitneyleman54422
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults
Po-Ju Chang, Linda Wray, and Yeqiang Lin
The Pennsylvania State University
Objective: Although the link between enhanced social relationships and better health has generally been
well established, few studies have examined the role of leisure activity in this link. This study examined
how leisure influences the link between social relationships and health in older age. Method: Using data
from the 2006 and 2010 waves of the nationally representative U.S. Health and Retirement Study and
structural equation modeling analyses, we examined data on 2,965 older participants to determine if
leisure activities mediated the link between social relationships and health in 2010, controlling for race,
education level, and health in 2006. Results: The results demonstrated that leisure activities mediate the
link between social relationships and health in these age groups. Perceptions of positive social relation-
ships were associated with greater involvement in leisure activities, and greater involvement in leisure
activities was associated with better health in older age. Conclusion: The contribution of leisure to health
in these age groups is receiving increasing attention, and the results of this study add to the literature on
this topic, by identifying the mediating effect of leisure activity on the link between social relationships
and health. Future studies aimed at increasing leisure activity may contribute to improved health
outcomes in older adults.
Keywords: leisure activity, social relationships, health, older age, structural equation model
With aging, individuals often decline in physical and cognitive
functions, and social networks may narrow (Chen & Feeley, 2013).
Because much of the literature has demonstrated that social rela-
tionships are positively associated with health status across the life
span (e.g., Cohen, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser,
1996), the narrowing of social networks (as one measure of social
relationships) may be problematic for health in older age and
lessen subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life
(Berkman & Syme, 1979; Cohen, 2004). Thus, identifying modi-
fiable factors that may aid in more limited establishing social
relationships is important: Health-promoting behaviors, such as
leisure activity, may strengthen the link between social relation-
ships and health.
Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed a main effects model to test
that link: positive social relationships (i.e., higher social support or
lower social strain) benefit health outcomes in adults, regardless of
the stress they experience, in part by motivating the use of health-
promoting behaviors (Smith & Christakis, 2008). Individuals with
enhanced social relationships not only improve psychological
well-being (e.g., by gaining a sense of belonging and lessening
depression), but also physical health (e.g., by enhancing immune
function and reducing heart attac.
Activity: Week 2 SWOT PowerPoint
Due Week 2 and worth 200 points
Dr. John Bradley is an Emergency Room physician. He worked a 24-hour shift due to a staff shortage. As a result, he had a patient that died because he failed to provide a duty of care, he breached his duty, and caused an injury. A prima facie case of negligence was established when Dr. Bradley failed to provide appropriate medical care. Liability was also based on ‘res ipsa loguitor’ (the thing speaks for itself). The incident is considered a Sentinel Event and must be reported to The Joint Commission (a non-profit hospital regulatory agency).
After a trend analysis of several Sentinel Events, “We Care Hospital” fired the Health Care Administrator. As a result, you were hired as the new Health Care Administrator. You have reviewed the Sentinel Event with Dr. John Bradley and discovered several factors that showed the hospital was negligent. The three basic forms for negligence are malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance. Your first task is to rationalize your answers by using any applicable legal precedents.
Then, prepare a Microsoft PowerPoint 10-slide narrative using a SWOT Analysis. A SWOT Analysis identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a situation. Review the video: Strategic Planning and SWOT Analysis. To help you prepare the narrative PowerPoint using Microsoft 365 and older versions, review the video: Record a slide show with narration and slide timings.
Your 10-slide SWOT PowerPoint should follow this format:
1. Slide 1: Cover Page
a. Include the title of your presentation, the course number and course title, your name, your professor’s name, and the date.
2. Slide 2: Background / Executive Summary
a. Describe the details of the situation. Use bullets with short sentences. The title of this slide should be Executive Summary.
3. Slide 3: Thesis Statement
a. Identify the focus of your research. The title of this slide should be Thesis Statement.
4. Slides 4-9: Support
a. Support your thesis statement following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. (An overview of using Sublevel 1 and Sublevel 2 headings is provided in the following video: APA Style - Formatting the Title Page, Abstract, and Body).
b. You should include at least three court cases and related peer-reviewed articles from within the past five years. In-text citations should be in the American Psychological Association (APA) format.
5. Slides 10: References
a. Use APA format for your Reference slide. (To help you with APA in-text citations and your Reference list, some students use Citation Machine.
Note: Writing Resources are available from Strayer University’s Writing Center, Tutor.com, and Grammarly.com.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Examine the various applications of the law within the health care system.
· Analyze how such various applications of the law affect decisions in the development and operation of a heal ...
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxmanningchassidy
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res ...
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in.docxbradburgess22840
Temperament, Childhood Illness Burden, and Illness Behavior in
Early Adulthood
Brittany L. Sisco-Taylor
University of California, Riverside
Robin P. Corley, Michael C. Stallings,
and Sally J. Wadsworth
University of Colorado, Boulder
Chandra A. Reynolds
University of California, Riverside
Objective: Illness behaviors— or responses to bodily symptoms—predict individuals’ recovery and
functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness
behavior. This study’s primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality
and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult
temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament’s associations. Method: Participants in-
cluded 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the
Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated
paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medica-
tion use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age,
sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood
illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results: Latent illness behavior factors were established
across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness)
in adulthood— but not childhood temperament—predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both
assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood
sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of childhood illness
experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also
suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These
findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior
development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences.
Keywords: illness behavior, temperament, burden of illness, young adult, health promotion
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000759.supp
In 2013, United States health care expenditures reached $2.9
trillion, with an average personal health cost of $9,255 per capita
(National Center for Health Statistics, 2014). Such daunting ex-
penditures point to a need for increased efficiency in the delivery
and utilization of health services. As a first step, however, the
process of illness must be better understood. In other words, what
psychological and behavioral processes occur before people seek
(or choose not to seek) formal health services? Illness behavior—a
psychosocial construct defined as individuals’ perceptions, evalu-
ations, and res.
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
With health now viewed in a more holistic way, happiness has been getting folded into the idea of “health and wellness.”
This report examines the rising notion that a happier person is a healthier person—and, in turn, a healthier person is a happier person. The report looks at what’s driving awareness around the health-happiness connection, how this development is playing out in culture and how marketers can leverage it.
Towards a Future Esports Research: Introduction to Esports MinitrackMaciej Behnke
Research on esports is a relatively new, yet fastgrowing discipline with multiple inter-and multidisciplinary perspectives. For HICSS-56, research was solicited from multiple disciplines, including but not limited to business; cognitive science and psychology; information technology; sociology; media studies and communications; law; health, wellness, and medical sciences; and emerging technology.
