Worm Infestation presentation for nursing .pptx

Sunday, September 22, 2024 JAMAL 1
WORM INFESTATION

Worm and Helminthes Infestation
• Definition of Worms:
• Worms are parasitic organisms that live in or on the human body, deriving
nutrition from the host and causing a range of health issues.
• Definition of Helminthes Infestation:
• Helminthes are a group of parasitic worms that can infect the human
intestines, tissues, or other organs, leading to various health problems.

Classification or Types of Worms
• Types of Helminthes:
1. Nematodes (Roundworms)
2. Cestodes (Tapeworms)
3. Trematodes (Flukes)
• Focus on Key Types:
• Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
• Roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides)
• Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus)
• Tapeworms (Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp.)

Epidemiology of Worm Infestation Worldwide
• Global Prevalence:
• Over 1.5 billion people worldwide are infected with soil-transmitted helminths.
• Regions Affected:
• Sub-Saharan Africa Southeast Asia Latin America
• Contributing Factors:
• Poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to clean water significantly contribute to
high rates of infestation.
• WHO prioritizes mass deworming programs, particularly for children in endemic areas.
• Global Statistics:
• Ascariasis: 800 million infections worldwide.
• Hookworm: 500-600 million infected individuals globally.
• Pinworms: Primarily seen in children, with an estimated 20-40% prevalence in endemic
regions

Epidemiology in Pakistan
• Prevalence in Pakistan:
• Soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) are a major public health issue in Pakistan,
particularly in rural and peri-urban areas.
• National Statistics:
• Approximately 16-20% of school-aged children are affected by intestinal worms.
• In certain regions, up to 52% of children are infected with one or more types of
intestinal parasites.
• High-Risk Areas in Pakistan:
• Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Baluchistan report the highest infection rates
due to inadequate sanitation and access to clean water.
• National Deworming Program: Launched to target school-aged children and
reduce the burden of helminthes infections.

Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
• Pinworms: are small, white, thread-like worms that infect the intestines,
particularly common in children.
• Environment: Crowded living conditions, schools, and daycares.
• Transmission: occurs through ingestion of pinworm eggs, often by touching
contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth.
• Symptoms: include anal itching, especially at night, and occasionally,
abdominal pain.

Cont.
• Diagnosis: is typically done through the "Scotch tape test," where clear tape is
applied to the anal area to collect eggs for microscopic examination.
• Treatment: involves oral medications like mebendazole or albendazole, along
with hygiene measures to prevent reinfection
• Repeated treatment after two weeks to eliminate reinfection.

Roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides)
• Roundworms: are one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans,
especially in tropical and subtropical regions commonly in children.
• Environment: Warm, moist climates; areas with poor sanitation.
• Transmission: occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water
containing roundworm eggs.

Cont.
• Symptoms: can range from mild abdominal discomfort to severe intestinal
obstruction , bloating, coughing (if larvae migrate to lungs), malnutrition.
• Diagnosis: is through stool examination for eggs or sometimes through
imaging techniques.
• Treatment: involves medications like albendazole or mebendazole to kill the
worms , Piperazine for intestinal obstruction.

Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus)
• Hookworms: small parasitic worms, are blood-feeding parasites that infect the
small intestine.
• Infection occurs through skin penetration by larvae found in contaminated soil,
especially in areas with poor sanitation.
• Environment: Tropical and subtropical regions; soil contaminated with human
feces

Cont.
• Symptoms: can include anemia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue.
• Diagnosis: is through stool examination for eggs or larvae.
• Treatment: involves anthelmintic medications like albendazole or
mebendazole to eliminate the worms and address anemia if present iron
supplements for anemia.

Tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Taenia solium)
• Tapeworms: are flat, segmented parasites that can grow inside the human
intestine.
• Environment: Areas with livestock farming, poor meat inspection practices.
• Transmission: occurs through ingestion of undercooked meat containing
tapeworm larvae.

Cont.
• Symptoms: may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and segments of the
worm in the stool, digestive disturbances.
• Diagnosis: involves identifying worm segments or eggs in the stool.
• Treatment: includes medications like praziquantel or niclosamide to kill the
tapeworm

Classification of Worms
• Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
• Small, thin white worms that infect the intestines, primarily in children.
• Roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides)
• Large, white or pink worms that cause Ascaris infections, common in areas
with poor sanitation.
• Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus)
• Small worms that attach to the intestinal walls, causing blood loss and
anemia.
• Tapeworms (Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp.)
• Flat, segmented worms that can grow several meters in length and live in
the intestines.

Epidemiological Triad for Worm Infestation*
• Agent:
• Pinworms: Enterobius vermicularis
• Roundworms: Ascaris lumbricoides
• Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
• Tapeworms: Taenia spp. (beef and pork tapeworms), Echinococcus spp.
(hydatid tapeworm)
• Host:
• Humans, especially children, those living in poor sanitary conditions, and
individuals in close contact with infected persons or animals.
• Environment:
• Warm, humid climates, areas with poor sanitation, overcrowded living conditions.

Pathological Impact of Helminthes Infestation
• Local Effects:
• Intestinal blockage, irritation, inflammation, and tissue damage.
• Systemic Effects:
• Nutrient absorption issues, anemia (especially with hookworm infestation),
allergic reactions, and potential migration to other organs (e.g., liver, lungs,
brain).
• Anemia (hookworms), malnutrition (roundworms), allergic reactions, and
organ damage (tapeworms).

Medical Management of Helminthes Infestation
• Anti-parasitic Medications:
• Pinworms: Mebendazole or Albendazole; repeated dose after 2 weeks.
• Roundworms: Albendazole or Mebendazole; single-dose treatment.
• Hookworms: Albendazole or Mebendazole; iron supplements for anemia.
• Tapeworms: Praziquantel or Albendazole; surgical removal in severe cases
(hydatid disease).
• Supportive Care:
• Nutritional support, hydration, iron supplementation for anemia.
• Surgical Intervention:
• In cases of severe complications, such as intestinal blockage or cyst
removal.

Complications of Helminthes Infestation
• Intestinal Blockage:
• Severe cases may lead to bowel obstruction requiring surgical intervention.
• Malnutrition and Anemia:
• Chronic infestation can cause significant weight loss, anemia, and stunted
growth in children.
• Organ Damage:
• Migration of worms or cysts can cause damage to organs like the liver,
lungs, or brain.
• Secondary Infections:
• Open sores and wounds caused by scratching can lead to bacterial
infections.

Prevention and Control of Helminthes Infestation
• Personal Hygiene:
• Hand washing with soap, avoiding nail-biting, maintaining short and clean
nails.
• Food Safety:
• Properly cook meat, wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly.
• Environmental Measures:
• Use of toilets, proper disposal of human waste, clean water supply.
• Public Health Interventions:
• Regular deworming programs in schools, community education on hygiene.

Worm Infestation presentation for nursing .pptx

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