Native and non-native language contexts differently modulate mood-driven elec...Maciej Behnke
Bilingual speakers have been consistently observed to experience reduced emotional sensitivity to their non-native (L2) relative to native (L1) language, particularly to the negatively-valenced L2 content. Yet, little is known about how the L1 and L2 contexts physiologically influence bilinguals' affective states, such as moods. Here, we show that bilinguals may be less physiologically sensitive to mood changes in the L2 compared to the L1 context. Polish-English bilinguals operating in either the L1 or the L2 mode (elicited via reading L1 and L2 sentences) watched positive and negative moodinducing films while their electrodermal activity was measured. We observed a greater number of skin conductance responses in the negative compared to positive mood condition in the L1 context only, indexing decreased sensitivity to mood changes in the L2 relative to the L1 mode in bilinguals. Also, skin conductance amplitudes were overall increased in the L2 compared to the L1 context, pointing to increased cognitive load when operating in L2. These findings together suggest that bilinguals experience decreased sensitivity to mood changes in their less dominant language due to L2 processing requiring greater cognitive engagement.
Ethical Considerations and Checklist for Affective Research with WearablesMaciej Behnke
As the popularity of wearables increases, so does their utility for studying emotions. Using new technologies points to several ethical challenges to be considered to improve research designs. There are several ethical recommendations for utilizing wearables to study human emotions, but they focus on emotion recognition systems applications rather than research design and implementation. To address this gap, we have developed a perspective on wearables, especially in daily life, adapting the ReCODE Health-Digital Health Framework and companion checklist. Therefore, our framework consists of four domains: (1) participation experience, (2) privacy, (3) data management, and (4) access and usability. We identified 33 primary risks of using wearables to study emotions, including research-related negative emotions, collecting, processing, storing, sharing personal and biological information, commercial technology validity and reliability, and exclusivity issues. We also proposed possible strategies for minimizing risks. We consulted the new ethical guidelines with members of ethics committees and relevant researchers. The judges (N = 26) positively rated our solutions and provided useful feedback that helped us refine our guidance. Finally, we summarized our proposals with a checklist for researchers' convenience. Our guidelines contribute to future research by providing improved protection of participants' and scientists' interests.
Esports Players Are Less Extroverted and Conscientious than AthletesMaciej Behnke
The worldwide status of esports as a sporting phenomenon has been developed in the past decade. However, as the esports industry has grown, it has remained an understudied scientific field. Esports is often contrasted with traditional sports regarding various aspects, including lack of physical activity and the online nature of social interactions. However, little is known whether individuals competing in esports-esports players-differ from individuals competing in traditional sports-athletes. To address this question, we examined the personality characteristics of both types of performers. We collected cross-sectional data on esports players' (n = 416) and athletes' (n = 452) personalities and performance characteristics. We found that esports players were less extroverted and conscientious than athletes. Furthermore, greater sports and esports experience was positively related to being more extroverted. Our findings contribute to the literature by documenting the preferences for competitive activities based on individuals' personality characteristics. We suggest that esports (rather than sports) might be a more suitable form of competition for less extroverted and conscientious individuals.
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic ReviewMaciej Behnke
The undoing hypothesis proposes that positive emotions serve to undo sympathetic arousal related to negative emotions and stress. However, a recent qualitative review challenged the undoing effect by presenting conflicting results. To address this issue quantitatively, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 16 studies (N=1,220; 72 effect sizes) measuring sympathetic recovery during elicited positive emotions and neutral conditions. Findings indicated that in most cases, positive emotions did not speed sympathetic recovery compared to neutral conditions. However, when a composite index of cardiovascular reactivity was used, undoing effects were evident. Our findings suggest the need for further work on the functions of positive emotions.
The Cold Start Problem and Per-Group Personalization in Real-Life Emotion Rec...Maciej Behnke
Emotion recognition in real life from physiological signals provided by wrist worn devices still remains a great challenge especially due to difficulties with gathering annotated emotional events. For that purpose, we suggest building pretrained machine learning models capable of detecting intense emotional states. This work aims to explore the cold start problem, where no data from the target subjects (users) are available at the beginning of the experiment to train the reasoning model. To address this issue, we investigate the potential of pergroup personalization and the amount of data needed to perform it. Our results on real-life data indicate that even a week’s worth of personalized data improves the model performance.
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Sport Mental Training Q...Maciej Behnke
Mental training is basedonthe premise that psychological factors enhance or deteriorate performanceandthat these psychological factors can be optimized by training. Researchers have developed different methods to measure these factors, including behavioral tests and questionnaires. The Sport Mental Training Questionnaire (SMTQ) is a novel and multifaceted psychometric scale with 20 items developed to assess sports mental training across 5 dimensions, including foundational skills, performance skills, interpersonal skills, self-talk, and mental imagery.
The Role of Emotions in Esports PerformanceMaciej Behnke
Emotions that differ on the approach-avoidance dimension are thought to have different functions. Based on the motivational dimensional model of affect, we expected high-approach tendency (and not valence) to facilitate sports performance in a gaming context. Moreover, we expected the influence of highapproach emotions on performance to be mediated by higher levels of cognitive and physiological challenge as an approach-related response. To test these hypotheses, 241 men completed 5 matches of a soccer video game FIFA 19. Before each match, approach tendencies and valence were experimentally manipulated by showing films that elicit amusement, enthusiasm, sadness, anger, and neutral states. Approach tendency, challenge/threat evaluations, cardiovascular responses, and game scores were recorded. After watching enthusiastic and amusing videos, gamers displayed stronger approach tendencies, and, in turn, improved performance, compared to negative emotions and neutral conditions. Moreover, enthusiasm produced a stronger approach tendency and promoted better performance than amusement. Elicitation of unpleasant emotions (anger and sadness) had no effect on approach tendencies or gaming-outcomes relative to the neutral conditions. Across all conditions, gamers with higher levels of cognitive and cardiovascular challenge achieved higher scores. These findings indicate that in a gaming context performance is enhanced by pleasant emotions with high-approach tendencies.
Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions, dataset of 1157 cases and...Maciej Behnke
Subjective experience and physiological activity are fundamental components of emotion. There is an increasing interest in the link between experiential and physiological processes across different disciplines, e.g., psychology, economics, or computer science. However, the findings largely rely on sample sizes that have been modest at best (limiting the statistical power) and capture only some concurrent biosignals. We present a novel publicly available dataset of psychophysiological responses to positive and negative emotions that offers some improvement over other databases. This database involves recordings of 1157 cases from healthy individuals (895 individuals participated in a single session and 122 individuals in several sessions), collected across seven studies, a continuous record of selfreported affect along with several biosignals (electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, electrodermal activity, hemodynamic measures, e.g., blood pressure, respiration trace, and skin temperature). We experimentally elicited a wide range of positive and negative emotions, including amusement, anger, disgust, excitement, fear, gratitude, sadness, tenderness, and threat. Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions (POPANE) database is a large and comprehensive psychophysiological dataset on elicited emotions.
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
When individuals communicate enthusiasm for good events in their partners' lives, they contribute to a high-quality relationship; a phenomenon termed interpersonal capitalization. However, little is known when individuals are more ready to react enthusiastically to the partner's success. To address this gap, we examined whether positive and negative emotions boost or inhibit enthusiastic responses to partner's capitalization attempts (RCA). Participants (N = 224 individuals) responded to their partner's success. Before each capitalization attempt (operationalized as responses following the news that their partner won money in a game), we used video clips to elicit positive (primarily amusement) or negative (primarily anger) or neutral emotions in the responder. We recorded emotional valence, smiling intensity, verbal RCA, and physiological reactivity. We found indirect (but not direct) effects such that eliciting positive emotions boosted and negative emotions inhibited enthusiastic RCA (smiling intensity and enthusiastic verbal RCA). These effects were relatively small and mediated by emotional valence and smiling intensity but not physiological reactivity. The results offer novel evidence that positive emotions fuel the capitalization process.
Evil Joy Is Hard to Share: Negative Affect Attenuates Interpersonal Capitaliz...Maciej Behnke
Capitalization is an interpersonal process in which individuals (capitalizers) communicate their accomplishments to others (responders). When these attempts to capitalize are met with enthusiastic responses, individuals reap greater personal and social benefits from the accomplishment. This research integrated the interpersonal model of capitalization with moral foundations theory to examine whether accomplishments achieved through immoral (vs. moral) means disrupt the interpersonal processes of capitalization. We hypothesized that an accomplishment achieved through immoral (vs. moral) means would suppress the positive affective response often reaped from capitalizing on good news. We conducted two, mixedmethods experiments in which individuals interacted with a stranger (Study 1) or with their romantic partner (Study 2). We found that responders exhibited greater self-reported negative emotions, avoidance motivation, and arousal when reacting to capitalizers' immoral (vs. moral) accomplishments. In turn, greater negative affect predicted less enthusiastic verbal responses to capitalization attempts. In Study 2 we found that immoral accomplishments increased avoidance motivation, which contrary to our expectations, increased expressions of happiness. These studies reveal that the moral means by which accomplishments are achieved can disrupt the interpersonal process of capitalization.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity During Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic R...Maciej Behnke
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles (686 effect sizes, total N = 6,546), measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to datewhich we discussmean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate.
A system for collecting emotionally annotated physiological signals in daily ...Maciej Behnke
9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), 2021
Several obstacles have to be overcome in order to recognize emotions and affect in daily life. One of them is collecting a large amount of emotionally annotated data necessary to create data-greedy machine learning-based predictive models. Hence, we propose the Emognition system supporting the collection of rich emotional samples in everyday-life scenarios. The system utilizes smart-wearables to record physiological signals unobtrusively and smartphones to gather self-assessments. We have performed a two-week pilot study with 15 participants and devices available on the market to validate the system. The outcomes of the study, alongside the discussion and lessons learned, are provided.
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task...Maciej Behnke
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers ( N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
I am afraid, so I buy it! The effects of anxiety on consumer assimilation and...Maciej Behnke
Individuals tend to satisfy their assimilation needs by purchasing products that bear a specific group identity. Such products might be preferred when an individual is threatened because anxiety increases affiliative needs. In contrast, individuals might be more attracted to unique-design products when they feel less anxious. We examined the impact of anxiety on assimilation and differentiation needs amongst consumers primed with independent and interdependent self-construal. We expected that anxiety would produce stronger assimilation needs and show a weaker preference for unique products. In Study 1 ( N = 110), we found that individuals in the anxiety-inducing condition decreased their evaluation of unique products and exhibited stronger assimilation needs. Independents who felt anxiety reacted with a reduced preference for group-linked products. Study 2 (N = 102) found that introducing an anxiety-decreasing agent (vanilla scent) after a social identity threat reduced differentiation needs and preference for unique products. Physiological data showed that the social identity threat increased sympathetic arousal, but the vanilla scent did not have a soothing effect on physiological reactivity. Overall, this work showed that both anxiety and vanilla scent reduced consumer need for differentiation. Furthermore, for independents, anxiety reduced assimilation needs. We found novel determinants of assimilation/differentiation needs with implications for advertising and retailing products with a unique design.
How seasons, weather, and part of day influence baseline affective valence in...Maciej Behnke
Many people believe that weather influences their emotional state. Along similar lines, some
researchers in affective science are concerned whether testing individuals at a different time
of year, a different part of the day, or in different weather conditions (e.g., in a cold and rainy
morning vs. a hot evening) influences how research participants feel upon entering a study;
thus inflating the measurement error. Few studies have investigated the link between baseline
affective levels and the research context, such as seasonal and daily weather fluctuation
in temperature, air pressure, and sunshine duration. We examined whether individuals
felt more positive or negative upon entering a study by clustering data across seven laboratory
experiments (total N = 1108), three seasons, and daily times ranging from 9 AM to 7
PM. We accounted for ambient temperature, air pressure, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation,
wind speed, and sunshine duration. We found that only ambient temperature was a significant
predictor of valence. Individuals felt more positive valence on days when it was
cooler outside. However, the effect was psychologically negligible with differences between
participants above c.a. 30 degrees Celsius in ambient temperature needed to generate a difference
in affective valence surpassing one standard deviation. Our findings have methodological
implications for studying emotions by suggesting that seasons and part of the day do
not matter for baseline affective valence reported by participants, and the effects of ambient
temperature are unlikely to influence most research.
The Origin of the non-governmental sector in Russia during the presidencies o...Maciej Behnke
Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one
of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests
are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the
numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well
as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with
the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental
changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost
led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking
upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were
involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality
of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea
of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized
by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the
intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude
towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed
the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and
the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations.
The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only
a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the
principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars
supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing
with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking
western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into
account by the Russian decision-makers.
Quo vadis Eurazjo? W poszukiwaniu nowych dróg partnerstwaMaciej Behnke
Podejmując się zadania znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie dokąd zmierza Eurazja, w pierwszym rzędzie należy zdefiniować samo pojęcie "Eurazji". Otóż Eurazja jest to największy kontynent na kuli ziemskiej, w skład którego wchodzą dwie części świata: Europa i Azja. Eurazja rozciąga się na przestrzeni prawie 55 mln km 2 , co stanowi około 37% powierzchni Ziemi. Zamieszkuje ją ponad 5 mld ludzi, co odpowiada około 70% populacji. Ten składający się z dwóch części obszar charakteryzuje niewystępowanie wyraźnej granicy strukturalnej, stąd w XIX wieku w stosunku do niego zaczęto używać nazwy "Eurazja" (Eurazja). Analizując kryterium geograficzne stwierdzić trzeba, że Eurazja rozciąga się od Oceanu Atlantyckiego z graniczącymi Portugalią i Hiszpanią na zachodzie (i być może także Irlandią, Islandią i Wielką Brytanią) do najbardziej wysuniętego na wschód punktu Rosji, w Cieśninie Beringa między Oceanem Arktycznym a Oceanem Spokojnym. Północna granica Eurazji obejmuje graniczące od północy z Oceanem Arktycznym Rosję, Finlandię i Norwegię. Granice południowe wyznaczają z kolei Morze Śródziemne, Afryka i Ocean Indyjski. Kraje leżące na południowej granicy Eurazji to Hiszpania, Izrael, Jemen, Indie i kontynentalna Malezja. Eurazja często obejmuje również wyspy i kraje wyspiarskie związane z kontynentem euroazjatyckim, takie jak Sycylia, Kreta, Cypr, Sri Lanka, Japonia, Filipiny, wyspa Malezja, a może nawet Indonezja (przy czym przyporządkowanie tej ostatniej w całości do Eurazji oznacza, że wyspa Nowa Gwinea dzielona jest nieraz na indonezyjską część azjatycką oraz terytorium Papui Nowej Gwinei uznawane za stanowiące część Oceanii). Obszar Eurazji składającej się z Europy i Azji pod kątem analizy administracyjno-politycznej składa się z 93 niezależnych państw. Obejmuje on wszystkie 48 krajów Europy (w tym kraje wyspiarskie Cypr, Islandię, Irlandię i Wielką Brytanię), 17 krajów Bliskiego Wschodu, 27 krajów Azji (w tym Indonezję, Malezję, Japonię, Filipiny i Tajwan), i jeden nowy kraj, obecnie często kojarzony z Oceanią-Timor Wschodni. W ten sposób prawie połowa ze 196 niezależnych krajów świata znajduje się w Eurazji (Rosenberg). Warto zwrócić uwagę, że zainteresowanie badaczy i podróżników Eurazją nie jest zjawiskiem nowym. Wynika ono ze specyfiki tego "superkontynentu" pod każdym względem: klasyfikacji jako odrębnego kontynentu (w niektórych częściach świata Eurazja jest uznawana za największy z sześciu, pięciu lub czterech kontynentów na Ziemi) (Continents of The World), geografii fizycznej, ekosystemu, zasobów surowcowych czy też potencjału gospodarczego, społecznego i politycznego.
Pucz sierpniowy jako próba zachowania jedności ZSRR i jego konsekwencjeMaciej Behnke
The coup of August 1991, according to opinion of its to keep unity of the Soviet Union. In fact the failure process of desintegration of the U.S.S.R. It turned out party, KGB and army were not able or had no interest at restoration of former order outright. This evident insubordination soldiers, KGB and party was the symbol of changes in Economic transformations had a great influence not only economic situation in Russia, but they affected seriously family. During events in August 1991 Russians had an opportunity their own political views without fear of repressions. In against the coup d'etat, its organizators had no effective from public opinion. Moreover Mikhail Gorbachev's (the refusal to endorse a declaration of a state of emergency any chance and possibility for legitimization of their actions. Finally, strong negative attitude to the coup d'etat Federation leaders, especially by President of the Russian caused defeat of the putsch. In conclusion the author of the article claims that coup enemies of Gorbachev's perestroika policy led paradoxically powers in Russian society and collapse of the Soviet Wdniu 20 sierpnia 1991 r. w Moskwie miat zostac podpisany nowy uklad zwi^z kowy, ktory mial zastqpic dotychczas obowi^zujqcy uklad z 1922 r. Wynego cjowane warunki zakladaly przeksztalcenie Zwi^zku Socjalistycznych Republik ARTYKUŁ V STOSUNKI MIĘDZYNARODOWE. VARIA Jagielloński JAKO PRÓBA ZACHOWANIA JEDNOŚCI ZSRR I JEGO KONSEKWENCJE The coup of August to opinion ofits organisators, unity of the Soviet Union. In fact the failure of désintégration of the U.S.S.R. It turned out KGB and army were not able or had no interest of former order outright. This évident KGB and party was the symbol of changes in Economie transformations had a great influence not économie situation in Russia, but they affected seriously During events in August 1991 Russians had an opportunity political views without fear of repressions. In the coup d'état, its organizators had no effective opinion. Moreover Mikhail Gorbachev's (refusai to endorse a déclaration of a state of emergency and possibility for legitimization of their strong négative attitude to the coup d'état Fédération leaders, especially by Président of the Russian of the putsch.
Possibilities for cooperation between the non-governmental, non-commercial se...Maciej Behnke
The model of three-sector synergy in a contemporary state rests on cooperation between the first (state) sector, the second (commercial) sector, and the third sector-the civil one, also referred to as the non-commercial sector. The quest for an optimal solution and the establishment of mutual relations is underpinned by the concept of the reorganization of Russian society with regard to its political modernization; this is accompanied by a variant of social agreement that guarantees citizens equality before the law, and the protection of their rights along with simultaneous compliance with the law. What complements the image of Russia's contemporary reality is the goal of non-governmental, non-commercial organizations-not only to survive but also to develop a modus vivendi in the circumstances of an authoritarian state.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Would you be happier if you moved more? Physical activity focusing illusion
1. Would you be happier if you moved more? Physical activity
focusing illusion
Lukasz D. Kaczmarek1
& Maciej Behnke1
& Jolanta Enko1
& Agnieszka Hoffman1
& Marcin Kiciński1
& Jakub Paruszewski1
&
Michał Szabat1
& Stephan U. Dombrowski2
# The Author(s) 2019
Abstract
Research shows that individuals who are more physically active also report greater happiness. However, subjective well-being is
prone to cognitive biases. For instance, people overrate the influence of single factors (e.g., money) on their happiness; a
phenomenon termed the focusing illusion. In this study, we examined whether the relationship between physical activity and
subjective well-being is stronger when individuals focus on physical activity explicitly compared to individuals with no specific
focus. We experimentally manipulated the physical activity focus by varying the order of scales administration. Participants (N =
200) completed questionnaires that measured physical activity and subjective well-being placed in separate envelopes and
provided in a random order. We found that individuals with higher levels of vigorous physical activity were more satisfied with
life regardless of the order of scale presentation (no focusing effect). However, we found evidence of a possible focusing illusion
for moderate-intensity physical activity. Individuals with higher levels of moderate-intensity physical activity reported higher
subjective well-being when they were asked about physical activity first but not when they reported their well-being unaware of
the upcoming physical activity questions. Thus, subjective well-being judgments can be biased by a prior focus on moderate-
intensity physical activity. The order of scale administration when assessing subjective well-being should be carefully considered.
Keywords Physical activity . Satisfaction with life . Positive emotions . Negative emotions . Focusing illusion . Happiness
Introduction
Individuals tend to overrate the influence of any single factor
on their well-being; a phenomenon termed ‘focusing illusion’
(Schkade and Kahneman 1998). Evidence shows that people
can be biased in their estimations of the extent to which their
well-being is determined by income (Aknin et al. 2009;
Kahneman et al. 2006), romantic relationships (Schwarz
et al. 1991), health (Smith et al. 2006), or physical appearance
(Kaczmarek et al. 2016). This bias may impact the decisions
that people make to increase their well-being. For instance,
individuals may pursue activities which fail to maximize their
well-being, such as choosing a highly paid job over a self-
concordant job (Al-Zoubi 2012). However, not all domains
of life are prone to the focusing illusion (Oishi et al. 2003)
and some factors induce partial focusing illusion, i.e., the in-
dividuals overrate the importance of otherwise significant fac-
tors (Kaczmarek et al. 2016). As focusing illusions can poten-
tially have an impact on people’s lives, it is vital to identify
which factors trigger focusing illusion.
In this study, we examined the focusing effects of physical
activity ratings on subjective well-being assessments. Physical
activity has often been presented as a precursor to a happy life
(e.g., Brown et al. 2015; Hogan et al. 2015). Yet, little is
known to what extent physically active people report higher
well-being which might be biased by focusing effects.
Regardless of whether physical activity promotes well-being
or not, people who are more physically active are healthier
(Kyu et al. 2016) and live longer (Arem et al. 2015).
However, identifying whether a focusing illusion regarding
physical activity exists may be important. Individuals who
prioritize increases in well-being might pursue more effective
happiness-boosting cognitive activities (Bolier et al. 2013).
* Lukasz D. Kaczmarek
Lkacz@amu.edu.pl
1
Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 89
Szamarzewskiego Street, PL-60-568 Poznan, Poland
2
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
Current Psychology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00315-9
2. Due to the focusing illusion, individuals who initiate physical
activity to enhance their subjective well-being rather than fit-
ness can be less likely to pursue other potentially more effec-
tive happiness-boosting interventions.
Moreover, some people may have unrealistic expectations
about the extent to which physical activity increases their
well-being and give up once they notice that these expecta-
tions are not met. New more nuanced insights on the relation-
ship between physical activity and well-being are imperative
to inform individual lifestyle decisions and interventions as
well as to support public health policies (e.g., World Health
Organization 2010). Additionally, some approaches to the
study of focusing illusion are also critical from the methodo-
logical standpoint (Schwarz 1999; Smith et al. 2006). The
focusing illusion can, for instance, explain some questionnaire
order effects (Schwarz et al. 1991) thereby informing our un-
derstanding of cognitive aspects of survey design.
Focusing Illusion
Brief and broad evaluations of well-being (e.g., overall satis-
faction with life or the number of emotions experienced dur-
ing the last days) depend on information that comes to mind
when individuals think about their life (Schwarz and Strack
2016). The speed and ease of these evaluations can come at
the cost of their accuracy. When individuals focus their atten-
tion on a specific life domain, they may overestimate its im-
portance other relevant information might be missed to form
an accurate judgment (Schwarz and Strack 2016; Oishi et al.
2003). From a happiness perspective, human information pro-
cessing produces can lead to overestimated ratings of the im-
portance of any single factor on well-being (Schkade and
Kahneman 1998). The focusing illusion is an instance of bi-
ased judgment because an entire object (such as one’s life) is
evaluated with attention focused on a specific subset of this
category, e.g., physical appearance (Kaczmarek et al. 2016).
Focusing effects have been evidenced using a variety of
methodologies. For instance, in one study people were asked
to report how much time they spent in a bad mood as well as
how much time people in different circumstances, such as
with high or low income, spent in a bad mood (Kahneman
et al. 2006). Participants overestimated bad mood for individ-
uals in unfavorable life circumstances compared to real-life
reports. Similarly, in another study participants reported their
income, their life satisfaction and predicted satisfaction of oth-
er individuals covering a wide range of income (Aknin et al.
2009). The results suggested that wealthier individuals tended
to overestimate dissatisfaction with life among less wealthy
individuals compared to the actual self-reports provided by
these individuals. In a well-being survey among patients di-
agnosed with Parkinson’s disease, Smith et al. (2006) in-
formed half of the participants that the survey was conducted
by a medical center and its topic was related to Parkinson’s
disease. The other group was asked the same questions but
was informed that they participated in a general population
survey conducted by the university. The patients that explic-
itly focused on their health showed a higher correlation be-
tween health and well-being measures compared to the group
with no explicit focus on health. Furthermore, when both
groups received health-related questions first, the correlation
between health and well-being was high regardless of the
study context presented in the introduction. In a similar study,
the order of scales measuring body satisfaction and life satis-
faction was manipulated (Kaczmarek et al. 2016). In the fo-
cusing group that reported their body satisfaction first, there
was a higher correlation between body satisfaction and life
satisfaction than in the group that reported their life satisfac-
tion first; unaware of the upcoming body satisfaction ques-
tions. This suggests that a momentary focus on the body can
influence subsequent judgments of well-being.
Subjective Well-Being and Physical Activity
There are several approaches to the conceptualization and the
measurement of well-being (Kaczmarek 2018). Of these ap-
proaches, subjective well-being has been among the most
popular due to its versatility and ability to cover a wide range
of experience and evaluations in different contexts (Diener
et al. 2018). The subjective well-being theory is particularly
relevant to the study of the focusing illusion because it covers
the evaluations of the quality of a person’s life from that per-
son’s perspective. Subjective well-being consists of three
components: positive emotions, negative emotions, and satis-
faction with life (Diener 2000). Emotions are short-lived psy-
chological-physiological phenomena that facilitate adaptation
to changing environmental demands (Levenson 2003).
Positive emotions are associated with pleasure whereas nega-
tive emotions are associated with displeasure or pain (Gable
and Harmon-Jones 2010). Furthermore, positive emotions
pull individuals toward specific objects, actions, and ideas,
whereas negative emotions push away from others. Positive
and negative emotions are distinct at a functional level with
negative emotions facilitating efficient use of psycho-social
coping resources and positive emotions helping to build new
resources (Fredrickson 2001). A happy individual has an
abundance of positive emotions and little negative emotions.
Emotions, in turn, influence global evaluations of life and
determine whether individuals endorse their life (Kim-Prieto
et al. 2005). These global evaluations form satisfaction with
life which is a cognitive, judgmental process of life as a whole
according to individual criteria of what is desirable.
The link between physical activity and various facets of
well-being such as satisfaction with life or positive emotions
has been established in the literature. Physical activity has
been related to life satisfaction and positive emotions among
employees (Edmunds et al. 2013), satisfaction with life among
Curr Psychol
3. adolescents (Valois et al. 2004), or personal well-being in
cyclists (Lovretic et al. 2013). Individuals who participate in
sports also report higher life satisfaction compared to individ-
uals who prefer sedentary leisure activities predictive (Brown
et al. 2015). Physical activity has also been related to positive
affect (Mata et al. 2012). The relationship between physical
activity and well-being is bi-directional as indicated by studies
where baseline psychological well-being (a compound of
pleasure and positive functioning) predicted future long-term
physical activity outcomes (Kim et al. 2016).
Some findings regarding physical activity and well-being
have been inconsistent. Maher et al. (2012) found that al-
though satisfaction with life was influenced by daily varia-
tions in physical activity, there was no relationship between
satisfaction with life and trait-like physical activity. Physical
activity was also unrelated to satisfaction with life among
student nurses (Hawker 2012). There are also inconsistent
results regarding physical activity and negative affect with
no effect in some studies (e.g., Mata et al. 2012), whereas
others find significant (e.g., Petruzzello et al. 1991), or mixed
results (e.g., Hogan et al. 2015). No research has examined
whether focusing effects exist in the domain of physical activ-
ity which may contribute towards explaining the inconsistent
evidence on the link between physical activity and various
facets of well-being.
The Present Study
Building upon prior work on the focusing illusion (Kaczmarek
et al. 2016; Schkade and Kahneman 1998; Smith et al. 2006)
we hypothesized that the relationship between physical activity
and subjective well-being would be stronger for individuals
explicitly focused on physical activity compared to individuals
with no specific focus. Specifically, we hypothesized that when
physical activity is measured before well-being, the correlation
between physical activity and well-being would be stronger
compared to the reverse order. Thus, the order of the adminis-
tration of scales measuring both constructs would moderate the
physical activity and well-being link.
Method
Participants
Participants were 200 undergraduate students aged 18 to
45 years (M = 23.55, SD = 5.00). There was a similar number
of women (n = 104; 52.0%) and men (n = 93; 46.5%) in the
sample. Three participants who did not report their gender were
excluded from the analyses as gender was one of the predictors
in the model. Recruitment included researchers inviting stu-
dents before classes to participate in a psychology study. The
experimental group and control group included 98 and 102
participants, respectively. Based on prior research on focusing
illusion testing similar models (Kaczmarek et al. 2016), we
expected small effect sizes for the focusing effects. Given that
outcome variables in the model were planned to regress upon
eight predictors (including the interaction terms), power analy-
ses with G*Power 3.1.9.2 suggested that a total sample size of
159 would be the minimum required to detect effects of f2
=
0.10 with an α = .05 and power of .80. Missing data (0.2%)
were determined to be random via Little’s (1988) test, χ2
(95) =
91.88, p = .57, and were imputed using Expectation-
Maximization algorithm in SPSS 21. The study was conducted
by the guidelines of the Institutional Ethics Committee.
Participation in the study was voluntary, and each participant
signed informed consent. Participants remained anonymous
and received no incentives for taking part in this study.
Measures
We measured subjective well-being using a three-factor ap-
proach that accounted for positive emotions, negative emo-
tions, and satisfaction with life (Kim-Prieto et al. 2005).
Life satisfaction was measured with the 5-item Satisfaction
with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al. 1985). The SWLS in-
cludes items such as ‘The conditions of my life are excellent.’
The answering scale ranges from 1 ‘strongly disagree’ to 7
‘strongly agree.’ The scale was internally consistent with
Cronbach’s α = .85.
Emotions were measured with The Scale of Positive and
Negative Experience (Diener et al. 2010). This scale measures
positive feelings (e.g., happy) and negative feelings (e.g., sad)
with six items for each subscale. Participants reported how
often they had been experiencing each of these feelings over
the last 7 days using a scale from 1 ‘very rarely or never’ to 5
‘very often or always’ (Cronbach’s α = .87 for positive feel-
ings and α = .85 for negative feelings).
Physical activity was measured with the short version of
the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ,
Craig et al. 2003). This questionnaire asks four groups of
items regarding vigorous physical activity, moderate physical
activity, walking, and sitting during the last 7 days at work, as
part of house and yard work, to get from place to place, and for
recreation, exercise, or sport. Vigorous activity is defined as
taking hard physical effort that makes someone breathe much
harder than normal such as heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, or
fast bicycling for at least 10 min at a time. Moderate physical
activity is defined as a physical effort that makes someone
breathe somewhat harder than normal such as carrying light
loads, bicycling at a regular pace for at least 10 min, etc., and
does not include walking. For each level of physical activity
(e.g., vigorous) participants report how many days they did
this type of activities, and how much time they usually spend
doing this type of activity on one of those days. Participants
also reported if they were not able to provide a reliable
Curr Psychol
4. estimate of this type of activity. The index of physical activity
in each intensity is calculated as the product of the number of
days and the average daily time. This product is further
weighted by estimated metabolic equivalent energy expendi-
ture (×8 for vigorous activity and × 4 for moderate activity).
Items regarding vigorous and moderate physical activity were
used in the analyses. Items regarding walking and sitting were
not examined as 25.5% participants reported that they were
not able to estimate their walking and sitting time compared to
only 3% and 4.5% for moderate and vigorous physical activity
respectively. The self-report IPAQ has excellent test-retest re-
liability and correlates with objective measures of physical
activity via accelerometry (Craig et al. 2003). Log transforma-
tion of each physical activity metric was used in the analyses
to adjust the positive skew of the initial data.
Procedure
We placed questionnaires for physical activity, and well-being
in separate envelopes marked A or B. For a random half of the
participants, we placed the well-being questionnaires into the
envelope A and the physical activity questionnaire in the en-
velope B (no focus group). For the other half of participants,
we placed the physical activity questionnaire into envelope A,
and the well-being questionnaires into envelope B (focusing
group). We asked participants to complete the questionnaire
placed in the envelope A first, place it back into the envelope,
open envelope B, and complete the other questionnaire.
Analytical Strategy
We performed multiple regression analyses using SPSS 23.0
(Armonk, NY) and PROCESS 2.16 macro (Hayes 2013) with
two physical activity outcomes, gender, scale order, and their
interactions as predictors and three well-being components as
outcome variables. In testing this hypothesis, we controlled for
gender as physical activity differs between women and men.
Gender (0 = man, 1 = woman) and scale order (0 = well-being
first, 1 = physical activity first) were entered as binary predic-
tors. We used R2
coefficient to calculate the amount of variance
in outcome variables explained by the predictors.
Results
We presented descriptive statistics and correlations between
study variables in Table 1. On average, participants were neither
satisfied nor dissatisfied with their lives, experienced positive
emotions often, and negative emotions rarely. Correlations
showed that individuals who reported their well-being first
(no focus condition), reported higher levels of positive affect
and higher estimates of vigorous physical activity compared to
those who reported their physical activity first.
Individuals with higher levels of vigorous physical activity
reported higher levels of satisfaction with life as indicated by a
main effect of vigorous activity on satisfaction with life
(Table 2). Furthermore, a significant interaction term (moder-
ate physical activity × scale order) revealed that moderate
physical activity had a stronger relationship with life satisfac-
tion when individuals were asked about physical activity first
(Fig. 1). The interaction of moderate physical activity with the
scale order showed a significant relationship between moder-
ate physical activity and satisfaction with life when physical
activity was reported first, b = .28, SE b = .12, p < .05 for men
and b = .34, SE b = .13, p < .01 for women, and a non-
significant relationship when participants were asked about
their life first, b = −.09, SE b = .14, p > .05 for men and b =
−.03, SE b = .14, p > .05 for women. This model explained
11.1% of the variance in satisfaction with life, R2
= .111, F
(8, 177) = 2.77, p < .01. The interaction representing the fo-
cusing illusion explained additional 3.2% of the variance,
ΔR2
= .032, F (1, 177) = 6.33, p < .05.
We found a similar focusing effect regarding moderate
physical activity and positive emotions. There was a signifi-
cant interaction between scale order and moderate physical
activity in respect to positive emotions. This interaction com-
prised a significant relationship between moderate physical
activity and positive emotions when physical activity was re-
ported first, b = .40, SE b = .12, p < .01 for men and b = .44,
SE b = .13, p < .01 for women, and a non-significant relation-
ship when participants were asked about their life first,
b = .05, SE b = .14, p > .05 for men and b = .09, SE b = .12,
p > .05 for women. This model explained 16.3% of the vari-
ance in positive emotions, R2
= .163, F (8, 177) = 4.31,
p < .001. The interaction representing focusing illusion ex-
plained additional 2.6% of the variance, ΔR2
= .026, F (1,
177) = 5.59, p < .05.
Finally, we found no focusing effects for physical activity
regarding negative emotions. We also did not observe any
significant gender differences.
Discussion
In the present study, we examined whether the link between
physical activity and subjective well-being is affected by a
focusing illusion. We tested if a temporal evaluative focus
(experimentally induced) on physical activity influenced judg-
ments regarding three components of subjective well-being.
We found that the positive relationship between vigorous
physical activity and satisfaction with life was significant
and showed no evidence of any focusing effect. However,
we found evidence of a focusing effect for moderate-
intensity physical activity regarding satisfaction with life and
positive but not negative affect.
Curr Psychol
5. Individuals who self-reported higher levels of vigorous
physical activity were more likely to report higher levels of
life satisfaction regardless of the scale order administration.
We found that the psychological effects of vigorous activity
were present even when individuals did not focus their atten-
tion explicitly on this sphere of life. Moreover, there were no
additional benefits or losses for subjective well-being when
individuals were encouraged to focus on their past intense
physical output. This observation indicates an unbiased rela-
tionship between vigorous physical activity and satisfaction
with life that is free from focusing illusions. A partial focusing
illusion occurs when an explicit focus enhances a weaker, yet
significant, relationship between a factor and well-being
(Kaczmarek et al. 2016). This finding means that individuals
who are physically active in the range of high intensities are
also more satisfied with their life. It corroborates previous
research regarding life-enhancing outcomes of physical activ-
ity (e.g., Edmunds et al. 2013). Yet, we found no relationship
between vigorous physical activity and positive or negative
affect. The absence of a relationship of physical activity with
negative affect is also congruent with some previous studies
(Mata et al. 2012). However, no relationship between physical
activity and positive affect was not in line with our hypothe-
ses. A possible explanation for this finding is that satisfaction
with life is a more reliable overarching construct that forms
global judgments based on cognitive as well as affective in-
formation (Kim-Prieto et al. 2005). The unique effects of high-
intensity physical activity may result from endorphins secre-
tion that is higher for high-intensity activities such as running
or weight lifting (McGowan et al. 1991).
Table 1 Descriptive statistics and
correlations among study
variables
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Vigorous PA
2. Moderate PA .29**
3. Satisfaction with life .17*
.14
4. Positive affect .11 .21**
.68**
5. Negative affect .03 −.03 −.40**
−.56**
6. Age −.05 .13 −.01 −.02 −.21**
7. Gender −.01 .05 −.05 −.14 .23**
−.19**
8. Scale order −.21**
−.08 −.05 .17*
−.12 −.12
M 1433.50 614.43 4.06 3.62 2.34 23.55
SD 2714.46 1010.24 1.13 0.79 0.80 5.00
MLn 5.03 4.85 – – – –
SDLn 2.64 2.16 – – – –
Scale order coded as 0 = well-being first (no focusing), 1 = physical activity first (focusing). Gender coded as 0 =
man, 1 = women. PA Physical activity. Ln Log transformed data
*
p < .05. **
p < .01
Table 2 Physical activity,
subjective well-being, and
focusing effects
Life satisfaction Positive emotions Negative emotions
β SE β β SE β β SE β
Vigorous PA .41**
.13 .15 .13 .04 .14
Moderate PA −.09 .14 .05 .14 .06 .14
Scale order .46 .32 .25 .32 −.14 .33
Gender .22 .31 −.03 .31 .53 .32
Vigorous PA × Scale order −.09 .06 .04 .06 −.02 .06
Vigorous PA × Gender −.08 .06 −.05 .06 −.01 .06
Moderate PA × Scale order .37*
.15 .35*
.15 −.19 .15
Moderate PA × Gender .06 .15 .05 .15 −.07 .15
Scale order coded as 0 = well-being first (no focusing), 1 = physical activity first (focusing). Gender coded as 0 =
man, 1 = women. PA Physical activity
*
p < .05. **
p < .01
Curr Psychol
6. We found that moderate-intensity physical activity
produced the focusing effects for satisfaction with life
and positive emotions. Men and women who self-
reported greater moderate physical activity were more
likely to also reported greater satisfaction with life and
positive emotions only when they were asked about
physical activity first. In contrast, there was no relation-
ship between moderate physical activity and satisfaction
with life or positive emotions, when subjective partici-
pants reported their well-being before reporting their
physical activity. This phenomenon suggests a full fo-
cusing illusion that suggests that people are likely to
overrate the role of moderate physical activity in their
well-being estimates. These findings add to the literature
on the prevalence of biases in well-being judgments
(Schkade and Kahneman 1998; Smith et al. 2006).
Finally, we observed that the scale order influenced
reported levels of vigorous physical activity and positive
emotions. Individuals who reported their well-being first
had higher levels of positive affect and higher estimates
of vigorous physical activity compared to those who
reported their physical activity first. This effect suggests
that reflecting on physical activity decreased positive
affect; a variable reported later. Our ad hoc hypothesis
would be that this difference might result from partici-
pants low on physical activity who might dampen their
enthusiasm after reflecting their physical inactivity.
Moreover, participants who reported their well-being
first reported more physical activity. One ad hoc hy-
pothesis explaining this effect would be that well-being
primed less critical or less accurate behavioral judg-
ments. In summary, these scale order effects serve as a
new example which is worthwhile to control for within
future surveys to minimize the bias in subjective esti-
mates of affective experience and behavior (Schwarz
1999).
This study has several potential practical implications.
First, vigorous and moderate physical activity is of primary
interest to the public health agencies due to its well-
documented impact on health (World Health Organization
2010). The current study provides new evidence that vigorous
and moderate activity are related differently to psychological
Life
satisfaction
Positive
emotions
Negative
emotions
Fig. 1 Focusing effects regarding
the relationship between
moderate-intensity physical ac-
tivity (Y) and subjective
well-being in men (left)
and women (right)
Curr Psychol
7. outcomes. These two physical activity intensities were weakly
correlated suggesting that individuals who report vigorous
exercises are only slightly more likely to report moderate ex-
ercises and vice versa. Based on this behavioral distinction,
we found that vigorous physical activity had a stable link to
satisfaction with life, whereas the link between moderate
physical activity and satisfaction with life was prone to the
focusing illusion. This differential effect suggests that com-
pound measures of physical activity are likely to omit more
nuanced psychological phenomena that are present when re-
searchers study these intensities as separate predictors within
one model. The evidence presented in this study suggests that
individuals who report higher levels of vigorous physical ac-
tivity are happier than their less vigorous peers. Health inter-
ventionists can capitalize on this finding as a persuasive argu-
ment to facilitate positive attitudes towards intense physical
training (Michie et al. 2011). Second, we found that the effects
of moderate-intensity physical activity on well-being were
prone to the focusing illusion. Thus, individuals who engage
in physical activity as a subjective well-being regulation meth-
od should be aware that moderate-intensity activity might not
be sufficient to obtain the expected effect for well-being. This
finding is meaningful, because in the recommendations for
physical health, high- and moderate-intensities are exchange-
able (World Health Organization 2010). These recommenda-
tions suggest that longer periods of moderate-intensity physi-
cal activity are the equivalent for shorter periods of high-
intensity physical activity. We found that this is not the case
for well-being, where high- and moderate-intensity physical
activity is not exchangeable. Vigorous physical activity pro-
vides a superior contribution to well-being after controlling
for moderate-intensity physical activity. However, adverse
psychological effects are likely to occur in the case of
overtraining (Pearce 2002). Furthermore, high-intensity
trainers are at the risk of addiction to exercises (or exercise
dependence syndrome) that occurs when exercise becomes an
obligation, is excessive, and interferes with work and family
responsibilities (Hausenblas et al. 2017). This problem affects
c.a. 0.3% to 0.5% of the general population (Mónok et al.
2012). Finally, our findings are a caveat for researchers who
aim to minimize measurement bias. Despite extensive litera-
ture which indicates that the order of scales presentation mat-
ters (Schwarz 1999), it is still not a standard procedure to
present questionnaires in a counterbalanced order across par-
ticipants. Studies such as this one, where the order of scales
was controlled and entered into the multiple regression equa-
tions, provide suggestive evidence that order effects are likely
to occur and researchers should employ solutions (e.g.,
counterbalancing) to minimize the order effects.
This study has several limitations. First, we accounted for
subjective well-being, yet other approaches to well-being
(e.g., eudaimonic) might yield different results (Kaczmarek
2018). Theorists have argued that satisfaction and positive
experience result from hedonia as well as eudaimonia
(Waterman 1990). Yet, a question remains open how physical
activity is related to eudaimonic pursuits, that is the fulfillment
of one’s best potentials and enhanced personal expressiveness
(Waterman et al. 2010) and whether focusing illusion is likely
to bias eudaimonic well-being judgments. Second, the mean
values for well-being and physical activity in this study sug-
gest that the participants were neither unhappy nor very happy
and were physically active. Further studies might investigate if
the same pattern of results holds for clinical groups, such as
depressed or physically passive groups where more effective
interventions are needed (e.g., Mata et al. 2012). Third, other
methods of testing focusing illusion are feasible. Further stud-
ies might capitalize on other methods (such as longitudinal
designs or intra-individuals comparisons) to provide a more
robust picture of the focusing effects in physical activity.
This study has several strengths. We used an experi-
mental approach that provided novel causal evidence for
the focusing effects regarding physical activity.
Furthermore, we studied vigorous and moderate activity
as separate constructs within the same statistical model
revealing how these two aspects of physical activity
contribute to well-being independently producing stable
(vigorous intensity) as well as illusory (moderate inten-
sity) effects. Our findings have the potential to produce
stimulate further research into the order effects in well-
being and physical activity self-report instruments.
In conclusion, our research has revealed that vigorous
activity may be necessary to obtain stable well-being
benefits. Yet, a focus on moderate physical activity
may be sufficient to elicit a transient increase in satis-
faction with life and positive emotions. These findings
are relevant to researchers and interventionists within
the field of well-being and health domains as well as
lay people who are seeking new scientific evidence to
inform their life-enhancing decisions.
Author’s Contribution L.K., A.H., M.K, J.P., M.S. study design; A.H.,
M.K, J.P., M.S. data collection; L.K., M.B., J.E., S.D. manuscript writ-
ing;; L.K., M.B. statistical analysis; L.K. project supervision.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author
states that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval All procedures performed in studies involving human
participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institu-
tional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki
declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in-
cluded in the study.
Informed Consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual
participants included in the study.
Curr Psychol
8. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appro-
priate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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